This editorial explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence(AI)in identifying conflicts of interest(COIs)within academic and scientific research.By harnessing advanced data analysis,pattern recogni...This editorial explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence(AI)in identifying conflicts of interest(COIs)within academic and scientific research.By harnessing advanced data analysis,pattern recognition,and natural language processing techniques,AI offers innovative solutions for enhancing transparency and integrity in research.This editorial discusses how AI can automatically detect COIs,integrate data from various sources,and streamline reporting processes,thereby maintaining the credibility of scientific findings.展开更多
The relation between conflict and governance has been dominated by type of government rather than by system of government.With increasing conflict in countries with ethnic and religious diversity,the debate has gradua...The relation between conflict and governance has been dominated by type of government rather than by system of government.With increasing conflict in countries with ethnic and religious diversity,the debate has gradually shifted to understand better the link between conflict and system of government.There is a growing evidence that suggests federal system performs better than unitary system in managing diversity and reducing conflict.Decentralization is even seen to be more effective than federal system not only in managing diversity and reducing conflict but also in delivering public goods.This article provides an account of evolution of system of government in South Sudan.It finds a clear association of centralized unitary system with violent conflict and a relative peace during period of decentralized government or federal system.A decentralized federal system may be appropriate for South Sudan in managing diversity and mitigating conflict.Despite the popular demand by their citizens for a federal system to manage diversity and reduce violent conflict,the ruling elites in the post-independent South Sudan adopted instead an autocratic centralized unitary system that contributed among other factors to the persistent violent conflicts,erosion of social cohesion,and rising mistrust between state and citizens and between and among the communities of South Sudan.展开更多
The objective of this study was to investigate how kindergarten teachers respond to peer conflicts among 3-year-olds,with the aim of identifying common patterns and distinguishing features in their interventions.The a...The objective of this study was to investigate how kindergarten teachers respond to peer conflicts among 3-year-olds,with the aim of identifying common patterns and distinguishing features in their interventions.The age of three is a unique transitional period when young children begin attending kindergarten as their first social setting.The study was conducted in Hangzhou in China,using a case study methodology and involved 10 teachers from eight different kindergarten settings and 157 three-year-old children in eight classes.The 120 observed record identified 214 peer conflicts,54%of which were caused by object and space disputes;18%by physical collisions;16%by verbal disputes among young children;12%by violations of discipline and rules.Participating kindergarten teachers’approaches for resolving peer conflicts illustrated in the case study included(1)perfunctory response;(2)simple suppression;(3)authoritative determinations;(4)scientific guidance;and(5)objective factors influencing teachers’involvement(e.g.,teacher child ratio;child characteristics;teacher child relationship;parent understanding and support;classroom management;inspection;co-teacher cooperation).Class size,curriculum,teacher-child connections,parental support,and teacher collaboration are some of the objective elements that affect kindergarten teacher participation,as are the professional attributes of teachers and their perspectives on education and children.Practical recommendations for kindergarten teachers’involvement in peer conflict among young children were given based on the research findings.展开更多
The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflict...The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflicts,clarifying the applicability of international human rights law(IHRL)and international humanitarian law(IHL)in such contexts has become an urgent issue.A comparative study on the application of IHRL and IHL needs to address three key questions step by step:First,whether IHRL is applicable during armed conflicts;second,if applicable,how IHRL complements and interacts with IHL;and third,what methods should be adopted to resolve conflicts when IHRL and IHL are applied concurrently.In this context,an analysis of the historical development of IHRL and IHL reveals that the two share a common philosophical foundation,and thus they can be applied concurrently during armed conflicts.From an empirical perspective,IHRL engages with IHL through two approaches:interpreting IHL provisions and directly applying IHRL to armed conflicts,thereby fostering interactive development between the two.In cases where normative conflicts arise between IHRL and IHL,such as in the rules on the use of force and internment procedures,the principles of systemic integration and lex specialis can reconcile these conflicts during the application process.展开更多
This paper makes comments on conflicts in a micro-story of 527 words,The Ray,written by American writer Ron Milner.The story,from a unique perspective of narration,attracts and strikes the reader as a loud protest ami...This paper makes comments on conflicts in a micro-story of 527 words,The Ray,written by American writer Ron Milner.The story,from a unique perspective of narration,attracts and strikes the reader as a loud protest amidst silence,against human beings' self-destructive abuse of nuclear technology and craziness of arms races during the cold war.The paper,from the historical,cultural,and religious contexts,presents an analysis of the hero's death and of the message the reader can draw from the story.展开更多
This paper focuses on cultural conflicts,mainly conflicts of God oriented and people oriented world view,different view towards human nature- virtue culture and guilt culture,the theology that all are equal before God...This paper focuses on cultural conflicts,mainly conflicts of God oriented and people oriented world view,different view towards human nature- virtue culture and guilt culture,the theology that all are equal before God and hierarchical order tradition,monotheism and polytheism,conflict between the doctrine and the concept of clan,briefly,that between Chinese traditional culture and Christian doctrine in the process of the religion disseminating in China.It also touches upon the beneficial attributes of Chinese culture for the fusion of the two culture patterns.展开更多
Nowadays,communication with foreign people isbecoming closer.While,misunderstandings occur frequently inthis process.The main purpose of this essay is to offer some pro-posals on the problem of misunderstandings and c...Nowadays,communication with foreign people isbecoming closer.While,misunderstandings occur frequently inthis process.The main purpose of this essay is to offer some pro-posals on the problem of misunderstandings and conflicts in inter-cultural communication from the aspect of relationship betweenculture and non-verbal communication.展开更多
This paper is mainly written to explore how cultural differences and clashes between America and China give rise to mother-daughter discords and conflicts. The paper was conducted based on the definition of culture in...This paper is mainly written to explore how cultural differences and clashes between America and China give rise to mother-daughter discords and conflicts. The paper was conducted based on the definition of culture in order to make clear of cultural conflicts. It is written to analyze the two groups of women immigrants unavoidably encountering the clash between their ancestral culture—Chinese culture and the dominant culture--American culture. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the mothers' Chinese roots are the root cause of misunderstandings and conflicts between their American-born daughters and themselves.Besides, the writer analyzes that different standpoints towards education value between mothers and American- born daughters cause their misunderstanding and conflicts. The conclusion is that the diversities between Chinese culture and American culture are the root cause for the mother-daughter discords and conflicts.展开更多
Using research approaches such as questionnaire investigation, interview, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PAR), the relationship between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities was studied. The...Using research approaches such as questionnaire investigation, interview, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PAR), the relationship between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities was studied. The results showed that there are lots of conflicts between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities. On the one hand, conservation of natural environment brings inconvenience to the development of peripheral communities, such as limiting the use of resources, constraining space of development, resulting in economic losses, reducing tourist income, and low compensation. On the other hand, peripheral communities' development threats conservation of the natural environment, for instance, illegal deforestation, illegal mining, over-harvesting, over-grazing and non-ecotourism. Therefore, effective suggestions were given as "scientific planning of functional areas, enhancing economic compensation, devoting more in ecotourism development, and realizing the cooperation of communities".展开更多
Eeotourism aims to deliver the philosophy of sustainable development through environmental conservation as well as socio-economic development. Areas with rich biodiversity and scenic beauty, like the Indian Himalayan ...Eeotourism aims to deliver the philosophy of sustainable development through environmental conservation as well as socio-economic development. Areas with rich biodiversity and scenic beauty, like the Indian Himalayan region, have been one of the major destination centers for nature lovers from historical time. In view of conserving the rich biodiversity and natural heritage of the Himalayan region 92 protected areas have been set aside, of these Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve （NDBR） is a well known world heritage site. Over a period of time establishing NDBR has invited conficts between the local people and reserve authorities on the management approaches and utilization criteria of the natural resources, especially banning the traditional bio-resource collection rights of local community, expeditions, trekking, and other anthropogenic activities in the core zones. The present study aims to understand and analyze the various people - park conflicts, and also to suggest ways to mitigate such conflicts in view of biodiversity conservation and improvement of economic status of local people by promoting eeotourism. With this view the study further discusses the various aspects of eeotourism, its pros and cons, and the avenues of developing appropriate strategies for promotion of ecotourism in buffer zone areas of NDBR.展开更多
The roundabouts are widely used in China,some of which have central islands as scenic spots.The crosswalks connecting to the central islands,normally full of pedestrians,have negative impact on roundabout capability a...The roundabouts are widely used in China,some of which have central islands as scenic spots.The crosswalks connecting to the central islands,normally full of pedestrians,have negative impact on roundabout capability and pedestrian safety.Therefore,this study proposes a fuzzy cellular automata(FCA)model to explore the safety and efficiency impacts of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts at a two-lane roundabout.To reason the decision-making process of individual drivers before crosswalks,membership functions in the fuzzy inference system were calibrated with field data conducted in Changsha,China.Using specific indicators of efficiency and safety performance,it was shown that circulating vehicles can move smoothly in low traffic flow,but the roundabout system is prone to the traffic congestion if traffic flow reaches to a certain level.Also,the high yielding rate of drivers has a negative impact on the traffic efficiency but can improve pedestrian safety.Furthermore,a pedestrian restriction measure was deduced for the roundabout crosswalk from the FCA model and national guideline of setting traffic lights.展开更多
The relationship between the opposing left-turn conflict and the traffic participants was analyzed in this study. Based on the traffic conflict technology, the image data were collected in a real traffic situation. Th...The relationship between the opposing left-turn conflict and the traffic participants was analyzed in this study. Based on the traffic conflict technology, the image data were collected in a real traffic situation. The relationship was investigated under two different conditions. The number of opposing left-turn conflicts was positively correlated with the number of left-turn vehicles while the ratio of left-turn vehicles to opposing vehicles was less than 1, and showed a positive correlation with the number of opposing-through vehicles when the ratio of left-turn vehicles to opposing vehi- cles was more than 1. In other words, the opposing left-turn risk was positively correlated with the number of the minor traffic participants, which had a negative effect on the whole traffic system op- eration.展开更多
Awareness of conflicts of interest(COI) in medicine began in the 1980 s. More recently, the problem has gained notoriety in nutritional sciences. COI with industry could bias study conclusions in the context of resear...Awareness of conflicts of interest(COI) in medicine began in the 1980 s. More recently, the problem has gained notoriety in nutritional sciences. COI with industry could bias study conclusions in the context of research activities and scientific publications on nutritional sciences. The issue of COI in nutritional sciences deserves more attention and requires careful analyses as biased information can negatively impact the development of dietary guidelines and, ultimately, population health. Decision-making is generally based on available, published evidence, but when the results are ambivalent, it is easier to opt for the status quo and ask for more studies. Readers might wonder if research is subsidized by industry as a counterbalancing strategy based on levels of evidence-only to slow down eminent positions and/or legislation on the food sector? How can this problem be overcome without producing paranoia and Mc Carthyism while trying to be as methodological as possible?展开更多
Land use conflicts(LUCs),as a spatial manifestation of the conflicts in the human-land relationships,have a profound impact on regional sustainable development.For China’s metropolitan junction areas(MJAs),the existe...Land use conflicts(LUCs),as a spatial manifestation of the conflicts in the human-land relationships,have a profound impact on regional sustainable development.For China’s metropolitan junction areas(MJAs),the existence of“administrative district economies”has made the issue of LUCs more prominent.Based on a case study of the central Chengdu–Chongqing region,we conducted an exploratory spatial data analysis of the evolutionary process of regional LUCs.Furthermore,structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze the dynamic mechanism of LUCs in MJAs,with a particular emphasis on exploring the influences of administrative boundary.The results showed that from 2010 to 2020,LUCs in the central Chengdu–Chongqing region continued to worsen,and the spatial process conflict and spatial structure conflict indices increased by more than 30.0%.The intensification of LUCs in the central Chengdu–Chongqing region from 2010 to 2020 was mainly the result of the deterioration of conflicts in evaluation units with low conflict levels.LUCs in China’s metropolitan areas generally presented a circular gradient distribution,weakening from the core to the periphery,but there were some strong isolated conflict zones in the outer regions.LUCs in China’s MJAs were the result of interactions among multiple factors,e.g.,natural environment,socio-economic development,policy and institutional processes,and administrative boundary effects.Administrative boundary affected the flow of socio-economic elements,changing the supply-and-demand competition of stakeholders for land resources,consequently exerting an indirect influence on LUCs.This study advances the theory of the dynamic mechanism of LUCs,and provides theoretical support for the governance of these conflicts in transboundary areas.展开更多
D.H.Lawrence is one of the forerunners of modern psychological fiction.He is famous for his description and analysis of the psychological activity of the characters,as well as his penetrating perspective of love and s...D.H.Lawrence is one of the forerunners of modern psychological fiction.He is famous for his description and analysis of the psychological activity of the characters,as well as his penetrating perspective of love and sex.Sons and Lovers is an autobiographical novel of D.H.Lawrence.Apart from the "Oedipus complex",three male-female conflicts are also very prominent in this novel.They comprise the conflict between Mrs.Morel and Mr.Morel,the conflict between Mrs.Morel and her sons and the conflict between lovers.These conflicts are derived from the inner world of human being.Lawrence probes into the psychic relations of people,which is a proactive and profound progress in his time and which also has its own effect on the relations of current society.展开更多
Few animals elicit such drastically different human emotions, so do elephants. Elephants capture the affection of people but also inspire animosity and fear at the same time. This is because there are conflicts with p...Few animals elicit such drastically different human emotions, so do elephants. Elephants capture the affection of people but also inspire animosity and fear at the same time. This is because there are conflicts with people over space, critical resources, costs of damages and general insecurity to people. This paper examined field evidence and interviewed expert key informants on current intensity and frequency of human-elephants in Amboseli Ecosystem. According to them, generally, the most prevalent (score of 1 lowest to 10 highest) threats to elephants were competition for critical resources (6.32 ± 0.44) followed by blocking of migration (6.24 ± 0.46), harassment of elephants (4.83 ± 0.75), poaching (4.57 ± 0.37), and retaliatory killings (3.78 ± 0.31). For threats that elephants pose to people, the most prevalent one was crop raiding (6.95 ± 0.26) followed by environmental degradation (6.71 ± 0.46), general insecurity to people (5.76 ± 0.65), property destruction (5.16 ± 0.41), injury and death to livestock (3.78 ± 0.37), and injury and death to people (2.71 ± 0.27). For the severity of the threats, the highest score was given to crop raiding whose average score was 7.90 ± 0.24 followed by environmental destruction and degradation (6.89 ± 0.43), injury and death to people (6.72 ± 0.44), injury and death to livestock (6.36 ± 0.50), property destruction (5.78 ± 0.49), general insecurity to people (5.62 ± 0.64). Severity levels followed the same trend or varied slightly. These drivers of human-elephant conflicts need to be addressed decisively to protect both people and elephants. There is a need to ensure local people’s benefit from elephants through ecotourism investments such as wildlife sanctuaries, leasing critical space for elephants’ dispersal on acceptable terms, through appropriate compensation schemes for elephant costs, and supporting local community wildlife rangers to prevent conflicts.展开更多
Human-carnivore conflicts represent the most common negative form of interactions between humans and wildlife. Most carnivores involved in such conflicts are: lion, hyena, leopard and cheetah. Three strategies are nor...Human-carnivore conflicts represent the most common negative form of interactions between humans and wildlife. Most carnivores involved in such conflicts are: lion, hyena, leopard and cheetah. Three strategies are normally used in Kenya to mitigate such conflicts;consolation for lost livestock and human life to increase tolerance to them, use of predator proof homesteads especially among pastoralists, use flicking lights at night to discourage approach of carnivores near homesteads, and awareness creation among communities on the ecological role of carnivores. This study examined human-carnivore interactions in privately owned conservancies near Amboseli National Park, Kenya. The conservancies were found to have almost similar human and livestock demography. However, homesteads in Elerai had more fence broken parts and relatively higher levels of livestock predation by lion and hyena. The higher the number of each livestock type was, the higher the specific predation to that livestock type was, implying density dependent effects of predation by carnivores on livestock. It seemed that the fence structure and level of maintenance (including carnivore strategies on specializing on specific livestock size and age consistent with optimizing their foraging strategies) influenced predation incidences. However, the presence of adult males and Maasai warriors (morans) in bomas did not seem to be related with the number of livestock killed by carnivores, implying that they didn’t add vigilance as an additional strategy to prevent livestock depredation. It is recommended that attention be paid on maintenance of homestead and livestock fences as well as vigilance to deter predation. We further recommend strategies to prevent livestock predation such as, installation of chain link predator proof fences or carnivore lighting deterrents at night because woody plants fences are ineffective and deteriorate easily with time, and also lead to depletion of plant resources critical to households.展开更多
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the masterpieces of American novelist Mark Twain. In this novel, Twain not onlydescribes the courageous adventures of Huck, but also his psychological or spiritual growth. Due ...Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the masterpieces of American novelist Mark Twain. In this novel, Twain not onlydescribes the courageous adventures of Huck, but also his psychological or spiritual growth. Due to the social and cultural back-ground of that time and general cultural concept the protagonist was instilled before, the conflicts of the protagonist's self-con-sciousness appear many times in this novel when the issue of slavery is concerned. However, through the protagonist's inner con-flicts, he finally gains spiritual growth and obtains a higher level of moral maturity.展开更多
Amy Tan, as the second generation of immigrants, deeply senses the differences between Sino-American cultures. Her great success The Joy Luck Club explores the conflicts between mothers and daughters, showing the trou...Amy Tan, as the second generation of immigrants, deeply senses the differences between Sino-American cultures. Her great success The Joy Luck Club explores the conflicts between mothers and daughters, showing the troubles in such families.展开更多
文摘This editorial explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence(AI)in identifying conflicts of interest(COIs)within academic and scientific research.By harnessing advanced data analysis,pattern recognition,and natural language processing techniques,AI offers innovative solutions for enhancing transparency and integrity in research.This editorial discusses how AI can automatically detect COIs,integrate data from various sources,and streamline reporting processes,thereby maintaining the credibility of scientific findings.
文摘The relation between conflict and governance has been dominated by type of government rather than by system of government.With increasing conflict in countries with ethnic and religious diversity,the debate has gradually shifted to understand better the link between conflict and system of government.There is a growing evidence that suggests federal system performs better than unitary system in managing diversity and reducing conflict.Decentralization is even seen to be more effective than federal system not only in managing diversity and reducing conflict but also in delivering public goods.This article provides an account of evolution of system of government in South Sudan.It finds a clear association of centralized unitary system with violent conflict and a relative peace during period of decentralized government or federal system.A decentralized federal system may be appropriate for South Sudan in managing diversity and mitigating conflict.Despite the popular demand by their citizens for a federal system to manage diversity and reduce violent conflict,the ruling elites in the post-independent South Sudan adopted instead an autocratic centralized unitary system that contributed among other factors to the persistent violent conflicts,erosion of social cohesion,and rising mistrust between state and citizens and between and among the communities of South Sudan.
文摘The objective of this study was to investigate how kindergarten teachers respond to peer conflicts among 3-year-olds,with the aim of identifying common patterns and distinguishing features in their interventions.The age of three is a unique transitional period when young children begin attending kindergarten as their first social setting.The study was conducted in Hangzhou in China,using a case study methodology and involved 10 teachers from eight different kindergarten settings and 157 three-year-old children in eight classes.The 120 observed record identified 214 peer conflicts,54%of which were caused by object and space disputes;18%by physical collisions;16%by verbal disputes among young children;12%by violations of discipline and rules.Participating kindergarten teachers’approaches for resolving peer conflicts illustrated in the case study included(1)perfunctory response;(2)simple suppression;(3)authoritative determinations;(4)scientific guidance;and(5)objective factors influencing teachers’involvement(e.g.,teacher child ratio;child characteristics;teacher child relationship;parent understanding and support;classroom management;inspection;co-teacher cooperation).Class size,curriculum,teacher-child connections,parental support,and teacher collaboration are some of the objective elements that affect kindergarten teacher participation,as are the professional attributes of teachers and their perspectives on education and children.Practical recommendations for kindergarten teachers’involvement in peer conflict among young children were given based on the research findings.
文摘The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflicts,clarifying the applicability of international human rights law(IHRL)and international humanitarian law(IHL)in such contexts has become an urgent issue.A comparative study on the application of IHRL and IHL needs to address three key questions step by step:First,whether IHRL is applicable during armed conflicts;second,if applicable,how IHRL complements and interacts with IHL;and third,what methods should be adopted to resolve conflicts when IHRL and IHL are applied concurrently.In this context,an analysis of the historical development of IHRL and IHL reveals that the two share a common philosophical foundation,and thus they can be applied concurrently during armed conflicts.From an empirical perspective,IHRL engages with IHL through two approaches:interpreting IHL provisions and directly applying IHRL to armed conflicts,thereby fostering interactive development between the two.In cases where normative conflicts arise between IHRL and IHL,such as in the rules on the use of force and internment procedures,the principles of systemic integration and lex specialis can reconcile these conflicts during the application process.
文摘This paper makes comments on conflicts in a micro-story of 527 words,The Ray,written by American writer Ron Milner.The story,from a unique perspective of narration,attracts and strikes the reader as a loud protest amidst silence,against human beings' self-destructive abuse of nuclear technology and craziness of arms races during the cold war.The paper,from the historical,cultural,and religious contexts,presents an analysis of the hero's death and of the message the reader can draw from the story.
文摘This paper focuses on cultural conflicts,mainly conflicts of God oriented and people oriented world view,different view towards human nature- virtue culture and guilt culture,the theology that all are equal before God and hierarchical order tradition,monotheism and polytheism,conflict between the doctrine and the concept of clan,briefly,that between Chinese traditional culture and Christian doctrine in the process of the religion disseminating in China.It also touches upon the beneficial attributes of Chinese culture for the fusion of the two culture patterns.
文摘Nowadays,communication with foreign people isbecoming closer.While,misunderstandings occur frequently inthis process.The main purpose of this essay is to offer some pro-posals on the problem of misunderstandings and conflicts in inter-cultural communication from the aspect of relationship betweenculture and non-verbal communication.
文摘This paper is mainly written to explore how cultural differences and clashes between America and China give rise to mother-daughter discords and conflicts. The paper was conducted based on the definition of culture in order to make clear of cultural conflicts. It is written to analyze the two groups of women immigrants unavoidably encountering the clash between their ancestral culture—Chinese culture and the dominant culture--American culture. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the mothers' Chinese roots are the root cause of misunderstandings and conflicts between their American-born daughters and themselves.Besides, the writer analyzes that different standpoints towards education value between mothers and American- born daughters cause their misunderstanding and conflicts. The conclusion is that the diversities between Chinese culture and American culture are the root cause for the mother-daughter discords and conflicts.
基金Supported by the Program of China Huaneng Group: Comprehensive Scientific Research on the Haba Snow Mountain in Yunnan Province~~
文摘Using research approaches such as questionnaire investigation, interview, and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PAR), the relationship between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities was studied. The results showed that there are lots of conflicts between Haba Snow Mountain Nature Reserve and peripheral communities. On the one hand, conservation of natural environment brings inconvenience to the development of peripheral communities, such as limiting the use of resources, constraining space of development, resulting in economic losses, reducing tourist income, and low compensation. On the other hand, peripheral communities' development threats conservation of the natural environment, for instance, illegal deforestation, illegal mining, over-harvesting, over-grazing and non-ecotourism. Therefore, effective suggestions were given as "scientific planning of functional areas, enhancing economic compensation, devoting more in ecotourism development, and realizing the cooperation of communities".
文摘Eeotourism aims to deliver the philosophy of sustainable development through environmental conservation as well as socio-economic development. Areas with rich biodiversity and scenic beauty, like the Indian Himalayan region, have been one of the major destination centers for nature lovers from historical time. In view of conserving the rich biodiversity and natural heritage of the Himalayan region 92 protected areas have been set aside, of these Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve （NDBR） is a well known world heritage site. Over a period of time establishing NDBR has invited conficts between the local people and reserve authorities on the management approaches and utilization criteria of the natural resources, especially banning the traditional bio-resource collection rights of local community, expeditions, trekking, and other anthropogenic activities in the core zones. The present study aims to understand and analyze the various people - park conflicts, and also to suggest ways to mitigate such conflicts in view of biodiversity conservation and improvement of economic status of local people by promoting eeotourism. With this view the study further discusses the various aspects of eeotourism, its pros and cons, and the avenues of developing appropriate strategies for promotion of ecotourism in buffer zone areas of NDBR.
基金Project(2020YFB1600400)supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(2019JJ50837)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(71801227)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘The roundabouts are widely used in China,some of which have central islands as scenic spots.The crosswalks connecting to the central islands,normally full of pedestrians,have negative impact on roundabout capability and pedestrian safety.Therefore,this study proposes a fuzzy cellular automata(FCA)model to explore the safety and efficiency impacts of pedestrian-vehicle conflicts at a two-lane roundabout.To reason the decision-making process of individual drivers before crosswalks,membership functions in the fuzzy inference system were calibrated with field data conducted in Changsha,China.Using specific indicators of efficiency and safety performance,it was shown that circulating vehicles can move smoothly in low traffic flow,but the roundabout system is prone to the traffic congestion if traffic flow reaches to a certain level.Also,the high yielding rate of drivers has a negative impact on the traffic efficiency but can improve pedestrian safety.Furthermore,a pedestrian restriction measure was deduced for the roundabout crosswalk from the FCA model and national guideline of setting traffic lights.
基金Supported by the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (B12022)
文摘The relationship between the opposing left-turn conflict and the traffic participants was analyzed in this study. Based on the traffic conflict technology, the image data were collected in a real traffic situation. The relationship was investigated under two different conditions. The number of opposing left-turn conflicts was positively correlated with the number of left-turn vehicles while the ratio of left-turn vehicles to opposing vehicles was less than 1, and showed a positive correlation with the number of opposing-through vehicles when the ratio of left-turn vehicles to opposing vehi- cles was more than 1. In other words, the opposing left-turn risk was positively correlated with the number of the minor traffic participants, which had a negative effect on the whole traffic system op- eration.
文摘Awareness of conflicts of interest(COI) in medicine began in the 1980 s. More recently, the problem has gained notoriety in nutritional sciences. COI with industry could bias study conclusions in the context of research activities and scientific publications on nutritional sciences. The issue of COI in nutritional sciences deserves more attention and requires careful analyses as biased information can negatively impact the development of dietary guidelines and, ultimately, population health. Decision-making is generally based on available, published evidence, but when the results are ambivalent, it is easier to opt for the status quo and ask for more studies. Readers might wonder if research is subsidized by industry as a counterbalancing strategy based on levels of evidence-only to slow down eminent positions and/or legislation on the food sector? How can this problem be overcome without producing paranoia and Mc Carthyism while trying to be as methodological as possible?
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42101264,42101200)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(CPSF)(GZC20233314)+1 种基金the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation,China(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0811)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(2023CDSKXYGG006,2024CDJXY014).
文摘Land use conflicts(LUCs),as a spatial manifestation of the conflicts in the human-land relationships,have a profound impact on regional sustainable development.For China’s metropolitan junction areas(MJAs),the existence of“administrative district economies”has made the issue of LUCs more prominent.Based on a case study of the central Chengdu–Chongqing region,we conducted an exploratory spatial data analysis of the evolutionary process of regional LUCs.Furthermore,structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze the dynamic mechanism of LUCs in MJAs,with a particular emphasis on exploring the influences of administrative boundary.The results showed that from 2010 to 2020,LUCs in the central Chengdu–Chongqing region continued to worsen,and the spatial process conflict and spatial structure conflict indices increased by more than 30.0%.The intensification of LUCs in the central Chengdu–Chongqing region from 2010 to 2020 was mainly the result of the deterioration of conflicts in evaluation units with low conflict levels.LUCs in China’s metropolitan areas generally presented a circular gradient distribution,weakening from the core to the periphery,but there were some strong isolated conflict zones in the outer regions.LUCs in China’s MJAs were the result of interactions among multiple factors,e.g.,natural environment,socio-economic development,policy and institutional processes,and administrative boundary effects.Administrative boundary affected the flow of socio-economic elements,changing the supply-and-demand competition of stakeholders for land resources,consequently exerting an indirect influence on LUCs.This study advances the theory of the dynamic mechanism of LUCs,and provides theoretical support for the governance of these conflicts in transboundary areas.
文摘D.H.Lawrence is one of the forerunners of modern psychological fiction.He is famous for his description and analysis of the psychological activity of the characters,as well as his penetrating perspective of love and sex.Sons and Lovers is an autobiographical novel of D.H.Lawrence.Apart from the "Oedipus complex",three male-female conflicts are also very prominent in this novel.They comprise the conflict between Mrs.Morel and Mr.Morel,the conflict between Mrs.Morel and her sons and the conflict between lovers.These conflicts are derived from the inner world of human being.Lawrence probes into the psychic relations of people,which is a proactive and profound progress in his time and which also has its own effect on the relations of current society.
文摘Few animals elicit such drastically different human emotions, so do elephants. Elephants capture the affection of people but also inspire animosity and fear at the same time. This is because there are conflicts with people over space, critical resources, costs of damages and general insecurity to people. This paper examined field evidence and interviewed expert key informants on current intensity and frequency of human-elephants in Amboseli Ecosystem. According to them, generally, the most prevalent (score of 1 lowest to 10 highest) threats to elephants were competition for critical resources (6.32 ± 0.44) followed by blocking of migration (6.24 ± 0.46), harassment of elephants (4.83 ± 0.75), poaching (4.57 ± 0.37), and retaliatory killings (3.78 ± 0.31). For threats that elephants pose to people, the most prevalent one was crop raiding (6.95 ± 0.26) followed by environmental degradation (6.71 ± 0.46), general insecurity to people (5.76 ± 0.65), property destruction (5.16 ± 0.41), injury and death to livestock (3.78 ± 0.37), and injury and death to people (2.71 ± 0.27). For the severity of the threats, the highest score was given to crop raiding whose average score was 7.90 ± 0.24 followed by environmental destruction and degradation (6.89 ± 0.43), injury and death to people (6.72 ± 0.44), injury and death to livestock (6.36 ± 0.50), property destruction (5.78 ± 0.49), general insecurity to people (5.62 ± 0.64). Severity levels followed the same trend or varied slightly. These drivers of human-elephant conflicts need to be addressed decisively to protect both people and elephants. There is a need to ensure local people’s benefit from elephants through ecotourism investments such as wildlife sanctuaries, leasing critical space for elephants’ dispersal on acceptable terms, through appropriate compensation schemes for elephant costs, and supporting local community wildlife rangers to prevent conflicts.
文摘Human-carnivore conflicts represent the most common negative form of interactions between humans and wildlife. Most carnivores involved in such conflicts are: lion, hyena, leopard and cheetah. Three strategies are normally used in Kenya to mitigate such conflicts;consolation for lost livestock and human life to increase tolerance to them, use of predator proof homesteads especially among pastoralists, use flicking lights at night to discourage approach of carnivores near homesteads, and awareness creation among communities on the ecological role of carnivores. This study examined human-carnivore interactions in privately owned conservancies near Amboseli National Park, Kenya. The conservancies were found to have almost similar human and livestock demography. However, homesteads in Elerai had more fence broken parts and relatively higher levels of livestock predation by lion and hyena. The higher the number of each livestock type was, the higher the specific predation to that livestock type was, implying density dependent effects of predation by carnivores on livestock. It seemed that the fence structure and level of maintenance (including carnivore strategies on specializing on specific livestock size and age consistent with optimizing their foraging strategies) influenced predation incidences. However, the presence of adult males and Maasai warriors (morans) in bomas did not seem to be related with the number of livestock killed by carnivores, implying that they didn’t add vigilance as an additional strategy to prevent livestock depredation. It is recommended that attention be paid on maintenance of homestead and livestock fences as well as vigilance to deter predation. We further recommend strategies to prevent livestock predation such as, installation of chain link predator proof fences or carnivore lighting deterrents at night because woody plants fences are ineffective and deteriorate easily with time, and also lead to depletion of plant resources critical to households.
文摘Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the masterpieces of American novelist Mark Twain. In this novel, Twain not onlydescribes the courageous adventures of Huck, but also his psychological or spiritual growth. Due to the social and cultural back-ground of that time and general cultural concept the protagonist was instilled before, the conflicts of the protagonist's self-con-sciousness appear many times in this novel when the issue of slavery is concerned. However, through the protagonist's inner con-flicts, he finally gains spiritual growth and obtains a higher level of moral maturity.
文摘Amy Tan, as the second generation of immigrants, deeply senses the differences between Sino-American cultures. Her great success The Joy Luck Club explores the conflicts between mothers and daughters, showing the troubles in such families.
