This research extends the literature on the environmental Phillips curve(EPC)and environmental Kuznets curve(EKC)by focusing on the 38 member economies of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OEC...This research extends the literature on the environmental Phillips curve(EPC)and environmental Kuznets curve(EKC)by focusing on the 38 member economies of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Using panel data from 2000 to 2021,the study employs several econometric techniques,including fixed effects,feasible generalized least squares,two-stage least squares,and the generalized method of moments.Our primary findings reveal that unemployment has a significant negative impact on CO_(2)emissions,thereby supporting the validity of the EPC hypothesis within OECD countries.This suggests a trade-off between unemployment and reductions in CO_(2)emissions.Similarly,the results validate the EKC hypothesis,with further analysis indicating that the EKC exhibits an N-shaped curve-an important contribution to the literature on environmental dynamics in advanced economies.Additionally,the results show that both trade openness and renewable energy usage have significantly improved environmental quality in OECD economies.Finally,extensive causality testing identifies both one-way and two-way causal relationships among the key variables examined.These findings have important policy implications for the management of environmental quality and macroeconomic variables in the OECD context.展开更多
Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Org...Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.展开更多
Through ten years’ rising and fallingdevelopment, Chinese villa industry hasentered into a new stage of development. Atpresent, the two favorable conditions ofWTO entry and 2008 Olympics in Beijingare energetically s...Through ten years’ rising and fallingdevelopment, Chinese villa industry hasentered into a new stage of development. Atpresent, the two favorable conditions ofWTO entry and 2008 Olympics in Beijingare energetically spurring China’s economicdevelopment. The development enterprises,main body of real estate market, have had akeen sense of smelling the commercialopportunities. Since 2001, the items ofconstructing villas have been established orstarted again in Beijing, Shanghai,Guangzhou and other large cities. Someinstitutions predicted boldly, from 2002展开更多
In the beautiful golden autumn,at the invitation of Polish Senate,Latvian Parliament and the National Assembly of Hungary,Ma Biao,Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative...In the beautiful golden autumn,at the invitation of Polish Senate,Latvian Parliament and the National Assembly of Hungary,Ma Biao,Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)and Vice President of the Chinese People’s Association for Peace and Disarmament(CPAPD)headed a CPAPD delegation on a good-will visit展开更多
Traditional trade routes that penetrate the natural barrier of the Himalayas are critical for connecting major Chinese and South Asian markets.Research on these trade routes can contribute significantly to facilitatin...Traditional trade routes that penetrate the natural barrier of the Himalayas are critical for connecting major Chinese and South Asian markets.Research on these trade routes can contribute significantly to facilitating the construction of the South Asian Corridor and enhancing trans-Himalayan connectivity.Combining historical literature,field surveys,and geographic information system(GIS)techniques,this study examined the spatial distribution characteristics and evolution process of the routes,focusing on transverse valleys of the Himalayan arc.The key findings were as follows.First,there are 21 traditional trade routes traversing the Himalayan region:six Sino-Nepalese routes,four Sino-Bhutanese routes,and eleven Sino-Indian routes.Second,the evolution of traditional trade routes has entailed five distinct phases:an incipient period(pre-7th century),formation(7th century-842 AD),development(842-1959),decline(1959-1962)and recovery(1962-present).Third,the incipient and formative developmental phases were prompted by the spread of Buddhism and the exchange of goods.The stability of local governments in Tibet and Central China and favourable border trade policies along with Britain’s colonial expansion and commercial interests stimulated further development of traditional trade routes.However,India’s strategic miscalculation and“Forward Policy”instigated the decline phase,while the demands of regional cooperation and development are currently the key drivers of the restoration and construction phase.Finally,to shelve disputes,promote cooperation and development,and enhance political mutual trust,governments should recover and construct traditional trade routes by replanning and constructing border trade markets,expanding border trade,developing pilgrimage and tourism,and strengthening cross-border cooperative resear h under global climate change.展开更多
文摘This research extends the literature on the environmental Phillips curve(EPC)and environmental Kuznets curve(EKC)by focusing on the 38 member economies of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Using panel data from 2000 to 2021,the study employs several econometric techniques,including fixed effects,feasible generalized least squares,two-stage least squares,and the generalized method of moments.Our primary findings reveal that unemployment has a significant negative impact on CO_(2)emissions,thereby supporting the validity of the EPC hypothesis within OECD countries.This suggests a trade-off between unemployment and reductions in CO_(2)emissions.Similarly,the results validate the EKC hypothesis,with further analysis indicating that the EKC exhibits an N-shaped curve-an important contribution to the literature on environmental dynamics in advanced economies.Additionally,the results show that both trade openness and renewable energy usage have significantly improved environmental quality in OECD economies.Finally,extensive causality testing identifies both one-way and two-way causal relationships among the key variables examined.These findings have important policy implications for the management of environmental quality and macroeconomic variables in the OECD context.
文摘Multiple ecological and socioeconomic problems have occurred worldwide,raising the awareness of sustainability.This study aims to examine the impact of taxes on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)in the context of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.This research used effective average tax(EAT),tax on personal income(TPI),tax on corporate profits(TCP),and tax on goods and services(TGS)as the variables of taxes,and employed secondary data from 38 OECD countries covering 2000–2021.The study also used Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier(LM),Pesaran Scaled LM,Bias-Corrected Scaled LM,and Pesaran Cross-sectional dependence(CSD)tests to analyze the existence of crosssectional dependency.Then,we established the stationarity of variables through second-generation panel unit root tests(Cross-sectional Augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF)and Cross-sectional Im,Pesaran,and Shin(CIPS)),and confirmed the long-run cointegration of the variables by using secondgeneration panel cointegration test(Westerlund cointegration test).The results showed that EAT,TPI,TCP,and TGS are positively associated with SDGs.However,the change in TPI has a smaller effect on SDGs than the change in EAT or TCP or TGS.The result of panel causality indicated that EAT,TPI,and TGS have a unidirectional causal relationship with SDGs.The study also found that TCP has a bi-directional causal relationship with SDGs.Moreover,the finding indicated that the OECD countries need to focus on tax policies to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.This study is based on the theory of optimal taxation(TOT),which suggests that tax systems should be designed to maximize social welfare.Finally,we suggests the importance of taking a comprehensive approach for the managers and policy-makers when analyzing the impact of taxes on SDGs.
文摘Through ten years’ rising and fallingdevelopment, Chinese villa industry hasentered into a new stage of development. Atpresent, the two favorable conditions ofWTO entry and 2008 Olympics in Beijingare energetically spurring China’s economicdevelopment. The development enterprises,main body of real estate market, have had akeen sense of smelling the commercialopportunities. Since 2001, the items ofconstructing villas have been established orstarted again in Beijing, Shanghai,Guangzhou and other large cities. Someinstitutions predicted boldly, from 2002
文摘In the beautiful golden autumn,at the invitation of Polish Senate,Latvian Parliament and the National Assembly of Hungary,Ma Biao,Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)and Vice President of the Chinese People’s Association for Peace and Disarmament(CPAPD)headed a CPAPD delegation on a good-will visit
基金The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program,No.2019QZKK0603Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences,No.XDA20040201National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41761144081。
文摘Traditional trade routes that penetrate the natural barrier of the Himalayas are critical for connecting major Chinese and South Asian markets.Research on these trade routes can contribute significantly to facilitating the construction of the South Asian Corridor and enhancing trans-Himalayan connectivity.Combining historical literature,field surveys,and geographic information system(GIS)techniques,this study examined the spatial distribution characteristics and evolution process of the routes,focusing on transverse valleys of the Himalayan arc.The key findings were as follows.First,there are 21 traditional trade routes traversing the Himalayan region:six Sino-Nepalese routes,four Sino-Bhutanese routes,and eleven Sino-Indian routes.Second,the evolution of traditional trade routes has entailed five distinct phases:an incipient period(pre-7th century),formation(7th century-842 AD),development(842-1959),decline(1959-1962)and recovery(1962-present).Third,the incipient and formative developmental phases were prompted by the spread of Buddhism and the exchange of goods.The stability of local governments in Tibet and Central China and favourable border trade policies along with Britain’s colonial expansion and commercial interests stimulated further development of traditional trade routes.However,India’s strategic miscalculation and“Forward Policy”instigated the decline phase,while the demands of regional cooperation and development are currently the key drivers of the restoration and construction phase.Finally,to shelve disputes,promote cooperation and development,and enhance political mutual trust,governments should recover and construct traditional trade routes by replanning and constructing border trade markets,expanding border trade,developing pilgrimage and tourism,and strengthening cross-border cooperative resear h under global climate change.
