Recently,with the efforts of food specialists,protein sources in the diet is rapidly changing.Consequently,novel products based on plant proteins or lab-grown proteins are increasingly being introduced to consumers.Ho...Recently,with the efforts of food specialists,protein sources in the diet is rapidly changing.Consequently,novel products based on plant proteins or lab-grown proteins are increasingly being introduced to consumers.However,the food industry is facing new challenges in creating natural,innovative,accessible,and nutritious dairy-free alternatives.Designing dairy-free cheese alternatives with beneficial nutritional profiles,bioavailability,and digestibility requires a thorough understanding of the molecular characteristics of plant-derived ingredients,their structural assembly,and their role in physicochemical and sensory properties of the final product.In other words,with a deep knowledge of the nature of plant-based ingredients and the intelligent control of intermolecular interactions,these ingredients can be used to produce dairy-free cheese alternatives with the same characteristics as dairy products.Therefore,this review aims to synthesize current knowledge on production techniques and key factors influencing the design of dairy-free cheese alternatives.By examining the interactions between carbohydrates,proteins,and other ingredients,as well as their ability to replicate the functional and textural properties of traditional dairy cheeses,this review provides valuable insights for the development of high-quality dairy-free cheese alternatives.In the design of these alternatives,fractionation and tissue disruption routes are employed.The difference in the number and distribution of their surface groups has a significant effect on ability of plant polysaccharides and proteins to interact with other molecules.Gel strength decreases with decreasing plant biopolymer concentration,bond strength,and crosslinking density.While heat treatment can unfold proteins and minimize their net charge,the hydrophobic attraction becomes the primary driver of protein-protein interactions in plant-based cheeses.In contrast,the 3D-structure of dairy cheeses is stabilized through a combination of hydrophobic interactions,hydrogen bonds,and calcium bridges.展开更多
This article reviews the research advances in traditional Chinese medicine rhubarb and its compound formulations in the treatment of sepsis,with particular emphasis on elucidating their mechanisms of action and clinic...This article reviews the research advances in traditional Chinese medicine rhubarb and its compound formulations in the treatment of sepsis,with particular emphasis on elucidating their mechanisms of action and clinical application value.Research has demonstrated that rhubarb and its compound formulations exert therapeutic effects via multiple targets and mechanisms,including anti-inflammatory actions,protection of the intestinal barrier,modulation of immune balance,inhibition of oxidative stress,and regulation of associated signaling pathways.Clinically,rhubarb has shown distinct advantages in enhancing gastrointestinal function,mitigating systemic inflammatory responses,and reducing mortality rates among patients with sepsis.These findings provide a foundational reference for the integrated prevention and treatment of sepsis through the combined use of traditional Chinese and Western medicine.展开更多
Quasi-periodic solutions with multiple base frequencies exhibit the feature of 2π-periodicity with respect to each of the hyper-time variables.However,it remains a challenge work,due to the lack of effective solution...Quasi-periodic solutions with multiple base frequencies exhibit the feature of 2π-periodicity with respect to each of the hyper-time variables.However,it remains a challenge work,due to the lack of effective solution methods,to solve and track the quasi-periodic solutions with multiple base frequencies until now.In this work,a multi-steps variable-coefficient formulation is proposed,which provides a unified framework to enable either harmonic balance method or collocation method or finite difference method to solve quasi-periodic solutions with multiple base frequencies.For this purpose,a method of alternating U and S domain is also developed to efficiently evaluate the nonlinear force terms.Furthermore,a new robust phase condition is presented for all of the three methods to make them track the quasi-periodic solutions with prior unknown multiple base frequencies,while the stability of the quasi-periodic solutions is assessed by mean of Lyapunov exponents.The feasibility of the constructed methods under the above framework is verified by application to three nonlinear systems.展开更多
Panax notoginseng(P.notoginseng),a valuable traditional Chinese medicine,is the dried root of plants in Acanthopanax gracilistylus family,with the effect of dispersing blood stasis,eliminating swelling and relieving p...Panax notoginseng(P.notoginseng),a valuable traditional Chinese medicine,is the dried root of plants in Acanthopanax gracilistylus family,with the effect of dispersing blood stasis,eliminating swelling and relieving pain.With the development of modern medicine,the active ingredients and mechanisms of P.notoginseng have been gradually revealed.The present paper systematically reviews the chemical composition and biological activities of P.nologinseng,to provide a scientific basis and reference for detailed research on P.nologinseng.展开更多
One of the research hotspots in geotechnical engineering is the solidification of problematic soil foundations. However, the traditional materials, such as Portland cement, lime, and various types of chemical solution...One of the research hotspots in geotechnical engineering is the solidification of problematic soil foundations. However, the traditional materials, such as Portland cement, lime, and various types of chemical solutions, typically cause CO_(2) emissions and environmental pollution. Geopolymer is a newly proposed method for soil solidification, offering an environmentally friendly and effective solution. Given that soils typically consist of diverse compositions, an optimal soil stabilization technique should be versatile enough to be applied across various soil types, ensuring consistent strength outcomes with minimal variations among different soil compositions. In this study, three commonly used geopolymers(fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and metakaolin) were utilized to stabilize silt, loess, silica sand, calcareous sand, and gravel, representing a diverse range of soils. The mechanical properties and microstructures of both geopolymers and geopolymerstabilized soils were analyzed. The findings indicated that the strength of stabilized coarse cohesionless soils was primarily influenced by the mechanical properties of the geopolymers themselves, with minimal impact from the inherent properties of the soil. However, the effectiveness of stabilizing cohesive soil may show significant discrepancies compared to the mechanical properties of geopolymer materials when certain types of geopolymers, like metakaolin, are employed. Higher strength is typically achieved through a denser structure(with fewer pores) and the presence of products with a higher degree of polymerization. Additionally, ground granulated blast-furnace slag exhibited excellent stability and superior strength when compared to other types of geopolymers. The present research establishes a basis for selecting geopolymers to stabilize a range of soils, including those with non-uniform compositions and diverse components.展开更多
A debris flow descending through an erodible convex colluvial bed,originating from a landslide dam and its upstream deposits,can entrain massive amounts of sediment,dramatically increasing the debris flow volume.Most ...A debris flow descending through an erodible convex colluvial bed,originating from a landslide dam and its upstream deposits,can entrain massive amounts of sediment,dramatically increasing the debris flow volume.Most existing erosion models assume that bed sediments are fully saturated,although this condition is rarely observed in nature.Therefore,a thorough understanding of debris flow overtopping erosion on a convex unsaturated bed is crucial for quantifying disaster risk.In this study,we experimentally investigated the effects of sediment composition,specifically coarse-grain size distribution and fine particle content,on the pore pressure evolution and entrainment of debris flows overriding a convex unsaturated colluvial bed.The average entrainment rate at convex sites for continuously graded bed sediment was higher than its discontinuous counterpart.The measured pore pressures within the unsaturated bed sediments were primarily generated by the passing debris flows.Furthermore,it was found that these pressures decreased as the fine particle content increased and the coarse-grain size of the erodible substrates decreased.When the coarse-grain size of the debris flow was smaller than that of the bed sediment,only a portion of the eroded material was entrained by the moving debris flow.In contrast,when the coarse-grain size of the debris flow was equal to or greater than that of the bed sediment,nearly all of the eroded material was entrained.The findings of this study could contribute to the assessment of hazard amplification and inform the design of mitigation and prevention strategies.展开更多
Fatty acids are the main constituents of vegetable oils.To determine the fatty acid compositions of small trade vegetable oils and some less well studied beneficial vegetable oils,and investigate their relationships w...Fatty acids are the main constituents of vegetable oils.To determine the fatty acid compositions of small trade vegetable oils and some less well studied beneficial vegetable oils,and investigate their relationships with antioxidant activity and oxidative stability,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to characterize the associated fatty acid profiles.The antioxidant activity of vegetable oils,based on their DPPH-scavenging capacity(expressed as IC_(50) values),was used to assess their impact on human health,and their oxidative stability was characterized by performing lipid oxidation analysis to determine the oxidative induction time of fats and oils.In addition,correlation analyses were performed to examine associations between the fatty acid composition of the oils and DPPH-scavenging capacity and oxidative stability.The results revealed that among the assessed oils,coffee seed oil has the highest saturated fatty acid content(355.10 mg/g),whereas Garddenia jaminoides oil has the highest unsaturated fatty acid content(844.84 mg/g).Coffee seed oil was also found have the lowest DPPH IC_(50) value(2.30 mg/mL)and the longest oxidation induction time(17.09 h).Correlation analysis revealed a significant linear relationship(P<0.05)between oxidative stability and unsaturated fatty acid content,with lower contents tending to be associated with better oxidative stability.The findings of this study provide reference data for the screening of functional edible vegetable oils.展开更多
Brazing filler metals are widely applied,which serve as an industrial adhesive in the joining of dissimilar structures.With the continuous emergence of new structures and materials,the demand for novel brazing filler ...Brazing filler metals are widely applied,which serve as an industrial adhesive in the joining of dissimilar structures.With the continuous emergence of new structures and materials,the demand for novel brazing filler metals is ever-increasing.It is of great significance to investigate the optimized composition design methods and to establish systematic design guidelines for brazing filler metals.This study elucidated the fundamental rules for the composition design of brazing filler metals from a three-dimensional perspective encompassing the basic properties of applied brazing filler metals,formability and processability,and overall cost.The basic properties of brazing filler metals refer to their mechanical properties,physicochemical properties,electromagnetic properties,corrosion resistance,and the wettability and fluidity during brazing.The formability and processability of brazing filler metals include the processes of smelting and casting,extrusion,rolling,drawing and ring-making,as well as the processes of granulation,powder production,and the molding of amorphous and microcrystalline structures.The cost of brazing filler metals corresponds to the sum of materials value and manufacturing cost.Improving the comprehensive properties of brazing filler metals requires a comprehensive and systematic consideration of design indicators.Highlighting the unique characteristics of brazing filler metals should focus on relevant technical indicators.Binary or ternary eutectic structures can effectively enhance the flow spreading ability of brazing filler metals,and solid solution structures contribute to the formability.By employing the proposed design guidelines,typical Ag based,Cu based,Zn based brazing filler metals,and Sn based solders were designed and successfully applied in major scientific and engineering projects.展开更多
An energetic binder based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB),doped with different ratios of nitrocellulose(NC)(10%,20%,30%,and 50%),was developed to study the effect of NC doping on the thermal decomposition b...An energetic binder based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB),doped with different ratios of nitrocellulose(NC)(10%,20%,30%,and 50%),was developed to study the effect of NC doping on the thermal decomposition behavior of a composite propellant(CP)comprising ammonium nitrate(AN)as an oxidizer and magnesium(Mg)as a fuel.Optimization of the propellant formulation was conducted using Chemical Equilibrium with Applications-National Aeronautics and Space Administration(CEA-NASA)software,which demonstrated an increase in specific impulse by 12.09 s when the binder contained 50%NC.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)analysis confirmed the excellent compatibility between the components,and density measurements revealed an increase of 6.4%with a higher NC content.Morphological analysis using optical microscopy showed that NC doping improved the uniformity and compactness of the surface,reduced cavities,and achieved a more homogeneous particle distribution.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)analysis indicated a decrease in the decomposition temperature of the propellant as the NC content increased,while kinetic studies revealed a 48.68%reduction in the activation energy when 50%NC was incorporated into the binder.These findings suggest that the addition of NC enhances combustion efficiency and improves overall propellant performance.This study highlights the potential of the new HTPB-NC energetic binder as a promising approach for advancing solid propellant technology.展开更多
With the increasing complexity of the current electromagnetic environment,excessive microwave radi-ation not only does harm to human health but also forms various electromagnetic interference to so-phisticated electro...With the increasing complexity of the current electromagnetic environment,excessive microwave radi-ation not only does harm to human health but also forms various electromagnetic interference to so-phisticated electronic instruments.Therefore,the design and preparation of electromagnetic absorbing composites represent an efficient approach to mitigate the current hazards of electromagnetic radiation.However,traditional electromagnetic absorbers are difficult to satisfy the demands of actual utilization in the face of new challenges,and emerging absorbents have garnered increasing attention due to their structure and performance-based advantages.In this review,several emerging composites of Mxene-based,biochar-based,chiral,and heat-resisting are discussed in detail,including their synthetic strategy,structural superiority and regulation method,and final optimization of electromagnetic absorption ca-pacity.These insights provide a comprehensive reference for the future development of new-generation electromagnetic-wave absorption composites.Moreover,the potential development directions of these emerging absorbers have been proposed as well.展开更多
The composite structure with the dielectric elastomer and soft materials is the main form of theactuators in soft robots. However, the theoretical model is hard to obtain due to the nonlinear large deformationof mater...The composite structure with the dielectric elastomer and soft materials is the main form of theactuators in soft robots. However, the theoretical model is hard to obtain due to the nonlinear large deformationof materials. In this paper, a new composite element model is established based on the absolute nodal coordinateformulation. The consistent deformation conditions at the contact interface between two thin plates are deduced.The hyperelastic constitutive model and the dielectric elastomer constitutive model are introduced for the twothin plates. Then the dynamic model is established to study the dynamic behaviors of the composite flexiblestructure with various parameters. The results show that the nonlinear deformation appears obviously whenthe flexible composite plate structure is driven by various voltages, and the warping deformation becomes moreobvious with the increase of the voltage. The width and thickness of the driven thin plate influence the stabilityof the whole structure. With the decrease of the width or thickness, the deformation of the structure is moreconsistent with obvious periodicity, and the control performance is improved. Finally, the structural parametersof the composite structures are optimized to improve the control performance based on the dynamic performance.Additionally, smaller width and thickness parameters are preferred to obtain better performance in the design offlexible actuator of soft robot.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to study the effects of different crystalline states of Sheng Shigao(raw gypsum,RG)and its inorganic elements on the antipyretic efficacy of Baihu Decoction(BHT).Methods RG samples calcined ...Objective This study aimed to study the effects of different crystalline states of Sheng Shigao(raw gypsum,RG)and its inorganic elements on the antipyretic efficacy of Baihu Decoction(BHT).Methods RG samples calcined at different temperatures were prepared.The phase composition of RG and Duan Shigao(calcination of gypsum,CG)as well as the changes in phase composition before and after adding water to RG calcined at specific temperatures,were determined using X-ray diffraction(XRD).A fever model was established by subcutaneously injecting 20%yeast suspension(10 mL·kg~(-1))into the backs of rats.The effects of BHT containing RG in different crystalline states on rat body temperature were measured.Serum levels of IL-1β,IL-6,and hypothalamic prostaglandin E2(PGE_2)were detected using ELISA.Serum Ca~(2+)levels were measured using a microplate method.The content of trace elements in RG and CG and the corresponding freeze-dried BHT powder was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The complexation of representative inorganic elements with mangiferin,a major active component in BHT,was investigated using UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.A validation model was established using RAW264.7 mouse macrophages.Drug-containing serum of BHT with different inorganic elements was prepared,and the nitric oxide(NO)levels in the cell supernatant of different treatment groups were measured using the Griess method.The mRNA levels of IL-6,TNF-α,and PGE2in each group were detected using qPCR(real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR).Results After calcination,the phase composition of RG changed,and the content of inorganic elements in RG,CG170(RG calcined at 170°C),and CG350(RG calcined at 350°C)showed similar trends.Compared with RG,the content of Ca,Sr,Al,and Na in CG changed significantly.Compared with BHT,the content of Ca,Sr,Si,and Na in CG changed significantly when incorporated into the formula.Intermolecular interactions confirmed strong binding between mangiferin and Cu~(2+)and Al~(3+).Cu~(2+)and Fe~(3+)exhibited fluorescence quenching effects on mangiferin solution,while Al~(3+)and Zn~(2+)showed strong fluorescence enhancement,with fluorescence intensity increasing by 120-fold and 30-fold,respectively.In vitro evaluation of synergistic anti-inflammatory effects confirmed that Ca,Fe,Cr,Al,and Si exhibited synergistic anti-inflammatory effects.Conclusion The crystalline state of RG has little effect on its antipyretic properties,while Ca,Sr,Na,Fe,and Al are likely the key material bases influencing its efficacy.展开更多
Fe-Ni-Cr-based super-high-strength maraging stainless steels were generally realized by multiple-element alloying under a given heat treatment processing. A series of alloy compositions were designed with a uniform cl...Fe-Ni-Cr-based super-high-strength maraging stainless steels were generally realized by multiple-element alloying under a given heat treatment processing. A series of alloy compositions were designed with a uniform cluster formula of [Ni16Fe192]（Cr32（Ni16-x-y-z-m-n MoxTiyNbzAlmVn）） （at.%） that was developed out of a unique alloy design tool, a cluster- plus-glue-atom model. Alloy rods with a diameter of 6 mm were prepared by copper-mold suction-cast processing under the argon atmosphere. These alloy samples were solid-solutioned at 1273 K for 1 h, followed by water-quenching, and then aged at 783 K for 3 h. The effect of the valence electron concentration, characterized with the number of valence electrons per unit cluster （VE/uc） formula of 16 atoms, on microhardness of these designed maraging stainless steels at both solid- solutioned and aged states was investigated. The relationship between alloy compositions and microhardness in maraging stainless steels was firstly established by the random forest （RF, a kind of machine learning methods） based on the experimental results. It was found that not only the microhardness of any given composition alloy within the frame of cluster formula, but also the alloy composition with a maximum microhardness for any given VE/uc, could be predicted in good agreement with the guidance of the relationship by RF. The contributions of minor-alloying elements to the microhardness of the aged alloys were also discussed.展开更多
Owing to the negative effects of sulphur in iron ore on steelmaking process and environment, a tank leaching process was performed in atmospheric conditions to remove the sulphur from the iron ore concentrate and simu...Owing to the negative effects of sulphur in iron ore on steelmaking process and environment, a tank leaching process was performed in atmospheric conditions to remove the sulphur from the iron ore concentrate and simultaneously to transform sulphide minerals into useful by-products. To achieve desirable sulphur removal rate and efficiency, central composite design was adopted as a response surface methodology for the optimization and evaluation of the process. A full-quadratic polynomial equation between the sulphur removal and the studied parameters was established to assess the behaviour of sulphur removal as a function of the factors and to predict the results in various conditions. The optimum conditions were obtained based on the variance tests and response surface plots, from which the optimized ranges for each factor resulting in the best response （corresponding to the highest percentage of desulphurization） could be then achieved. The results show that most desirable conditions are atmospheric leaching in 1.39 mol/dm3 nitric acid and 0.88 mol/dm3 sulphuric acid for 47 h. The designed process under the optimized desulphurization conditions was applied to a real iron ore concentrate. More than 75% of the total sulphur was removed via the leaching process. In addition to the desulphurization, the conversion of sulphide-bearing minerals into useful by-products, extraction of valuable metals, and executing the process under atmospheric conditions are the other advantages of the proposed method.展开更多
Based on study of strain distribution in whisker reinforced metal matrix composites, an explicit precise stiffness tensor is derived. In the present theory, the effect of whisker orientation on the macro property of c...Based on study of strain distribution in whisker reinforced metal matrix composites, an explicit precise stiffness tensor is derived. In the present theory, the effect of whisker orientation on the macro property of composites is considered, but the effect of random whisker position and the complicated strain field at whisker ends are averaged. The derived formula is able to predict the stiffness modulus of composites with arbitrary whisker orientation under any loading condition. Compared with the models of micro mechanics, the present theory is competent for modulus prediction of actual engineering composites. The verification and application of the present theory are given in a subsequent paper published in the same issue展开更多
This study reports the synthesis of oleic acid sterol ester with liquid crystalline properties and its enhanced stability and UV-blocking performance through microencapsulation.Oleic acid sterol ester was synthesized ...This study reports the synthesis of oleic acid sterol ester with liquid crystalline properties and its enhanced stability and UV-blocking performance through microencapsulation.Oleic acid sterol ester was synthesized via the esterification of phytosterol and oleic acid,whose structure was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and mass spectrometry(MS).Its liquid crystalline behavior was confirmed via the polarized optical microscopy(POM),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),wide-angle X-ray scattering(WAXS),and small-angle X-ray scattering(SAXS).UV absorption tests were conducted to assess the UV-blocking performance of the oleic acid sterol ester liquid crystals.To improve the stability of its liquid crystalline structure,the oleic acid sterol ester was encapsulated into microcapsules through the emulsion polymerization.SPF measurements were performed on the sunscreen formulations containing liquid crystal microcapsules.The oleic acid sterol ester displayed cholesteric liquid crystalline behavior and strong UVA absorption,which indicates its suitability as a natural UV absorber.Microencapsulation further enhanced its stability and UV-blocking properties.SPF testing showed that the formulations with microcapsules achieved an SPF value of 7.01,which surpasses the nano titanium dioxide(SPF=6.23)and significantly outperform the unencapsulated liquid crystal formulations(SPF=2.65).This study highlights the potential of microencapsulated oleic acid sterol ester as a novel UV absorber in the sunscreen formulations,offers the enhanced stability and effective UV protection,and showcases its application potential in the innovative cosmetic products.展开更多
Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions ...Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.展开更多
To predict the Elasto-Plastic Behaviors(EPBs)of aligned inclusions reinforced composites,this paper develops an interpolative Mori-Tanaka/Double-Inclusion(MT-DI)homogenization model with the secant formulation,and giv...To predict the Elasto-Plastic Behaviors(EPBs)of aligned inclusions reinforced composites,this paper develops an interpolative Mori-Tanaka/Double-Inclusion(MT-DI)homogenization model with the secant formulation,and gives the numerical implementation algorithms of the developed MT-DI model with the secant formulation.The Finite Element(FE)homogenization method is implemented to provide the "exact" EPBs of the composites and thus validate the MT-DI model with the secant formulation.The MT-DI model with the 2 nd-order secant formulation is validated to provide the more accurate predictions,while the MT-DI model with the 1 st-order secant formulation always gives the stiffer predictions.The results show that using the macro-stress and macrostrain as the inputs,the MT-DI model with the secant formulation gives the identical predictions.The predictions of the MT-DI model with the secant formulation vary between those of the MT and DI models with the secant formulation.Meanwhile,the MT-DI model with the secant formulation does not predict the accurate EPBs for the phases of the composites.展开更多
Scientific knowledge on the chemical compositions of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) is essential for properly assessing its health and climate effects,and for decisionmakers to develop efficient mitigation strategi...Scientific knowledge on the chemical compositions of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) is essential for properly assessing its health and climate effects,and for decisionmakers to develop efficient mitigation strategies.A high-resolution PM_(2.5) chemical composition dataset(CAQRA-aerosol)is developed in this study,which provides hourly maps of organic carbon,black carbon,ammonium,nitrate,and sulfate in China from 2013 to 2020 with a horizontal resolution of 15 km.This paper describes the method,access,and validation results of this dataset.It shows that CAQRA-aerosol has good consistency with observations and achieves higher or comparable accuracy with previous PM_(2.5) composition datasets.Based on CAQRA-aerosol,spatiotemporal changes of different PM_(2.5) compositions were investigated from a national viewpoint,which emphasizes different changes of nitrate from other compositions.The estimated annual rate of population-weighted concentrations of nitrate is 0.23μg m^(−3)yr^(−1) from 2015 to 2020,compared with−0.19 to−1.1μg m^(−3)yr^(−1) for other compositions.The whole dataset is freely available from the China Air Pollution Data Center(https://doi.org/10.12423/capdb_PKU.2023.DA).展开更多
Superalloys feature multi-elements and complex elemental ranges,which makes the proper composition selection difficult.In fact,more strict composition standards generally apply in practical productions.The objective o...Superalloys feature multi-elements and complex elemental ranges,which makes the proper composition selection difficult.In fact,more strict composition standards generally apply in practical productions.The objective of this paper is to understand and eventually to renew the composition standard via example of the most common grade Inconel 718.We have recently shown that t he alloy chemistry originates from a nearest-neighbor cluster[center-shell]plus a few next-neighbor glue atoms,or expressed in cluster for-mula[center-shell](glue atoms).By grouping the elements into Ni=(Ni,Co,Cu,Fe),Cr=(Cr,Mn,Si,Mo),and Nb=(Nb,Al,Ti),it is found that the reported alloys fall within a narrow composition zone Ni_(11.0-13.0)-Cr_(3.5-4.5)-Nb_(1) confined by cluster formulas of 16 and 18 atoms.This composition zone is also expressed in terms of 288-atom supercluster formulas,Ni_(198-208)-Cr_(63-72)-Nb_(16-18),which leads to coordi-nated elemental variations in wt.%:69.0≤Ni+Co+Cu+Fe≤72.7;19.8≤Cr+Mn+1.7 Si+0.6 Mo≤22.8;8.7≤Nb+3.2 Al+1.9 Ti≤9.8.Within this composition zone,Ni_(206)-Cr_(65.5)-Nb_(16.5) is further pinpointed and validated by our own experiments to possess the optimal match of strength and plasticity both at room and at 923 K.展开更多
基金funding from the European Union's Horizon 2022 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie(MSCA-Postdoctoral Fellowships 2022),grant agreement No.101105558-NovelPBC-HORIZON-MSCA-2022-PF-01。
文摘Recently,with the efforts of food specialists,protein sources in the diet is rapidly changing.Consequently,novel products based on plant proteins or lab-grown proteins are increasingly being introduced to consumers.However,the food industry is facing new challenges in creating natural,innovative,accessible,and nutritious dairy-free alternatives.Designing dairy-free cheese alternatives with beneficial nutritional profiles,bioavailability,and digestibility requires a thorough understanding of the molecular characteristics of plant-derived ingredients,their structural assembly,and their role in physicochemical and sensory properties of the final product.In other words,with a deep knowledge of the nature of plant-based ingredients and the intelligent control of intermolecular interactions,these ingredients can be used to produce dairy-free cheese alternatives with the same characteristics as dairy products.Therefore,this review aims to synthesize current knowledge on production techniques and key factors influencing the design of dairy-free cheese alternatives.By examining the interactions between carbohydrates,proteins,and other ingredients,as well as their ability to replicate the functional and textural properties of traditional dairy cheeses,this review provides valuable insights for the development of high-quality dairy-free cheese alternatives.In the design of these alternatives,fractionation and tissue disruption routes are employed.The difference in the number and distribution of their surface groups has a significant effect on ability of plant polysaccharides and proteins to interact with other molecules.Gel strength decreases with decreasing plant biopolymer concentration,bond strength,and crosslinking density.While heat treatment can unfold proteins and minimize their net charge,the hydrophobic attraction becomes the primary driver of protein-protein interactions in plant-based cheeses.In contrast,the 3D-structure of dairy cheeses is stabilized through a combination of hydrophobic interactions,hydrogen bonds,and calcium bridges.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(82374346)Double Hundred Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Medical and Health Talents of Wuxi City(BJ2023071)Scientific Research Project of Wuxi Municipal Health Commission(Q202358).
文摘This article reviews the research advances in traditional Chinese medicine rhubarb and its compound formulations in the treatment of sepsis,with particular emphasis on elucidating their mechanisms of action and clinical application value.Research has demonstrated that rhubarb and its compound formulations exert therapeutic effects via multiple targets and mechanisms,including anti-inflammatory actions,protection of the intestinal barrier,modulation of immune balance,inhibition of oxidative stress,and regulation of associated signaling pathways.Clinically,rhubarb has shown distinct advantages in enhancing gastrointestinal function,mitigating systemic inflammatory responses,and reducing mortality rates among patients with sepsis.These findings provide a foundational reference for the integrated prevention and treatment of sepsis through the combined use of traditional Chinese and Western medicine.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12172267 and 12302014).
文摘Quasi-periodic solutions with multiple base frequencies exhibit the feature of 2π-periodicity with respect to each of the hyper-time variables.However,it remains a challenge work,due to the lack of effective solution methods,to solve and track the quasi-periodic solutions with multiple base frequencies until now.In this work,a multi-steps variable-coefficient formulation is proposed,which provides a unified framework to enable either harmonic balance method or collocation method or finite difference method to solve quasi-periodic solutions with multiple base frequencies.For this purpose,a method of alternating U and S domain is also developed to efficiently evaluate the nonlinear force terms.Furthermore,a new robust phase condition is presented for all of the three methods to make them track the quasi-periodic solutions with prior unknown multiple base frequencies,while the stability of the quasi-periodic solutions is assessed by mean of Lyapunov exponents.The feasibility of the constructed methods under the above framework is verified by application to three nonlinear systems.
文摘Panax notoginseng(P.notoginseng),a valuable traditional Chinese medicine,is the dried root of plants in Acanthopanax gracilistylus family,with the effect of dispersing blood stasis,eliminating swelling and relieving pain.With the development of modern medicine,the active ingredients and mechanisms of P.notoginseng have been gradually revealed.The present paper systematically reviews the chemical composition and biological activities of P.nologinseng,to provide a scientific basis and reference for detailed research on P.nologinseng.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52308352)the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant Nos.20242BAB25299,20232BAB214082)。
文摘One of the research hotspots in geotechnical engineering is the solidification of problematic soil foundations. However, the traditional materials, such as Portland cement, lime, and various types of chemical solutions, typically cause CO_(2) emissions and environmental pollution. Geopolymer is a newly proposed method for soil solidification, offering an environmentally friendly and effective solution. Given that soils typically consist of diverse compositions, an optimal soil stabilization technique should be versatile enough to be applied across various soil types, ensuring consistent strength outcomes with minimal variations among different soil compositions. In this study, three commonly used geopolymers(fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and metakaolin) were utilized to stabilize silt, loess, silica sand, calcareous sand, and gravel, representing a diverse range of soils. The mechanical properties and microstructures of both geopolymers and geopolymerstabilized soils were analyzed. The findings indicated that the strength of stabilized coarse cohesionless soils was primarily influenced by the mechanical properties of the geopolymers themselves, with minimal impact from the inherent properties of the soil. However, the effectiveness of stabilizing cohesive soil may show significant discrepancies compared to the mechanical properties of geopolymer materials when certain types of geopolymers, like metakaolin, are employed. Higher strength is typically achieved through a denser structure(with fewer pores) and the presence of products with a higher degree of polymerization. Additionally, ground granulated blast-furnace slag exhibited excellent stability and superior strength when compared to other types of geopolymers. The present research establishes a basis for selecting geopolymers to stabilize a range of soils, including those with non-uniform compositions and diverse components.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFC1505205)the Science and Technology Research Program of the Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.IMHE-ZDRW-01)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(Grant No.2024NSFSC0781).
文摘A debris flow descending through an erodible convex colluvial bed,originating from a landslide dam and its upstream deposits,can entrain massive amounts of sediment,dramatically increasing the debris flow volume.Most existing erosion models assume that bed sediments are fully saturated,although this condition is rarely observed in nature.Therefore,a thorough understanding of debris flow overtopping erosion on a convex unsaturated bed is crucial for quantifying disaster risk.In this study,we experimentally investigated the effects of sediment composition,specifically coarse-grain size distribution and fine particle content,on the pore pressure evolution and entrainment of debris flows overriding a convex unsaturated colluvial bed.The average entrainment rate at convex sites for continuously graded bed sediment was higher than its discontinuous counterpart.The measured pore pressures within the unsaturated bed sediments were primarily generated by the passing debris flows.Furthermore,it was found that these pressures decreased as the fine particle content increased and the coarse-grain size of the erodible substrates decreased.When the coarse-grain size of the debris flow was smaller than that of the bed sediment,only a portion of the eroded material was entrained by the moving debris flow.In contrast,when the coarse-grain size of the debris flow was equal to or greater than that of the bed sediment,nearly all of the eroded material was entrained.The findings of this study could contribute to the assessment of hazard amplification and inform the design of mitigation and prevention strategies.
文摘Fatty acids are the main constituents of vegetable oils.To determine the fatty acid compositions of small trade vegetable oils and some less well studied beneficial vegetable oils,and investigate their relationships with antioxidant activity and oxidative stability,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to characterize the associated fatty acid profiles.The antioxidant activity of vegetable oils,based on their DPPH-scavenging capacity(expressed as IC_(50) values),was used to assess their impact on human health,and their oxidative stability was characterized by performing lipid oxidation analysis to determine the oxidative induction time of fats and oils.In addition,correlation analyses were performed to examine associations between the fatty acid composition of the oils and DPPH-scavenging capacity and oxidative stability.The results revealed that among the assessed oils,coffee seed oil has the highest saturated fatty acid content(355.10 mg/g),whereas Garddenia jaminoides oil has the highest unsaturated fatty acid content(844.84 mg/g).Coffee seed oil was also found have the lowest DPPH IC_(50) value(2.30 mg/mL)and the longest oxidation induction time(17.09 h).Correlation analysis revealed a significant linear relationship(P<0.05)between oxidative stability and unsaturated fatty acid content,with lower contents tending to be associated with better oxidative stability.The findings of this study provide reference data for the screening of functional edible vegetable oils.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20191)。
文摘Brazing filler metals are widely applied,which serve as an industrial adhesive in the joining of dissimilar structures.With the continuous emergence of new structures and materials,the demand for novel brazing filler metals is ever-increasing.It is of great significance to investigate the optimized composition design methods and to establish systematic design guidelines for brazing filler metals.This study elucidated the fundamental rules for the composition design of brazing filler metals from a three-dimensional perspective encompassing the basic properties of applied brazing filler metals,formability and processability,and overall cost.The basic properties of brazing filler metals refer to their mechanical properties,physicochemical properties,electromagnetic properties,corrosion resistance,and the wettability and fluidity during brazing.The formability and processability of brazing filler metals include the processes of smelting and casting,extrusion,rolling,drawing and ring-making,as well as the processes of granulation,powder production,and the molding of amorphous and microcrystalline structures.The cost of brazing filler metals corresponds to the sum of materials value and manufacturing cost.Improving the comprehensive properties of brazing filler metals requires a comprehensive and systematic consideration of design indicators.Highlighting the unique characteristics of brazing filler metals should focus on relevant technical indicators.Binary or ternary eutectic structures can effectively enhance the flow spreading ability of brazing filler metals,and solid solution structures contribute to the formability.By employing the proposed design guidelines,typical Ag based,Cu based,Zn based brazing filler metals,and Sn based solders were designed and successfully applied in major scientific and engineering projects.
文摘An energetic binder based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB),doped with different ratios of nitrocellulose(NC)(10%,20%,30%,and 50%),was developed to study the effect of NC doping on the thermal decomposition behavior of a composite propellant(CP)comprising ammonium nitrate(AN)as an oxidizer and magnesium(Mg)as a fuel.Optimization of the propellant formulation was conducted using Chemical Equilibrium with Applications-National Aeronautics and Space Administration(CEA-NASA)software,which demonstrated an increase in specific impulse by 12.09 s when the binder contained 50%NC.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)analysis confirmed the excellent compatibility between the components,and density measurements revealed an increase of 6.4%with a higher NC content.Morphological analysis using optical microscopy showed that NC doping improved the uniformity and compactness of the surface,reduced cavities,and achieved a more homogeneous particle distribution.Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)analysis indicated a decrease in the decomposition temperature of the propellant as the NC content increased,while kinetic studies revealed a 48.68%reduction in the activation energy when 50%NC was incorporated into the binder.These findings suggest that the addition of NC enhances combustion efficiency and improves overall propellant performance.This study highlights the potential of the new HTPB-NC energetic binder as a promising approach for advancing solid propellant technology.
基金supported by the Surface Project of Local De-velopment in Science and Technology Guided by Central Govern-ment(No.2021ZYD0041)the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China(Nos.52377026 and 52301192)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(No.ZR2019YQ24)the Taishan Scholars and Young Experts Program of Shandong Province(No.tsqn202103057)the Special Financial of Shandong Province(Struc-tural Design of High-efficiency Electromagnetic Wave-absorbing Composite Materials and Construction of Shandong Provincial Tal-ent Teams)the“Sanqin Scholars”Innovation Teams Project of Shaanxi Province(Clean Energy Materials and High-Performance Devices Innovation Team of Shaanxi Dongling Smelting Co.,Ltd.).
文摘With the increasing complexity of the current electromagnetic environment,excessive microwave radi-ation not only does harm to human health but also forms various electromagnetic interference to so-phisticated electronic instruments.Therefore,the design and preparation of electromagnetic absorbing composites represent an efficient approach to mitigate the current hazards of electromagnetic radiation.However,traditional electromagnetic absorbers are difficult to satisfy the demands of actual utilization in the face of new challenges,and emerging absorbents have garnered increasing attention due to their structure and performance-based advantages.In this review,several emerging composites of Mxene-based,biochar-based,chiral,and heat-resisting are discussed in detail,including their synthetic strategy,structural superiority and regulation method,and final optimization of electromagnetic absorption ca-pacity.These insights provide a comprehensive reference for the future development of new-generation electromagnetic-wave absorption composites.Moreover,the potential development directions of these emerging absorbers have been proposed as well.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51775345)。
文摘The composite structure with the dielectric elastomer and soft materials is the main form of theactuators in soft robots. However, the theoretical model is hard to obtain due to the nonlinear large deformationof materials. In this paper, a new composite element model is established based on the absolute nodal coordinateformulation. The consistent deformation conditions at the contact interface between two thin plates are deduced.The hyperelastic constitutive model and the dielectric elastomer constitutive model are introduced for the twothin plates. Then the dynamic model is established to study the dynamic behaviors of the composite flexiblestructure with various parameters. The results show that the nonlinear deformation appears obviously whenthe flexible composite plate structure is driven by various voltages, and the warping deformation becomes moreobvious with the increase of the voltage. The width and thickness of the driven thin plate influence the stabilityof the whole structure. With the decrease of the width or thickness, the deformation of the structure is moreconsistent with obvious periodicity, and the control performance is improved. Finally, the structural parametersof the composite structures are optimized to improve the control performance based on the dynamic performance.Additionally, smaller width and thickness parameters are preferred to obtain better performance in the design offlexible actuator of soft robot.
基金Joint Fund Project of the Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research and Development Plan(222301420060)。
文摘Objective This study aimed to study the effects of different crystalline states of Sheng Shigao(raw gypsum,RG)and its inorganic elements on the antipyretic efficacy of Baihu Decoction(BHT).Methods RG samples calcined at different temperatures were prepared.The phase composition of RG and Duan Shigao(calcination of gypsum,CG)as well as the changes in phase composition before and after adding water to RG calcined at specific temperatures,were determined using X-ray diffraction(XRD).A fever model was established by subcutaneously injecting 20%yeast suspension(10 mL·kg~(-1))into the backs of rats.The effects of BHT containing RG in different crystalline states on rat body temperature were measured.Serum levels of IL-1β,IL-6,and hypothalamic prostaglandin E2(PGE_2)were detected using ELISA.Serum Ca~(2+)levels were measured using a microplate method.The content of trace elements in RG and CG and the corresponding freeze-dried BHT powder was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).The complexation of representative inorganic elements with mangiferin,a major active component in BHT,was investigated using UV-Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.A validation model was established using RAW264.7 mouse macrophages.Drug-containing serum of BHT with different inorganic elements was prepared,and the nitric oxide(NO)levels in the cell supernatant of different treatment groups were measured using the Griess method.The mRNA levels of IL-6,TNF-α,and PGE2in each group were detected using qPCR(real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR).Results After calcination,the phase composition of RG changed,and the content of inorganic elements in RG,CG170(RG calcined at 170°C),and CG350(RG calcined at 350°C)showed similar trends.Compared with RG,the content of Ca,Sr,Al,and Na in CG changed significantly.Compared with BHT,the content of Ca,Sr,Si,and Na in CG changed significantly when incorporated into the formula.Intermolecular interactions confirmed strong binding between mangiferin and Cu~(2+)and Al~(3+).Cu~(2+)and Fe~(3+)exhibited fluorescence quenching effects on mangiferin solution,while Al~(3+)and Zn~(2+)showed strong fluorescence enhancement,with fluorescence intensity increasing by 120-fold and 30-fold,respectively.In vitro evaluation of synergistic anti-inflammatory effects confirmed that Ca,Fe,Cr,Al,and Si exhibited synergistic anti-inflammatory effects.Conclusion The crystalline state of RG has little effect on its antipyretic properties,while Ca,Sr,Na,Fe,and Al are likely the key material bases influencing its efficacy.
文摘Fe-Ni-Cr-based super-high-strength maraging stainless steels were generally realized by multiple-element alloying under a given heat treatment processing. A series of alloy compositions were designed with a uniform cluster formula of [Ni16Fe192]（Cr32（Ni16-x-y-z-m-n MoxTiyNbzAlmVn）） （at.%） that was developed out of a unique alloy design tool, a cluster- plus-glue-atom model. Alloy rods with a diameter of 6 mm were prepared by copper-mold suction-cast processing under the argon atmosphere. These alloy samples were solid-solutioned at 1273 K for 1 h, followed by water-quenching, and then aged at 783 K for 3 h. The effect of the valence electron concentration, characterized with the number of valence electrons per unit cluster （VE/uc） formula of 16 atoms, on microhardness of these designed maraging stainless steels at both solid- solutioned and aged states was investigated. The relationship between alloy compositions and microhardness in maraging stainless steels was firstly established by the random forest （RF, a kind of machine learning methods） based on the experimental results. It was found that not only the microhardness of any given composition alloy within the frame of cluster formula, but also the alloy composition with a maximum microhardness for any given VE/uc, could be predicted in good agreement with the guidance of the relationship by RF. The contributions of minor-alloying elements to the microhardness of the aged alloys were also discussed.
文摘Owing to the negative effects of sulphur in iron ore on steelmaking process and environment, a tank leaching process was performed in atmospheric conditions to remove the sulphur from the iron ore concentrate and simultaneously to transform sulphide minerals into useful by-products. To achieve desirable sulphur removal rate and efficiency, central composite design was adopted as a response surface methodology for the optimization and evaluation of the process. A full-quadratic polynomial equation between the sulphur removal and the studied parameters was established to assess the behaviour of sulphur removal as a function of the factors and to predict the results in various conditions. The optimum conditions were obtained based on the variance tests and response surface plots, from which the optimized ranges for each factor resulting in the best response （corresponding to the highest percentage of desulphurization） could be then achieved. The results show that most desirable conditions are atmospheric leaching in 1.39 mol/dm3 nitric acid and 0.88 mol/dm3 sulphuric acid for 47 h. The designed process under the optimized desulphurization conditions was applied to a real iron ore concentrate. More than 75% of the total sulphur was removed via the leaching process. In addition to the desulphurization, the conversion of sulphide-bearing minerals into useful by-products, extraction of valuable metals, and executing the process under atmospheric conditions are the other advantages of the proposed method.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China !( 19870 2 65 ,1973 2 0 60 ) Chinese Academ y of Sciences Foundation
文摘Based on study of strain distribution in whisker reinforced metal matrix composites, an explicit precise stiffness tensor is derived. In the present theory, the effect of whisker orientation on the macro property of composites is considered, but the effect of random whisker position and the complicated strain field at whisker ends are averaged. The derived formula is able to predict the stiffness modulus of composites with arbitrary whisker orientation under any loading condition. Compared with the models of micro mechanics, the present theory is competent for modulus prediction of actual engineering composites. The verification and application of the present theory are given in a subsequent paper published in the same issue
文摘This study reports the synthesis of oleic acid sterol ester with liquid crystalline properties and its enhanced stability and UV-blocking performance through microencapsulation.Oleic acid sterol ester was synthesized via the esterification of phytosterol and oleic acid,whose structure was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)and mass spectrometry(MS).Its liquid crystalline behavior was confirmed via the polarized optical microscopy(POM),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),wide-angle X-ray scattering(WAXS),and small-angle X-ray scattering(SAXS).UV absorption tests were conducted to assess the UV-blocking performance of the oleic acid sterol ester liquid crystals.To improve the stability of its liquid crystalline structure,the oleic acid sterol ester was encapsulated into microcapsules through the emulsion polymerization.SPF measurements were performed on the sunscreen formulations containing liquid crystal microcapsules.The oleic acid sterol ester displayed cholesteric liquid crystalline behavior and strong UVA absorption,which indicates its suitability as a natural UV absorber.Microencapsulation further enhanced its stability and UV-blocking properties.SPF testing showed that the formulations with microcapsules achieved an SPF value of 7.01,which surpasses the nano titanium dioxide(SPF=6.23)and significantly outperform the unencapsulated liquid crystal formulations(SPF=2.65).This study highlights the potential of microencapsulated oleic acid sterol ester as a novel UV absorber in the sunscreen formulations,offers the enhanced stability and effective UV protection,and showcases its application potential in the innovative cosmetic products.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds of Chinese Academy of Forestry(Nos.CAFYBB2022SY037,CAFYBB2021ZA002 and CAFYBB2022QC002)the Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202201AT070264).
文摘Soil microbial communities are key factors in maintaining ecosystem multifunctionality(EMF).However,the distribution patterns of bacterial diversity and how the different bacterial taxa and their diversity dimensions affect EMF remain largely unknown.Here,we investigated variation in three measures of diversity(alpha diversity,community composition and network complexity)among rare,intermediate,and abundant taxa across a latitudinal gradient spanning five forest plots in Yunnan Province,China and examined their contributions on EMF.We aimed to characterize the diversity distributions of bacterial groups across latitudes and to assess the differences in the mechanisms underlying their contributions to EMF.We found that multifaceted diversity(i.e.,diversity assessed by the three different metrics)of rare,intermediate,and abundant bacteria generally decreased with increasing latitude.More importantly,we found that rare bacterial taxa tended to be more diverse,but they contributed less to EMF than intermediate or abundant bacteria.Among the three dimensions of diversity we assessed,only community composition significantly affected EMF across all locations,while alpha diversity had a negative effect,and network complexity showed no significant impact.Our study further emphasizes the importance of intermediate and abundant bacterial taxa as well as community composition to EMF and provides a theoretical basis for investigating the mechanisms by which belowground microorganisms drive EMF along a latitudinal gradient.
基金the financial support from the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(No.2019JQ857)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Xi’an Polytechnic University(No.BS201863)+1 种基金the China Textile Industry Federation Science and Technology Guidance Project(No.2019002)the Tianyuan Open Fund Project(No.tywl2019-14)。
文摘To predict the Elasto-Plastic Behaviors(EPBs)of aligned inclusions reinforced composites,this paper develops an interpolative Mori-Tanaka/Double-Inclusion(MT-DI)homogenization model with the secant formulation,and gives the numerical implementation algorithms of the developed MT-DI model with the secant formulation.The Finite Element(FE)homogenization method is implemented to provide the "exact" EPBs of the composites and thus validate the MT-DI model with the secant formulation.The MT-DI model with the 2 nd-order secant formulation is validated to provide the more accurate predictions,while the MT-DI model with the 1 st-order secant formulation always gives the stiffer predictions.The results show that using the macro-stress and macrostrain as the inputs,the MT-DI model with the secant formulation gives the identical predictions.The predictions of the MT-DI model with the secant formulation vary between those of the MT and DI models with the secant formulation.Meanwhile,the MT-DI model with the secant formulation does not predict the accurate EPBs for the phases of the composites.
基金support from the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project “Earth System Science Numerical Simulator Facility” (Earth Lab)sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42175132, 92044303, and 42205119)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program (Grant Nos. 2020YFA0607802 and 2022YFC3703003)the CAS Information Technology Program (Grant No. CAS-WX2021SF-0107-02)the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2022M723093)
文摘Scientific knowledge on the chemical compositions of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) is essential for properly assessing its health and climate effects,and for decisionmakers to develop efficient mitigation strategies.A high-resolution PM_(2.5) chemical composition dataset(CAQRA-aerosol)is developed in this study,which provides hourly maps of organic carbon,black carbon,ammonium,nitrate,and sulfate in China from 2013 to 2020 with a horizontal resolution of 15 km.This paper describes the method,access,and validation results of this dataset.It shows that CAQRA-aerosol has good consistency with observations and achieves higher or comparable accuracy with previous PM_(2.5) composition datasets.Based on CAQRA-aerosol,spatiotemporal changes of different PM_(2.5) compositions were investigated from a national viewpoint,which emphasizes different changes of nitrate from other compositions.The estimated annual rate of population-weighted concentrations of nitrate is 0.23μg m^(−3)yr^(−1) from 2015 to 2020,compared with−0.19 to−1.1μg m^(−3)yr^(−1) for other compositions.The whole dataset is freely available from the China Air Pollution Data Center(https://doi.org/10.12423/capdb_PKU.2023.DA).
基金supported by the Key Discipline and Major Project of Dalian Science and Technology Innovation Foun-dation(No.2020JJ25CY004).
文摘Superalloys feature multi-elements and complex elemental ranges,which makes the proper composition selection difficult.In fact,more strict composition standards generally apply in practical productions.The objective of this paper is to understand and eventually to renew the composition standard via example of the most common grade Inconel 718.We have recently shown that t he alloy chemistry originates from a nearest-neighbor cluster[center-shell]plus a few next-neighbor glue atoms,or expressed in cluster for-mula[center-shell](glue atoms).By grouping the elements into Ni=(Ni,Co,Cu,Fe),Cr=(Cr,Mn,Si,Mo),and Nb=(Nb,Al,Ti),it is found that the reported alloys fall within a narrow composition zone Ni_(11.0-13.0)-Cr_(3.5-4.5)-Nb_(1) confined by cluster formulas of 16 and 18 atoms.This composition zone is also expressed in terms of 288-atom supercluster formulas,Ni_(198-208)-Cr_(63-72)-Nb_(16-18),which leads to coordi-nated elemental variations in wt.%:69.0≤Ni+Co+Cu+Fe≤72.7;19.8≤Cr+Mn+1.7 Si+0.6 Mo≤22.8;8.7≤Nb+3.2 Al+1.9 Ti≤9.8.Within this composition zone,Ni_(206)-Cr_(65.5)-Nb_(16.5) is further pinpointed and validated by our own experiments to possess the optimal match of strength and plasticity both at room and at 923 K.
