Transcranial focused ultrasound is a booming noninvasive therapy for brain stimuli. The Kelvin–Voigt equations are employed to calculate the sound field created by focusing a 256-element planar phased array through a...Transcranial focused ultrasound is a booming noninvasive therapy for brain stimuli. The Kelvin–Voigt equations are employed to calculate the sound field created by focusing a 256-element planar phased array through a monkey skull with the time-reversal method. Mode conversions between compressional and shear waves exist in the skull. Therefore, the wave field separation method is introduced to calculate the contributions of the two waves to the acoustic intensity and the heat source, respectively. The Pennes equation is used to depict the temperature field induced by ultrasound. Five computational models with the same incident angle of 0？and different distances from the focus for the skull and three computational models at different incident angles and the same distance from the focus for the skull are studied. Numerical results indicate that for all computational models, the acoustic intensity at the focus with mode conversions is 12.05%less than that without mode conversions on average. For the temperature rise, this percentage is 12.02%. Besides, an underestimation of both the acoustic intensity and the temperature rise in the skull tends to occur if mode conversions are ignored. However, if the incident angle exceeds 30？, the rules of the over-and under-estimation may be reversed. Moreover,shear waves contribute 20.54% of the acoustic intensity and 20.74% of the temperature rise in the skull on average for all computational models. The percentage of the temperature rise in the skull from shear waves declines with the increase of the duration of the ultrasound.展开更多
Many wave energy conversion devices have not been well received. The main reasons are that they are too complicated and not economical. However, in the last two decades direct conversion systems have drawn the attenti...Many wave energy conversion devices have not been well received. The main reasons are that they are too complicated and not economical. However, in the last two decades direct conversion systems have drawn the attention of researchers to their widely distributed energy source due to their simple structure and low cost. The most well-known direct conversion systems presently in use include the Archimedes Wave Swing (AWS) and Power Buoy (PB). In this paper, these two systems were simulated in the same conditions and their behaviors were studied in different wave conditions. In order to verify the simulations, results of the generator of the finite element computations were followed. An attempt was made to determine the merits and drawbacks of each method under different wave conditions by comparing the performance of the two systems. The wave conditions suitable for each system were specified.展开更多
A twin-impulse turbine for bi-directional flow has been developed for wave energy converter. However, the previous studies elucidated that the mean efficiency of the twin turbine is much lower than that of the impulse...A twin-impulse turbine for bi-directional flow has been developed for wave energy converter. However, the previous studies elucidated that the mean efficiency of the twin turbine is much lower than that of the impulse turbine for a unidirectional flow because a portion of airflow passes through the reverse flow turbine whose efficiency is very low. Therefore, a fluidic diode was adopted in the twin-impulse turbine in order to reduce the air flow through the reverse flow turbine. In this study, the rectification effect of the fluidic diode was investigated where a bypass is introduced into a blunt body. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of fluidic diodes on the turbine performance. In this analysis, RANS equations were used as the governing equations and the standard <em>k-ε</em> model was used as the turbulence model. The computational domain is composed of a circular tube and fluidic diode, and the domain meshed with an approximately 1.5 million mesh elements. As a result, it was found that the rectification effect of the fluidic diode is enhanced by installing a blunt body with a bypass hole of 5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span> taper angle.展开更多
A direct-drive wave energy conversion system based on a three-phase permanent magnet tubular linear generator （PMTLG） and a heaving buoy is proposed to convert wave energy into electrical energy. Sufficient experime...A direct-drive wave energy conversion system based on a three-phase permanent magnet tubular linear generator （PMTLG） and a heaving buoy is proposed to convert wave energy into electrical energy. Sufficient experimental methods are adopted to compare the computer simulations, the validity of which is verified by the experiment results from a wave tank laboratory. In the experiment, the motion curves of heaving buoy are with small fluctuations, mainly caused by the PMTLG＇s detent force. For the reduction of these small fluctuations and a maximum operational efficiency of the direct-drive wave energy conversion system, the PMTLG＇s detent force minimization technique and the heaving buoy optimization will be discussed. It is discovered that the operational efficiency of the direct-drive wave energy conversion system increases dramatically after optimization. The experiment and optimization results will provide useful reference for the future research on ocean wave energy conversion system.展开更多
Point absorber wave energy device with multiple degrees of freedom(DOF) is assumed to have a better absorption ability of mechanical energy from ocean waves. In this paper, a coaxial symmetric articulated point absorb...Point absorber wave energy device with multiple degrees of freedom(DOF) is assumed to have a better absorption ability of mechanical energy from ocean waves. In this paper, a coaxial symmetric articulated point absorber wave energy converter with two degrees of freedom is presented. The mechanical equations of the oscillation buoy with power take-off mechanism(PTO) in regular waves are established. The three-dimensional numerical wave tank is built in consideration of the buoy motion based upon the CFD method. The appropriate simulation elements are selected for the buoy and wave parameters. The feasibility of the CFD method is verified through the contrast between the numerical simulation results of typical wave conditions and test results. In such case, the buoy with single DOF of heave, pitch and their coupling motion considering free(no PTO damping) and damped oscillations in regular waves are simulated by using the verified CFD method respectively. The hydrodynamic and wave energy conversion characteristics with typical wave conditions are analyzed. The numerical results show that the heave and pitch can affect each other in the buoy coupling motion, hydrodynamic loads, wave energy absorption and flow field.The total capture width ratio with two coupled DOF motion is higher than that with a single DOF motion. The wave energy conversion of a certain DOF motion may be higher than that of the single certain DOF motion even though the wave is at the resonance period. When the wave periods are high enough, the interaction between the coupled DOF motions can be neglected.展开更多
With the advent of left-handed magnetic materials, it is desirable to develop high-performance wave devices based on their novel properties of wave propagation. This letter reports the special properties of elastic wa...With the advent of left-handed magnetic materials, it is desirable to develop high-performance wave devices based on their novel properties of wave propagation. This letter reports the special properties of elastic wave propagation in magnetoelastic multilayered composites with negative permeability as compared to those in counterpart structures with positive permeability. These novel properties of elastic waves are discerned from the diversified dispersion curves, which represent the propagation and attenuation characteristics of elastic waves. To compute these dispersion curves, the method of reverberation-ray matrix is extended for the analysis of elastic waves in magnetoelastic multilayered composites. Although only the results of a single piezomagnetic and a binary magnetoelastic layers with mechanically free and magnetically short surfaces as well as perfect interface are illustrated in the numerical examples, the analysis is applicable to magnetoelastic multilayered structures with other kinds of boundaries/interfaces.展开更多
Based on two- and three-dimensional potential flow theories, the width effects on the hydrodynamics of a bottom-hinged trapezoidal pendulum wave energy converter are discussed. The two-dimensional eigenfunction expans...Based on two- and three-dimensional potential flow theories, the width effects on the hydrodynamics of a bottom-hinged trapezoidal pendulum wave energy converter are discussed. The two-dimensional eigenfunction expansion method is used to obtain the diffraction and radiation solutions when the converter width tends to be infinity. The trapezoidal section of the converter is approximated by a rectangular section for simplification. The nonlinear viscous damping effects are accounted for by including a drag term in the two- and three-dimensional methods. It is found that the three- dimensional results are in good agreement with the two-dimensional results when the converter width becomes larger, especially when the converter width is infinity, which shows that both of the methods are reasonable. Meantime, it is also found that the peak value of the conversion efficiency decreases as the converter width increases in short wave periods while increases when the converter width increases in long wave periods.展开更多
Experimental studies were conducted on a trapezoidal pendulum wave energy converter in regular waves. To obtain the incident wave height, the analytical method （AM） was used to separate the incident and reflected wa...Experimental studies were conducted on a trapezoidal pendulum wave energy converter in regular waves. To obtain the incident wave height, the analytical method （AM） was used to separate the incident and reflected waves propagating in a wave flume by analysing wave records measured at two locations. The response amplitude operator （RAO）, primary conversion efficiency and the total conversion efficiency of the wave energy converter were studied; furthermore, the power take-off damping coefficients corresponding to the load resistances in the experiment were also obtained. The findings demonstrate that the natural period for a pendulum wave energy converter is relatively large. A lower load resistance gives rise to a larger damping coefficient. The model shows relatively higher wave energy conversion efficiency in the range of 1.0-1.2 s for the incident wave period. The maximum primary conversion efficiency achieved was 55.5%, and the maximum overall conversion efficiency was 39.4%.展开更多
Logistical supply is costly for the deepwater oil and gas exploitation, thereby it is necessary to develop a novel power supply solution to improve the offshore structure’s self-holding capacity. The two-body point a...Logistical supply is costly for the deepwater oil and gas exploitation, thereby it is necessary to develop a novel power supply solution to improve the offshore structure’s self-holding capacity. The two-body point absorbers, as a renewable energy device, have achieved a rapid development. Heave plate is used to constrain the truss’ s motion in the two-body point absorber, and the floater moves along the truss up and down. This two-body point absorber can be considered to be an essentially mass-spring-damper system. And it is well known that the heave plates have been widely used in the Spar platform to suppress the heave motions. So if the two-body point absorber can be modified to combine with offshore floating structures, this system can not only offer electric power to support operations or daily lives for the platform, but also control the large motions in the vertical plane. Following this concept, a novel tuned heave plate(THP) system is proposed for the conventional semi-submersible platform. In order to investigate the dynamic performances of the single THP, two experiments are conducted in this paper. First, the hydrodynamic coefficients of the heave plates are studied, and then the THP experiments are carried out to analyze its dynamic performance. It can be concluded that this THP is feasible and achieves the design objective.展开更多
A twin unidirectional impulse turbine has been proposed in order to enhance the performance of wave energy plant. This turbine system uses two unidirectional impulse turbines and their flow direction is different from...A twin unidirectional impulse turbine has been proposed in order to enhance the performance of wave energy plant. This turbine system uses two unidirectional impulse turbines and their flow direction is different from each other. However, the turbine characteristics have not been clarified to date. The performances of a unidirectional impulse turbine under steady flow conditions were investigated experimentaUy by using a wind tunnel with large piston/cylinder in this study. Then, efficiency of the twin impulse turbine have been estimated by a quasi-steady analysis using experimental results.展开更多
An optimum design of the turbine would need a clear understanding of the influence of blade geometry on a Wells turbine performance. Practically, it is difficult to suggest the optimum geometry for the Wells turbine d...An optimum design of the turbine would need a clear understanding of the influence of blade geometry on a Wells turbine performance. Practically, it is difficult to suggest the optimum geometry for the Wells turbine due to the complex interrelation among important parameters, the solidity, hub-to-tip ratio, aspect ratio, blade sweep of rotor, and so on. In the present study, the effect of blade geometry with the hub-to-tip and aspect ratios of rotor on the turbine performance was investigated with a numerical technique. As a result, the optimum blade geometry is as follows: the hub-to-tip ratio is about 0.7, and the aspect ratio about 0.5 under other constant important parameters, NACA0020 blade with blade sweep ratio of 0.35, and solidity of about 0.67. Furthermore, the detailed flow patterns for blade geometry were also shown and discussed in this paper.展开更多
Self-starting performance is very important for the design of the Wells turbine. In order to analyse the self-starting performance of the Wells turbine in regular and irregular waves, a mathematical model was establis...Self-starting performance is very important for the design of the Wells turbine. In order to analyse the self-starting performance of the Wells turbine in regular and irregular waves, a mathematical model was established to simulate the self-starting process of the Wells turbine in regular and irregular oscillating air flows. Based on the turbine's force coefficients and the restraint moment function of electric generator, the self-starting performance was investigated in different oscillating air flow conditions and the turbine's inertia. Digit results show that the self-starting time is shortened with the increase of the amplitude of oscillating air flow or the decrease of the period of oscillating air flow and the turbine's inertia. The key to the improvement of the starting performance of the Wells turbine is to improve the turbine's performance in the stalling region.展开更多
In this study, in order to achieve further improvement of the performance of an impulse turbine with fixed guide vanes for wave energy conversion, the effect of guide vane shape on the performance was investigated by ...In this study, in order to achieve further improvement of the performance of an impulse turbine with fixed guide vanes for wave energy conversion, the effect of guide vane shape on the performance was investigated by experiment. The investigation was performed by model testing under steady flow condition. As a result, it was found that the efficiency of the turbine with 3D guide vanes are slightly superior to that of the turbine with 2D guide vanes because of the increase of torque by means of 3D guide vane, though pressure drop across the turbine for the 3D case is slightly higher than that for the 2D case.展开更多
The Izu-Bonin subduction zone in the Northwest Pacific is an ideal location for understanding mantle dynamics such as cold lithosphere subduction. The slab produces a lateral thermal anomaly, inducing local topographi...The Izu-Bonin subduction zone in the Northwest Pacific is an ideal location for understanding mantle dynamics such as cold lithosphere subduction. The slab produces a lateral thermal anomaly, inducing local topographic changes at the boundary of a post-spinel phase transformation, considered to be the origin of the ‘660-km discontinuity.’ In this study, the short-period(1–2 Hz) S-to-P conversion phase S660P was used to obtain the fine-scale structure of the discontinuity. More than 100 earthquakes that occurred from the 1980s to the 2020s and were recorded by high-quality seismic arrays in the United States and Europe were analyzed. A discontinuity in the ambient mantle with an average depth of ~670 km was found beneath the 300–400-km event zone in the northern Bonin region near 33°N. Meanwhile, the ‘660-km discontinuity’ has been pushed upward, away from the slab, possibly because of a hot upwelling mantle plume. In the central part of the subduction zone, the 660-km discontinuity is depressed to an average depth of(690 ± 5) km within the slab at approximately 150 km below the coldest slab core, indicating a(300 ± 100) ℃ cold anomaly estimated using a post-spinel transformation Clapeyron slope of(-2.0 ± 1.0) MPa/K. In southern Bonin near 28°N, the discontinuity was found to be further depressed at an average depth of(695 ± 5) km below the deepest event and with a focal depth of ~550 km. The discontinuity is located where the slab bends abruptly to become sub-horizontal toward the west-southwest. Near the zone of the isolated Bonin Super Deep Earthquake, which occurred at ~680 km on May 30,2015, the discontinuity is depressed to ~700 km, suggesting a near-vertical penetrating slab and an S-to-P conversion in the coldest slab core, where a large low-temperature anomaly should exist.展开更多
A structure scheme of a pile-based breakwater with integrated oscillating water column(OWC)energy conversion chamber was proposed,and four structure forms had been designed.Based on the physical test,the variations of...A structure scheme of a pile-based breakwater with integrated oscillating water column(OWC)energy conversion chamber was proposed,and four structure forms had been designed.Based on the physical test,the variations of the reflected wave height,the transmitted wave height,the air velocity at the outlet of the chamber,the air pressure and the wave height in the air chamber were studied under the conditions of different wave heights,periods,with or without elliptical front wall and the baffles on both sides of the chamber.Moreover,based on the results,the changes and relationship between the wave-eliminating effect and energy conversion effect of the scheme were analyzed.In general,it turns out,the transmission coefficients of the four structure forms are kept below 0.5.Furthermore,the transmission coefficients of the structural forms G2,G3,and G4 were all smaller than 0.4,and it is only 0.1 at its smallest.Thereinto,in general,the structure form G4 has the best wave-eliminating and energy conversion performance.At the same time,when the wave steepness is 0.066,the energy conversion and wave dissipation effect of the four structure forms is the best.The research results could be provided as the reference for the design structure selection of pile-based breakwater with integrated OWC energy conversion chamber.展开更多
In this Letter, we demonstrate a linear polarization conversion of transmitted terahertz wave with double-layer meta-grating surfaces, which integrated the frequency selectivity of a split ring resonator metasurface a...In this Letter, we demonstrate a linear polarization conversion of transmitted terahertz wave with double-layer meta-grating surfaces, which integrated the frequency selectivity of a split ring resonator metasurface and the polarization selectivity of a metallic grating surface. Since the double-layer can reduce the loss, and the Fabry- Perot like resonant effect between the two layers can improve the conversion efficiency, this converter can rotate the incident y-polarized terahertz wave into an x-polarized transmitted wave with relatively low loss and high efficiency. Experimental results show that an average conversion efficiency exceeding 75% from 0.25 to 0.65 THz with the highest efficiency of 90% at 0.43 THz with onlv -2 dB loss has been achieved.展开更多
The Wells turbine for a wave power generator is a self-rectifying air turbine that is available for an energy conversion in an oscillating water-air column without any rectifying valve. The objective of this paper is ...The Wells turbine for a wave power generator is a self-rectifying air turbine that is available for an energy conversion in an oscillating water-air column without any rectifying valve. The objective of this paper is to compare the performances of the Wells turbines in which the profile of blade are NACA0020, NACA0015, CA9 and HSIM15-262123-1576 in the small-scale model testing. The running characteristics in the steady flow, the start and running characteristics in the sinusoidal flow and the hysteretic characteristics in the sinusoidal flow were investigated for four kinds of turbine. As a conclusion, the turbine in which the profile of blade is NACA0020 has the best performances among 4 turbines for the running and starting characteristics in the small-scale model testing.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to compare the performances of the themes, which could be used for wave energy conversion in the near future, under various irregular wave conditions. The turbines included in the paper ...The objective of this paper is to compare the performances of the themes, which could be used for wave energy conversion in the near future, under various irregular wave conditions. The turbines included in the paper are as follows: (a) Wells turbine with guide vanes; (b) impulse turbine with self-pitch-controlled guide vanes; (c) impulse turbine with fixed guide vanes. In this study, experimental investigations were carried out to clarify the performances of the turbines under steady flow conditions, and then a numerical simulation was used for predicting the performances under irregular wave conditions with various significant wave heights. As a result it was found that the running and starting characteristics of the impulse turbines could be superior to those of the Wells turbine.展开更多
In order to improve the performance of the Wells turbine for wave energy conversion, the effect of end plates on the turbine characteristics has been investigated experimentally by model testing under steady flow cond...In order to improve the performance of the Wells turbine for wave energy conversion, the effect of end plates on the turbine characteristics has been investigated experimentally by model testing under steady flow conditions. The end plate attached to the tip of the original rotor blade is slightly larger than the original blade profile. The characteristics of the Wells turbine with end plates have been compared with those of the original Wells turbine, i.e., the turbine without end plate. As a result, it has been concluded that the characteristics of the Wells turbine with end plates are superior to those of the original Wells turbine and the characteristics are dependent on the size and position of end plate. Furthermore, the effect of annular plate on the turbine performance, which encircles the turbine and is attached to the tip, was investigated as an additional experiment. However, its device was not effective in improving the turbine characteristics.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81527901,11604361,and 91630309)
文摘Transcranial focused ultrasound is a booming noninvasive therapy for brain stimuli. The Kelvin–Voigt equations are employed to calculate the sound field created by focusing a 256-element planar phased array through a monkey skull with the time-reversal method. Mode conversions between compressional and shear waves exist in the skull. Therefore, the wave field separation method is introduced to calculate the contributions of the two waves to the acoustic intensity and the heat source, respectively. The Pennes equation is used to depict the temperature field induced by ultrasound. Five computational models with the same incident angle of 0？and different distances from the focus for the skull and three computational models at different incident angles and the same distance from the focus for the skull are studied. Numerical results indicate that for all computational models, the acoustic intensity at the focus with mode conversions is 12.05%less than that without mode conversions on average. For the temperature rise, this percentage is 12.02%. Besides, an underestimation of both the acoustic intensity and the temperature rise in the skull tends to occur if mode conversions are ignored. However, if the incident angle exceeds 30？, the rules of the over-and under-estimation may be reversed. Moreover,shear waves contribute 20.54% of the acoustic intensity and 20.74% of the temperature rise in the skull on average for all computational models. The percentage of the temperature rise in the skull from shear waves declines with the increase of the duration of the ultrasound.
文摘Many wave energy conversion devices have not been well received. The main reasons are that they are too complicated and not economical. However, in the last two decades direct conversion systems have drawn the attention of researchers to their widely distributed energy source due to their simple structure and low cost. The most well-known direct conversion systems presently in use include the Archimedes Wave Swing (AWS) and Power Buoy (PB). In this paper, these two systems were simulated in the same conditions and their behaviors were studied in different wave conditions. In order to verify the simulations, results of the generator of the finite element computations were followed. An attempt was made to determine the merits and drawbacks of each method under different wave conditions by comparing the performance of the two systems. The wave conditions suitable for each system were specified.
文摘A twin-impulse turbine for bi-directional flow has been developed for wave energy converter. However, the previous studies elucidated that the mean efficiency of the twin turbine is much lower than that of the impulse turbine for a unidirectional flow because a portion of airflow passes through the reverse flow turbine whose efficiency is very low. Therefore, a fluidic diode was adopted in the twin-impulse turbine in order to reduce the air flow through the reverse flow turbine. In this study, the rectification effect of the fluidic diode was investigated where a bypass is introduced into a blunt body. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of fluidic diodes on the turbine performance. In this analysis, RANS equations were used as the governing equations and the standard <em>k-ε</em> model was used as the turbulence model. The computational domain is composed of a circular tube and fluidic diode, and the domain meshed with an approximately 1.5 million mesh elements. As a result, it was found that the rectification effect of the fluidic diode is enhanced by installing a blunt body with a bypass hole of 5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span> taper angle.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41076054the Special Foundation for State Oceanic Administration of China under contract No.GHME2011GD02the Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Southeast University of China under contract No.YBJJ1416
文摘A direct-drive wave energy conversion system based on a three-phase permanent magnet tubular linear generator （PMTLG） and a heaving buoy is proposed to convert wave energy into electrical energy. Sufficient experimental methods are adopted to compare the computer simulations, the validity of which is verified by the experiment results from a wave tank laboratory. In the experiment, the motion curves of heaving buoy are with small fluctuations, mainly caused by the PMTLG＇s detent force. For the reduction of these small fluctuations and a maximum operational efficiency of the direct-drive wave energy conversion system, the PMTLG＇s detent force minimization technique and the heaving buoy optimization will be discussed. It is discovered that the operational efficiency of the direct-drive wave energy conversion system increases dramatically after optimization. The experiment and optimization results will provide useful reference for the future research on ocean wave energy conversion system.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51579055)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20180980)
文摘Point absorber wave energy device with multiple degrees of freedom(DOF) is assumed to have a better absorption ability of mechanical energy from ocean waves. In this paper, a coaxial symmetric articulated point absorber wave energy converter with two degrees of freedom is presented. The mechanical equations of the oscillation buoy with power take-off mechanism(PTO) in regular waves are established. The three-dimensional numerical wave tank is built in consideration of the buoy motion based upon the CFD method. The appropriate simulation elements are selected for the buoy and wave parameters. The feasibility of the CFD method is verified through the contrast between the numerical simulation results of typical wave conditions and test results. In such case, the buoy with single DOF of heave, pitch and their coupling motion considering free(no PTO damping) and damped oscillations in regular waves are simulated by using the verified CFD method respectively. The hydrodynamic and wave energy conversion characteristics with typical wave conditions are analyzed. The numerical results show that the heave and pitch can affect each other in the buoy coupling motion, hydrodynamic loads, wave energy absorption and flow field.The total capture width ratio with two coupled DOF motion is higher than that with a single DOF motion. The wave energy conversion of a certain DOF motion may be higher than that of the single certain DOF motion even though the wave is at the resonance period. When the wave periods are high enough, the interaction between the coupled DOF motions can be neglected.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11372119)partly by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2016XZZX001-05)
文摘With the advent of left-handed magnetic materials, it is desirable to develop high-performance wave devices based on their novel properties of wave propagation. This letter reports the special properties of elastic wave propagation in magnetoelastic multilayered composites with negative permeability as compared to those in counterpart structures with positive permeability. These novel properties of elastic waves are discerned from the diversified dispersion curves, which represent the propagation and attenuation characteristics of elastic waves. To compute these dispersion curves, the method of reverberation-ray matrix is extended for the analysis of elastic waves in magnetoelastic multilayered composites. Although only the results of a single piezomagnetic and a binary magnetoelastic layers with mechanically free and magnetically short surfaces as well as perfect interface are illustrated in the numerical examples, the analysis is applicable to magnetoelastic multilayered structures with other kinds of boundaries/interfaces.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Marine Renewable Energy of the Ministry of Finance of China(No.GD2010ZC02)
文摘Based on two- and three-dimensional potential flow theories, the width effects on the hydrodynamics of a bottom-hinged trapezoidal pendulum wave energy converter are discussed. The two-dimensional eigenfunction expansion method is used to obtain the diffraction and radiation solutions when the converter width tends to be infinity. The trapezoidal section of the converter is approximated by a rectangular section for simplification. The nonlinear viscous damping effects are accounted for by including a drag term in the two- and three-dimensional methods. It is found that the three- dimensional results are in good agreement with the two-dimensional results when the converter width becomes larger, especially when the converter width is infinity, which shows that both of the methods are reasonable. Meantime, it is also found that the peak value of the conversion efficiency decreases as the converter width increases in short wave periods while increases when the converter width increases in long wave periods.
基金financially supported by the Special Fund for Marine Renewable Energy of the Ministry of Finance of China(Grant No.GD2010ZC02)
文摘Experimental studies were conducted on a trapezoidal pendulum wave energy converter in regular waves. To obtain the incident wave height, the analytical method （AM） was used to separate the incident and reflected waves propagating in a wave flume by analysing wave records measured at two locations. The response amplitude operator （RAO）, primary conversion efficiency and the total conversion efficiency of the wave energy converter were studied; furthermore, the power take-off damping coefficients corresponding to the load resistances in the experiment were also obtained. The findings demonstrate that the natural period for a pendulum wave energy converter is relatively large. A lower load resistance gives rise to a larger damping coefficient. The model shows relatively higher wave energy conversion efficiency in the range of 1.0-1.2 s for the incident wave period. The maximum primary conversion efficiency achieved was 55.5%, and the maximum overall conversion efficiency was 39.4%.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.ZR2016EEQ23)the Youth Exploration Project of Shandong Province Mount Tai Scholar Advanced Disciplinary Talent Group
文摘Logistical supply is costly for the deepwater oil and gas exploitation, thereby it is necessary to develop a novel power supply solution to improve the offshore structure’s self-holding capacity. The two-body point absorbers, as a renewable energy device, have achieved a rapid development. Heave plate is used to constrain the truss’ s motion in the two-body point absorber, and the floater moves along the truss up and down. This two-body point absorber can be considered to be an essentially mass-spring-damper system. And it is well known that the heave plates have been widely used in the Spar platform to suppress the heave motions. So if the two-body point absorber can be modified to combine with offshore floating structures, this system can not only offer electric power to support operations or daily lives for the platform, but also control the large motions in the vertical plane. Following this concept, a novel tuned heave plate(THP) system is proposed for the conventional semi-submersible platform. In order to investigate the dynamic performances of the single THP, two experiments are conducted in this paper. First, the hydrodynamic coefficients of the heave plates are studied, and then the THP experiments are carried out to analyze its dynamic performance. It can be concluded that this THP is feasible and achieves the design objective.
基金performed under the Cooperative Research Program of IOES,Institute of Ocean Energy,Saga University (Accept No. 10006D)
文摘A twin unidirectional impulse turbine has been proposed in order to enhance the performance of wave energy plant. This turbine system uses two unidirectional impulse turbines and their flow direction is different from each other. However, the turbine characteristics have not been clarified to date. The performances of a unidirectional impulse turbine under steady flow conditions were investigated experimentaUy by using a wind tunnel with large piston/cylinder in this study. Then, efficiency of the twin impulse turbine have been estimated by a quasi-steady analysis using experimental results.
文摘An optimum design of the turbine would need a clear understanding of the influence of blade geometry on a Wells turbine performance. Practically, it is difficult to suggest the optimum geometry for the Wells turbine due to the complex interrelation among important parameters, the solidity, hub-to-tip ratio, aspect ratio, blade sweep of rotor, and so on. In the present study, the effect of blade geometry with the hub-to-tip and aspect ratios of rotor on the turbine performance was investigated with a numerical technique. As a result, the optimum blade geometry is as follows: the hub-to-tip ratio is about 0.7, and the aspect ratio about 0.5 under other constant important parameters, NACA0020 blade with blade sweep ratio of 0.35, and solidity of about 0.67. Furthermore, the detailed flow patterns for blade geometry were also shown and discussed in this paper.
基金Financially supported by the National Natural Science Fund
文摘Self-starting performance is very important for the design of the Wells turbine. In order to analyse the self-starting performance of the Wells turbine in regular and irregular waves, a mathematical model was established to simulate the self-starting process of the Wells turbine in regular and irregular oscillating air flows. Based on the turbine's force coefficients and the restraint moment function of electric generator, the self-starting performance was investigated in different oscillating air flow conditions and the turbine's inertia. Digit results show that the self-starting time is shortened with the increase of the amplitude of oscillating air flow or the decrease of the period of oscillating air flow and the turbine's inertia. The key to the improvement of the starting performance of the Wells turbine is to improve the turbine's performance in the stalling region.
文摘In this study, in order to achieve further improvement of the performance of an impulse turbine with fixed guide vanes for wave energy conversion, the effect of guide vane shape on the performance was investigated by experiment. The investigation was performed by model testing under steady flow condition. As a result, it was found that the efficiency of the turbine with 3D guide vanes are slightly superior to that of the turbine with 2D guide vanes because of the increase of torque by means of 3D guide vane, though pressure drop across the turbine for the 3D case is slightly higher than that for the 2D case.
文摘The Izu-Bonin subduction zone in the Northwest Pacific is an ideal location for understanding mantle dynamics such as cold lithosphere subduction. The slab produces a lateral thermal anomaly, inducing local topographic changes at the boundary of a post-spinel phase transformation, considered to be the origin of the ‘660-km discontinuity.’ In this study, the short-period(1–2 Hz) S-to-P conversion phase S660P was used to obtain the fine-scale structure of the discontinuity. More than 100 earthquakes that occurred from the 1980s to the 2020s and were recorded by high-quality seismic arrays in the United States and Europe were analyzed. A discontinuity in the ambient mantle with an average depth of ~670 km was found beneath the 300–400-km event zone in the northern Bonin region near 33°N. Meanwhile, the ‘660-km discontinuity’ has been pushed upward, away from the slab, possibly because of a hot upwelling mantle plume. In the central part of the subduction zone, the 660-km discontinuity is depressed to an average depth of(690 ± 5) km within the slab at approximately 150 km below the coldest slab core, indicating a(300 ± 100) ℃ cold anomaly estimated using a post-spinel transformation Clapeyron slope of(-2.0 ± 1.0) MPa/K. In southern Bonin near 28°N, the discontinuity was found to be further depressed at an average depth of(695 ± 5) km below the deepest event and with a focal depth of ~550 km. The discontinuity is located where the slab bends abruptly to become sub-horizontal toward the west-southwest. Near the zone of the isolated Bonin Super Deep Earthquake, which occurred at ~680 km on May 30,2015, the discontinuity is depressed to ~700 km, suggesting a near-vertical penetrating slab and an S-to-P conversion in the coldest slab core, where a large low-temperature anomaly should exist.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51739010)。
文摘A structure scheme of a pile-based breakwater with integrated oscillating water column(OWC)energy conversion chamber was proposed,and four structure forms had been designed.Based on the physical test,the variations of the reflected wave height,the transmitted wave height,the air velocity at the outlet of the chamber,the air pressure and the wave height in the air chamber were studied under the conditions of different wave heights,periods,with or without elliptical front wall and the baffles on both sides of the chamber.Moreover,based on the results,the changes and relationship between the wave-eliminating effect and energy conversion effect of the scheme were analyzed.In general,it turns out,the transmission coefficients of the four structure forms are kept below 0.5.Furthermore,the transmission coefficients of the structural forms G2,G3,and G4 were all smaller than 0.4,and it is only 0.1 at its smallest.Thereinto,in general,the structure form G4 has the best wave-eliminating and energy conversion performance.At the same time,when the wave steepness is 0.066,the energy conversion and wave dissipation effect of the four structure forms is the best.The research results could be provided as the reference for the design structure selection of pile-based breakwater with integrated OWC energy conversion chamber.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61531010,61270011,91438118,and 61501094)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB339806)
文摘In this Letter, we demonstrate a linear polarization conversion of transmitted terahertz wave with double-layer meta-grating surfaces, which integrated the frequency selectivity of a split ring resonator metasurface and the polarization selectivity of a metallic grating surface. Since the double-layer can reduce the loss, and the Fabry- Perot like resonant effect between the two layers can improve the conversion efficiency, this converter can rotate the incident y-polarized terahertz wave into an x-polarized transmitted wave with relatively low loss and high efficiency. Experimental results show that an average conversion efficiency exceeding 75% from 0.25 to 0.65 THz with the highest efficiency of 90% at 0.43 THz with onlv -2 dB loss has been achieved.
文摘The Wells turbine for a wave power generator is a self-rectifying air turbine that is available for an energy conversion in an oscillating water-air column without any rectifying valve. The objective of this paper is to compare the performances of the Wells turbines in which the profile of blade are NACA0020, NACA0015, CA9 and HSIM15-262123-1576 in the small-scale model testing. The running characteristics in the steady flow, the start and running characteristics in the sinusoidal flow and the hysteretic characteristics in the sinusoidal flow were investigated for four kinds of turbine. As a conclusion, the turbine in which the profile of blade is NACA0020 has the best performances among 4 turbines for the running and starting characteristics in the small-scale model testing.
文摘The objective of this paper is to compare the performances of the themes, which could be used for wave energy conversion in the near future, under various irregular wave conditions. The turbines included in the paper are as follows: (a) Wells turbine with guide vanes; (b) impulse turbine with self-pitch-controlled guide vanes; (c) impulse turbine with fixed guide vanes. In this study, experimental investigations were carried out to clarify the performances of the turbines under steady flow conditions, and then a numerical simulation was used for predicting the performances under irregular wave conditions with various significant wave heights. As a result it was found that the running and starting characteristics of the impulse turbines could be superior to those of the Wells turbine.
文摘In order to improve the performance of the Wells turbine for wave energy conversion, the effect of end plates on the turbine characteristics has been investigated experimentally by model testing under steady flow conditions. The end plate attached to the tip of the original rotor blade is slightly larger than the original blade profile. The characteristics of the Wells turbine with end plates have been compared with those of the original Wells turbine, i.e., the turbine without end plate. As a result, it has been concluded that the characteristics of the Wells turbine with end plates are superior to those of the original Wells turbine and the characteristics are dependent on the size and position of end plate. Furthermore, the effect of annular plate on the turbine performance, which encircles the turbine and is attached to the tip, was investigated as an additional experiment. However, its device was not effective in improving the turbine characteristics.
