High-entropy polymer blends composed of polypropylene(PP),polystyrene(PS),polyamide 6(PA6),poly(lactic acid)(PLA),and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene(SEBS)were successfully fabricated using maleic anhydride-grafted ...High-entropy polymer blends composed of polypropylene(PP),polystyrene(PS),polyamide 6(PA6),poly(lactic acid)(PLA),and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene(SEBS)were successfully fabricated using maleic anhydride-grafted SEBS(SEBS-g-MAH)as a compatibilizer.Dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and mechanical testing demonstrated that SEBS-g-MAH significantly enhanced the compatibility between the polar(PA6,PLA)and nonpolar(PP,PS,SEBS)components.The compatibilizer effectively refined the microstructure,substantially reduced the domain sizes,and blurred the phase boundaries,indicating enhanced interfacial interactions among all the components.The optimal compatibilizer content(15 wt%)notably increased tensile ductility(elongation at break from 5.0%to 23.7%)while maintaining balanced crystallization behavior,despite slightly decreasing modulus.This work not only demonstrates the broad applicability of high-entropy polymer blends as a sustainable strategy for converting complex,unsorted plastic waste into high-performance value-added materials that significantly contribute to plastic upcycling efforts,but also highlights intriguing physical phenomena emerging from such complex polymer systems.展开更多
Compatibilization is crucial for the blending of immiscible polymers to develop high-performance composites;however,traditional compatibilization by copolymers(pre-made or in-situ generation)suffers from weak interfac...Compatibilization is crucial for the blending of immiscible polymers to develop high-performance composites;however,traditional compatibilization by copolymers(pre-made or in-situ generation)suffers from weak interface anchoring,and inorganic particles have gained extensive attention recently owing to their large interfacial desorption energy,while their low affinity to bulk components is a drawback.In this study,an interfacial atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP)technique was employed to grow polystyrene(PS)and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)(PHEMA)simultaneously on different hemispheres of Br-functionalized SiO_(2) nanoparticles to stabilize a Pickering emulsion,whereby a brush-type Janus nanoparticle(SiO_(2)@JNP)was developed.The polymer brushes were well-characterized,and the Janus feature was validated by transmission electron microscope(TEM)observation of the sole hemisphere grafting of SiO_(2)-PS as a control sample.SiO_(2)@JNP was demonstrated to be an efficient compatibilizer for a PS/poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)immiscible blend,and the droplet-matrix morphology was significantly refined.The mechanical strength and toughness of the blend were synchronously enhanced at a low content SiO_(2)@JNP optimized~0.9 wt%,with the tensile strength,elongation at break and impact strength increased by 17.7%,26.6%and 19.6%,respectively.This enhancement may be attributed to the entanglements between the grafted polymer brushes and individual components that improve the particle-bulk phase affinity and enforce interfacial adhesion.展开更多
Polyamide/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer(PA/ABS) blends have drawn considerable attention from both academia and industry for their important applications in automotive and electronic areas. Due to poor mis...Polyamide/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer(PA/ABS) blends have drawn considerable attention from both academia and industry for their important applications in automotive and electronic areas. Due to poor miscibility of PA and ABS, developing an effective compatibilization strategy has been an urgent challenge to achieve prominent mechanical properties. In this study, we create a set of mechanically enhanced PA6/ABS blends using two multi-monomer melt-grafted compatibilizers, SEBSg-(MAH-co-St) and ABS-g-(MAH-co-St). The dispersed domain size is significantly decreased and meanwhile the unique "soft shell-encapsulating-hard core" structures form in the presence of compatibilizers. The optimum mechanical performances manifest an increase of 36% in tensile strength and an increase of 1300% in impact strength, compared with the neat PA6/ABS binary blend.展开更多
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is currently the largest commercial biodegradable plastics with good toughness and film forming properties, whereas, the inferior barrier and mechanical properties hinder...Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is currently the largest commercial biodegradable plastics with good toughness and film forming properties, whereas, the inferior barrier and mechanical properties hinder its applications. Biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with excellent barrier properties and high strength is a natural choice to address above issue. However, it is challenging to improve the compatibility of these two polymers. Herein, we prepared a reactive compatibilizer with double bond side group through terpolymerization of CO_(2)/propylene oxide/glycidyl methacrylate to enhance the properties of PBAT/PPC blends. Upon addition of 1 wt% compatibilizer, the PBAT/PPC blends (75/25, W/W) showed an increased water vapor barrier property changed from 424 g·m^(−2)·d^(−1) to 204 g·m^(−2)·d^(−1) compared to the control sample. Moreover, the tensile strength and elongation at break increased from 24.7 MPa to 30.3 MPa and from 858% to 1142%, respectively. The PBAT/PPC composite also displayed excellent biodegradability under composting conditions, as confirmed by the significantly decreased molecular weight. The present work provides an efficient way to barrier biodegradable film from PBAT of practical utilization.展开更多
Donor-acceptor （D-A） type fully conjugated block copolymer systems have been rarely reported due to the challenges in synthetic approaches to prepare well-defined low-polydispersity products. In this work, fully con...Donor-acceptor （D-A） type fully conjugated block copolymer systems have been rarely reported due to the challenges in synthetic approaches to prepare well-defined low-polydispersity products. In this work, fully conjugated block copolymers are synthesized in a one-pot reaction through Stille coupling polycondensation, by utilizing the end-functional polymer copolymerization method. End-functional P3HT are copolymerized with AA （2,7-dihromo-9-（heptadecan-9-yl）-9H- carbazole） and BB （4,7-bis（5-（trimethylstannyl）thiophen-2-yl）benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole, TBT） type monomers, respectively. The orthogonal solubility between the very soluble P3HT donor and the insoluble PCDTBT acceptor block improves the purity of block copolymers as well as distinct nano-scale phase-separation compared with other reports on miscibility of donor and acceptor polymer block. Further purification via preparative GPC is carried out to remove the excess of unreacted P3HT and free PCDTBT as well as to achieve low polydispersity of block copolymers. The chemical structure of the P3HT- b-PCDTBT block copolymers are verified via IH-NMR, and further confirmed by FTIR spectra. The block copolymer shows broad absorption and moderate optical band gap of 1.8 eV. Furthermore, the fully conjugated block copolymer films exhibit significant fine structures, much smoother film morphology compared to P3HT/PCDTBT polymer blends. By adding a small amount of block copolymer P3HT-b-PCDTBT as a compatibilizer into the bulk-heterojunction of P3HT：PC61BM blends, polymer solar ceils with an 8% increase of short circuit current （Jse） and 10% increase of power conversion efficiency （PCE） are achieved owing to the improvement of the active-layer film morphology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on donor-acceptor type fully conjugated block copolymer as an effective ternary additive in polymer： fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells.展开更多
In this work,the formation of cocontinuous structure in immiscible high density polyethylene/isotactic polypropylene(HDPE/iPP)blends was investigated for various olefin-based compatibilizers of distinct molecular arch...In this work,the formation of cocontinuous structure in immiscible high density polyethylene/isotactic polypropylene(HDPE/iPP)blends was investigated for various olefin-based compatibilizers of distinct molecular architectures,including ternary random copolymer EPDM,olefin block copolymer(OBC),polypropylene-based OBC(PP-OBC),ethylene/a-olefin copolymer(POE),bottlebrush polymer poly(1-dodecene),and comb-like poly(propylene-co-high a-olefin)(PPO).The scanning electron microscopy results show that after adding OBC,PP-OBC,and POE copolymers,the finer droplet-in-matrix morphologies were obtained in 70/30 HDPE/iPP blend.Interestingly,for 70/30 HDPE/iPP blend with just 5 wt%of PPO copolymers,the phase inversion from droplet-in-matrix to cocontinuous morphology can be observed.It was proposed that the development of cocontinuous morphology contained the following steps:(1)in terfacial saturati on of compatibilizers and droplet deformation,(2)droplet-droplet coalesce nee,(3)continuity development,and(4)the formation of dual-phase con tinuity.Among the diverse copolymers studied in this work,PPO copolymer can be easily removed out of the interface during droplet coalescence and stabilize the curvature of minor fiber phase,facilitating the formation of cocontinuous morphology.In contrast,other olefin-based compatibilizers(EPDM,OBC,PP-OBC,and POE)exhibit the distinct steric repulsion effect to prohibit droplet coalescence.Moreover,the cocontinous interval varies with the compatibilizer architectures.Surprisingly,after adding 10 wt%of PPO copolymers,the cocontinuous interval was greatly broadened from HDPE/iPP range of 45/55-60/40 to that of 40/60-70/30.展开更多
Low density polyethylene(LDPE)/lignin blends were prepared using melt blending.Two kinds of compatibilizers, ethylene-vinylacetate(EVA) which is softer than LDPE and polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride(PE-g-MA)...Low density polyethylene(LDPE)/lignin blends were prepared using melt blending.Two kinds of compatibilizers, ethylene-vinylacetate(EVA) which is softer than LDPE and polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride(PE-g-MA) which is harder than LDPE were used to improve the interfacial adhesion.Scanning electron microscope(SEM) was used to investigate the dispersion of lignin in LDPE matrix.The results showed that both of the compatibilizers could improve the interaction between the low density polyethylene and l...展开更多
Starch- g-poly(vinyl alcohol) as a compatibilizing agent for reducing the phase separation rates of polyvinyl alcohol/starch pastes has been investigated by blending and dissolving the two polymers in distilled water....Starch- g-poly(vinyl alcohol) as a compatibilizing agent for reducing the phase separation rates of polyvinyl alcohol/starch pastes has been investigated by blending and dissolving the two polymers in distilled water. The separation rates were quantitatively evaluated by the term of initiul demixing time. The grafted starches, with a series of grafting ratios, were prepared by grafting a number of vinyl acetate onto granular cornstarch in aqueous dispersion and then alcoholating in methanol. It was found that the addition of small amounts of starch- g poly (vinyl alcohol ) in the size compositions can effectively decrease the separation rates of the blended pastes in comparison to pure starch/PVA ones.Moreover, the influence of the grafting ratio, starch content, and PVA variety on the separation rates was also studied.展开更多
Starch modified polyurethane（St-PCL） was synthesized via chemical modification of corn starch with hexamethylene diisocyanate terminated polyeaprolactone. The obtained St-PCL with different grafting rates was used a...Starch modified polyurethane（St-PCL） was synthesized via chemical modification of corn starch with hexamethylene diisocyanate terminated polyeaprolactone. The obtained St-PCL with different grafting rates was used as compatibilizer of starch/polycaprolactone（St/PCL） blend. The structure of St-PCL was confirmed by FTIR, and the grafting rate could reach as high as 64%. In addition, a lower St-PCL amount can effectively improve the compatibility of St/PCL blends. And the thermal, mechanical and hydrophobic properties of St/PCL blends could be tailored by the amount of St-PCL.展开更多
Mixing two or more polymers to produce the“polymer alloy”is one of the most versatile and economical strategies for developing new polymeric materials.The compatibility between polymer components largely determines ...Mixing two or more polymers to produce the“polymer alloy”is one of the most versatile and economical strategies for developing new polymeric materials.The compatibility between polymer components largely determines the comprehensive performance of polymer blend.More recently,a type of unique surface partitioned materials,Janus particles,has been proposed to act as a novel interfacial compatibilizer for polymer blends.Such Janus particles integrates the amphipathicity of diblock copolymer and interfacial stabilization of nanoparticles,displaying a significant superiority in comparison with molecular compatibilizers for a wide range of polymer blends.In this review,we mainly focus on the compatibilizing effects of Janus nanofillers of various morphologies,including spherical,snowman-like,and two-dimensional nanosheets,on polymer blends.We shed light on the impacts of compatibilization of Janus particles on phase morphologies,mechanical properties,and functionalities of polymer blends.This review could provide a guidance for designing an effective Janus particle compatibilizer to develop high-performance polymer blends.展开更多
Recycled PET (R-PET) is well known to exhibit brittle behavior in the presence of notches and indicated the low heat distortion temperature. In addition, it is hard to prevent some impurities such as cap or label of t...Recycled PET (R-PET) is well known to exhibit brittle behavior in the presence of notches and indicated the low heat distortion temperature. In addition, it is hard to prevent some impurities such as cap or label of the bottle that mixed into R-PET during the recycling process. In this paper, the effect of the amounts and kinds of compatibilizers on the morphological characteristics and mechanical performance of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R-PET) compounded with polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) was investigated. From the results, with an increase in the glycidyl methacrylate modified PE (EGMA) additive contents, in the increment of the Izod impact strength of Composite-G was obtained. In addition, it was found that the miscibility of Composite-G was improved with increasing the amount of EGMA, which indicated from the result of SEM images.展开更多
A PES-PC （polyethersulfone-polycarbonate） multi block random copolymer was synthesized with two oligomers, polyethersulfone and polycarbonate. The effects of the copolymer, as a compatibilizer, on the morphology and...A PES-PC （polyethersulfone-polycarbonate） multi block random copolymer was synthesized with two oligomers, polyethersulfone and polycarbonate. The effects of the copolymer, as a compatibilizer, on the morphology and compatibility of the PES-PC blends were investigated. It was found that the addition of this copolymer to the PES-PC blends could improve their compatibility.展开更多
In situ, compatibilization of low density polyethylene (LDPE) (30%) and nylon-6 (70%) blends through one-step reactive extrusion using t-BuOOH as an initiator and low molecular weight interfacial agents as compatibili...In situ, compatibilization of low density polyethylene (LDPE) (30%) and nylon-6 (70%) blends through one-step reactive extrusion using t-BuOOH as an initiator and low molecular weight interfacial agents as compatibilizers was studied. The compatibilizer contained a long chain hydrocarbon, double bond and two polar functional groups which was capable of reacting with both LDPE and nylon-6 in the presence of initiator to form a copolymer at the interface of the two polymer phases. The extruded blends exhibited significant enhancement in their compatibility based on morphological, thermal analysis and mechanical studies. The effect of the hydrocarbon chain length and structure of the functional group of the compatibilizer was also examined. It was found that blends prepared by using the compatibilizer containing longer hydrocarbon chain and amide group had better mechanical properties.展开更多
Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the compatibilizing behaviors of multi-block copolymers with different architectures in A/B/（block copolymer） ternary blends. The volume fraction of homopolymer A, em...Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the compatibilizing behaviors of multi-block copolymers with different architectures in A/B/（block copolymer） ternary blends. The volume fraction of homopolymer A, employed as the dispersed phase, was 19%. The simulations illustrate how a di- or multi-block copolymer aggregates at the interfaces and influences the phase behaviour of such incompatible polymer blends. The di-block copolymer chains tend to ＂stand＂ on the interface whereas the multi-block chains lie on the interface. In comparison with the di-block copolymer, the block copolymers with 4, or 10 blocks can occupy more areas on the interface, and thus the multi-block copolymers have higher efficiency for the retardation of the phase separation.展开更多
The compatibilizer (TLCP-b-PC) of 60PHB/PET thermotropic liquid crystal polymer (TLCP) and polycarbonate (PC) blend system was prepared. The synthesis and characterization of the compatibilizer as well as its effects ...The compatibilizer (TLCP-b-PC) of 60PHB/PET thermotropic liquid crystal polymer (TLCP) and polycarbonate (PC) blend system was prepared. The synthesis and characterization of the compatibilizer as well as its effects on the microscopic morphology and the mechanical properties of the TLCP/PC blend system were studied with a series of analysis ways, such as Soxhlet extraction, infrared absorption spectroscopy,electron microscopy, etc. It is shown that the ideal reaction condition for preparing the compatibilizer is:the reaction temperature of 275℃, the reaction time of 20minutes and without catalyst. And the compatibilizer can improve the compatibility of the blending system of 60PHB/PET and PC.展开更多
Adding compatibilizer to polymer-modified asphalt(PMA)is an effective method to improve compatibility and performance.However,only few studies have systematically focused on how compatibilizer can affect the performan...Adding compatibilizer to polymer-modified asphalt(PMA)is an effective method to improve compatibility and performance.However,only few studies have systematically focused on how compatibilizer can affect the performance of styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS)polymer-modified asphalt(PMA).In this study,six compatibilizers with different compositions were used to prepare SBS PMA samples.Conventional performance,viscosity-temperature characteristics,viscoelastic behavior,creep properties,and morphology were investigated.The results show that adding compatibilizer to SBS PMA has a great effect on its performance.High aromatics content in compatibilizers can improve the high-temperature performance of SBS PMA,while a high saturates content can enhance the low-temperature performance.Additionally,high aromatics content in compatibilizer can increase the temperature sensitivity.While the aromatics content does improve the compatibility of SBS PMA to some extent,adding compatibilizer to SBS PMA has few effects on the microstructure.Judging from our test results,we can conclude that the optimum aromatics content for adding compatibilizer to SBS PMA ranges from 33.21%to 54.22%.展开更多
Two compatibilizers consisting of styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidyl methacrylate (SAG) terpolymer with different contents of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), SAG-001 (1 wt% of GMA) and SAG-005 (5 wt% of GMA), and styrene-acr...Two compatibilizers consisting of styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidyl methacrylate (SAG) terpolymer with different contents of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), SAG-001 (1 wt% of GMA) and SAG-005 (5 wt% of GMA), and styrene-acry-lonitrile-maleic anhydride terpolymer (SAM), SAM-002 (2 wt% of maleic anhydride ), were used to evaluate the role of compatibilizers in the PC/ABS alloy in terms of the mechanical properties, thermal stability and phase morphology. The tensile strength of SAG modified PC/ABS alloy slightly increased than that of SAM modified system, but the two compatibilizers barely affected the flexural strength of the system. On the other hand, the impact strength of SAG modified PC/ABS was improved. In addition, the MFR (melt flow index) of the SAG modified PC/ABS alloy reduced, implying that the viscosity or molecular weight of the system increased. The HDT (heat distortion temperature) also improved with SAG modified system. Moreover, the phase morphology of the SAG modified PC/ABS alloys much enhanced than that of SAM modified system. As a consequence, SAG compatibilized PC/ABS alloy showed better properties than those of SAM modified system, suggesting that the reaction between carboxylic or epoxy groups in SAG and terminal carboxyl group in PC would be the main factor to bring the enhancement in the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of the PC/ABS alloy.展开更多
Ethylene/propylene-random-copolymer （PPR）/clay nanocomposites were prepared by two-stage melt blending. Four types of compatibilizers, including an ethylene-octene copolymer grafted maleic anhydride （POE-g-MA） and...Ethylene/propylene-random-copolymer （PPR）/clay nanocomposites were prepared by two-stage melt blending. Four types of compatibilizers, including an ethylene-octene copolymer grafted maleic anhydride （POE-g-MA） and three maleic-anhydride-grafted polypropylenes （PP-g-MA） with different melt flow indexes （MFI）, were used to improve the dispersion of organic clay in matrix. On the other hand, the effects of organic montmorillonite （OMMT） content on the nanocomposite structure in terms of clay dispersion in PPR matrix, thermal behavior and tensile properties were also studied. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） results show that the organic clay layers are mainly intercalated and partially exfoliated in the nanocomposites. Moreover, a PP-g-MA compatibilizer （compatibilizer B） having high MFI can greatly increase the interlayer spacing of the clay as compared with other compatibilizers. With the introduction of compatibilizer D （POE-g-MA）, most of the clays are dispersed into the POE phase, and the shape of the dispersed OMMT appears elliptic, which differs from the strip of PP-g-MA. Compared with virgin PPR, the Young＇s modulus of the nanocomposite evidently increases when a compatibilizer C （PP-g-MA） with medium MFI is used. For the nanocomposites with compatibilizer B and C, their crystallinities （Xc） increase as compared with that of the virgin PPR. Furthermore, the increase of OMMT loadings presents little effect on the melt temperature （Tc） of the PPR/OMMT nanocomposites, and slight effect on their crystallization temperature （Tc）. Only compatibilizer B can lead to a marked increases in crystallinity and Tc of the nanocomposite when the OMMT content is 2 wt%.展开更多
Because of its softness,wear resistance,biocompatibility,extremely comfortable human touch,thermoplastic vulcanizate(TPV)comprised of silicone rubber(SiR)and thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)(SiR/TPU TPV)is especially s...Because of its softness,wear resistance,biocompatibility,extremely comfortable human touch,thermoplastic vulcanizate(TPV)comprised of silicone rubber(SiR)and thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)(SiR/TPU TPV)is especially suitable for wearable intelligent devices.Nevertheless,developing good compatibilizer is still required to prepare high performance SiR/TPU TPV.In this study,three kinds of polyurethane-polysiloxane copolymer(PU-co-PSi)with different contents of polysiloxane segment were selected,and their compatibilization effect on SiR/TPU blends was studied using nanomechanical mapping technique of AFM.The results show that using PU-co-PSi with the highest content of polysiloxane segment(PU-co-HPSi),the interface thickness largely increases,and the average size of SiR dispersed phase largely decreases,indicating its good compatibilization effect.By using PU-co-HPSi as compatibilizer,SiR/TPU TPV with a fine SiR dispersed phase and good mechanical performance were successfully prepared.The mechanism on the compatibilization effect of these PU-co-PSi on SiR/TPU TPVs was revealed.展开更多
One-step reaction compatibilized microfibrillar reinforced iPP/PET blends （CMRB） were successfully prepared through a ＂slit extrusion-hot stretching-quenching＂ process. Crystallization behavior and morphology of C...One-step reaction compatibilized microfibrillar reinforced iPP/PET blends （CMRB） were successfully prepared through a ＂slit extrusion-hot stretching-quenching＂ process. Crystallization behavior and morphology of CMRB were systematically investigated. Scanning electronic microscopy （SEM） observations showed blurry interface of compatibilized common blend （CCB）. The crystallization behavior of neat iPP, CCB, microfibrillar reinforced iPP/PET blend （MRB） and CMRB was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and polarized optical microscopy （POM）. The increase of crystallization temperature and crystallization rate during nonisothermal crystallization process indicated both PET particles and mierofibrils could serve as nucleating agents and PET microfibrils exhibited higher heterogeneous nucleation ability, which were also vividly revealed by results of POM. Compared with MRB sample, CMRB sample has lower crystallization temperature due to existence of PET microfibrils with smaller aspect ratio and wider distribution. In addition, since in situ compatibilizer tends to stay in the interphase, it could also hinder the diffusion ofiPP molecules to the surface of PET phase, leading to decrease of crystallization rate. Two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffi：action （2D-WAXD） was preformed to characterize the crystalline structure of the samples by injection molding, and it was found that well-developed PET microfibrils contained in MRB sample promoted formation of t-phase of/PP.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52173017)the Project of Introducing Urgently Needed and Scarce Talents in Key Supported Regions of Shandong Province in 2024.
文摘High-entropy polymer blends composed of polypropylene(PP),polystyrene(PS),polyamide 6(PA6),poly(lactic acid)(PLA),and styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene(SEBS)were successfully fabricated using maleic anhydride-grafted SEBS(SEBS-g-MAH)as a compatibilizer.Dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and mechanical testing demonstrated that SEBS-g-MAH significantly enhanced the compatibility between the polar(PA6,PLA)and nonpolar(PP,PS,SEBS)components.The compatibilizer effectively refined the microstructure,substantially reduced the domain sizes,and blurred the phase boundaries,indicating enhanced interfacial interactions among all the components.The optimal compatibilizer content(15 wt%)notably increased tensile ductility(elongation at break from 5.0%to 23.7%)while maintaining balanced crystallization behavior,despite slightly decreasing modulus.This work not only demonstrates the broad applicability of high-entropy polymer blends as a sustainable strategy for converting complex,unsorted plastic waste into high-performance value-added materials that significantly contribute to plastic upcycling efforts,but also highlights intriguing physical phenomena emerging from such complex polymer systems.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22172028,21903015,and 22403017)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(No.2022J05041)。
文摘Compatibilization is crucial for the blending of immiscible polymers to develop high-performance composites;however,traditional compatibilization by copolymers(pre-made or in-situ generation)suffers from weak interface anchoring,and inorganic particles have gained extensive attention recently owing to their large interfacial desorption energy,while their low affinity to bulk components is a drawback.In this study,an interfacial atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP)technique was employed to grow polystyrene(PS)and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)(PHEMA)simultaneously on different hemispheres of Br-functionalized SiO_(2) nanoparticles to stabilize a Pickering emulsion,whereby a brush-type Janus nanoparticle(SiO_(2)@JNP)was developed.The polymer brushes were well-characterized,and the Janus feature was validated by transmission electron microscope(TEM)observation of the sole hemisphere grafting of SiO_(2)-PS as a control sample.SiO_(2)@JNP was demonstrated to be an efficient compatibilizer for a PS/poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)immiscible blend,and the droplet-matrix morphology was significantly refined.The mechanical strength and toughness of the blend were synchronously enhanced at a low content SiO_(2)@JNP optimized~0.9 wt%,with the tensile strength,elongation at break and impact strength increased by 17.7%,26.6%and 19.6%,respectively.This enhancement may be attributed to the entanglements between the grafted polymer brushes and individual components that improve the particle-bulk phase affinity and enforce interfacial adhesion.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51633003) for the financial support
文摘Polyamide/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer(PA/ABS) blends have drawn considerable attention from both academia and industry for their important applications in automotive and electronic areas. Due to poor miscibility of PA and ABS, developing an effective compatibilization strategy has been an urgent challenge to achieve prominent mechanical properties. In this study, we create a set of mechanically enhanced PA6/ABS blends using two multi-monomer melt-grafted compatibilizers, SEBSg-(MAH-co-St) and ABS-g-(MAH-co-St). The dispersed domain size is significantly decreased and meanwhile the unique "soft shell-encapsulating-hard core" structures form in the presence of compatibilizers. The optimum mechanical performances manifest an increase of 36% in tensile strength and an increase of 1300% in impact strength, compared with the neat PA6/ABS binary blend.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2021YFD1700700).
文摘Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is currently the largest commercial biodegradable plastics with good toughness and film forming properties, whereas, the inferior barrier and mechanical properties hinder its applications. Biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with excellent barrier properties and high strength is a natural choice to address above issue. However, it is challenging to improve the compatibility of these two polymers. Herein, we prepared a reactive compatibilizer with double bond side group through terpolymerization of CO_(2)/propylene oxide/glycidyl methacrylate to enhance the properties of PBAT/PPC blends. Upon addition of 1 wt% compatibilizer, the PBAT/PPC blends (75/25, W/W) showed an increased water vapor barrier property changed from 424 g·m^(−2)·d^(−1) to 204 g·m^(−2)·d^(−1) compared to the control sample. Moreover, the tensile strength and elongation at break increased from 24.7 MPa to 30.3 MPa and from 858% to 1142%, respectively. The PBAT/PPC composite also displayed excellent biodegradability under composting conditions, as confirmed by the significantly decreased molecular weight. The present work provides an efficient way to barrier biodegradable film from PBAT of practical utilization.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21304047)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.13KJB430017)+1 种基金Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(No.20133221120015)Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displays
文摘Donor-acceptor （D-A） type fully conjugated block copolymer systems have been rarely reported due to the challenges in synthetic approaches to prepare well-defined low-polydispersity products. In this work, fully conjugated block copolymers are synthesized in a one-pot reaction through Stille coupling polycondensation, by utilizing the end-functional polymer copolymerization method. End-functional P3HT are copolymerized with AA （2,7-dihromo-9-（heptadecan-9-yl）-9H- carbazole） and BB （4,7-bis（5-（trimethylstannyl）thiophen-2-yl）benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole, TBT） type monomers, respectively. The orthogonal solubility between the very soluble P3HT donor and the insoluble PCDTBT acceptor block improves the purity of block copolymers as well as distinct nano-scale phase-separation compared with other reports on miscibility of donor and acceptor polymer block. Further purification via preparative GPC is carried out to remove the excess of unreacted P3HT and free PCDTBT as well as to achieve low polydispersity of block copolymers. The chemical structure of the P3HT- b-PCDTBT block copolymers are verified via IH-NMR, and further confirmed by FTIR spectra. The block copolymer shows broad absorption and moderate optical band gap of 1.8 eV. Furthermore, the fully conjugated block copolymer films exhibit significant fine structures, much smoother film morphology compared to P3HT/PCDTBT polymer blends. By adding a small amount of block copolymer P3HT-b-PCDTBT as a compatibilizer into the bulk-heterojunction of P3HT：PC61BM blends, polymer solar ceils with an 8% increase of short circuit current （Jse） and 10% increase of power conversion efficiency （PCE） are achieved owing to the improvement of the active-layer film morphology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on donor-acceptor type fully conjugated block copolymer as an effective ternary additive in polymer： fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21574097).
文摘In this work,the formation of cocontinuous structure in immiscible high density polyethylene/isotactic polypropylene(HDPE/iPP)blends was investigated for various olefin-based compatibilizers of distinct molecular architectures,including ternary random copolymer EPDM,olefin block copolymer(OBC),polypropylene-based OBC(PP-OBC),ethylene/a-olefin copolymer(POE),bottlebrush polymer poly(1-dodecene),and comb-like poly(propylene-co-high a-olefin)(PPO).The scanning electron microscopy results show that after adding OBC,PP-OBC,and POE copolymers,the finer droplet-in-matrix morphologies were obtained in 70/30 HDPE/iPP blend.Interestingly,for 70/30 HDPE/iPP blend with just 5 wt%of PPO copolymers,the phase inversion from droplet-in-matrix to cocontinuous morphology can be observed.It was proposed that the development of cocontinuous morphology contained the following steps:(1)in terfacial saturati on of compatibilizers and droplet deformation,(2)droplet-droplet coalesce nee,(3)continuity development,and(4)the formation of dual-phase con tinuity.Among the diverse copolymers studied in this work,PPO copolymer can be easily removed out of the interface during droplet coalescence and stabilize the curvature of minor fiber phase,facilitating the formation of cocontinuous morphology.In contrast,other olefin-based compatibilizers(EPDM,OBC,PP-OBC,and POE)exhibit the distinct steric repulsion effect to prohibit droplet coalescence.Moreover,the cocontinous interval varies with the compatibilizer architectures.Surprisingly,after adding 10 wt%of PPO copolymers,the cocontinuous interval was greatly broadened from HDPE/iPP range of 45/55-60/40 to that of 40/60-70/30.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.50533050,20634050)
文摘Low density polyethylene(LDPE)/lignin blends were prepared using melt blending.Two kinds of compatibilizers, ethylene-vinylacetate(EVA) which is softer than LDPE and polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride(PE-g-MA) which is harder than LDPE were used to improve the interfacial adhesion.Scanning electron microscope(SEM) was used to investigate the dispersion of lignin in LDPE matrix.The results showed that both of the compatibilizers could improve the interaction between the low density polyethylene and l...
基金It was financially supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation[1995]No.7
文摘Starch- g-poly(vinyl alcohol) as a compatibilizing agent for reducing the phase separation rates of polyvinyl alcohol/starch pastes has been investigated by blending and dissolving the two polymers in distilled water. The separation rates were quantitatively evaluated by the term of initiul demixing time. The grafted starches, with a series of grafting ratios, were prepared by grafting a number of vinyl acetate onto granular cornstarch in aqueous dispersion and then alcoholating in methanol. It was found that the addition of small amounts of starch- g poly (vinyl alcohol ) in the size compositions can effectively decrease the separation rates of the blended pastes in comparison to pure starch/PVA ones.Moreover, the influence of the grafting ratio, starch content, and PVA variety on the separation rates was also studied.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province, China(No.20070504)
文摘Starch modified polyurethane（St-PCL） was synthesized via chemical modification of corn starch with hexamethylene diisocyanate terminated polyeaprolactone. The obtained St-PCL with different grafting rates was used as compatibilizer of starch/polycaprolactone（St/PCL） blend. The structure of St-PCL was confirmed by FTIR, and the grafting rate could reach as high as 64%. In addition, a lower St-PCL amount can effectively improve the compatibility of St/PCL blends. And the thermal, mechanical and hydrophobic properties of St/PCL blends could be tailored by the amount of St-PCL.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52173076 and 52042302)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2021M701825)+1 种基金Tsinghua-Foshan Innovation Special Fund (TFISF) (No. 2021THFS0212)Joint Agency Affiliate Projects of China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (No. 20212930037)。
文摘Mixing two or more polymers to produce the“polymer alloy”is one of the most versatile and economical strategies for developing new polymeric materials.The compatibility between polymer components largely determines the comprehensive performance of polymer blend.More recently,a type of unique surface partitioned materials,Janus particles,has been proposed to act as a novel interfacial compatibilizer for polymer blends.Such Janus particles integrates the amphipathicity of diblock copolymer and interfacial stabilization of nanoparticles,displaying a significant superiority in comparison with molecular compatibilizers for a wide range of polymer blends.In this review,we mainly focus on the compatibilizing effects of Janus nanofillers of various morphologies,including spherical,snowman-like,and two-dimensional nanosheets,on polymer blends.We shed light on the impacts of compatibilization of Janus particles on phase morphologies,mechanical properties,and functionalities of polymer blends.This review could provide a guidance for designing an effective Janus particle compatibilizer to develop high-performance polymer blends.
文摘Recycled PET (R-PET) is well known to exhibit brittle behavior in the presence of notches and indicated the low heat distortion temperature. In addition, it is hard to prevent some impurities such as cap or label of the bottle that mixed into R-PET during the recycling process. In this paper, the effect of the amounts and kinds of compatibilizers on the morphological characteristics and mechanical performance of recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (R-PET) compounded with polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) was investigated. From the results, with an increase in the glycidyl methacrylate modified PE (EGMA) additive contents, in the increment of the Izod impact strength of Composite-G was obtained. In addition, it was found that the miscibility of Composite-G was improved with increasing the amount of EGMA, which indicated from the result of SEM images.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50203004).
文摘A PES-PC （polyethersulfone-polycarbonate） multi block random copolymer was synthesized with two oligomers, polyethersulfone and polycarbonate. The effects of the copolymer, as a compatibilizer, on the morphology and compatibility of the PES-PC blends were investigated. It was found that the addition of this copolymer to the PES-PC blends could improve their compatibility.
文摘In situ, compatibilization of low density polyethylene (LDPE) (30%) and nylon-6 (70%) blends through one-step reactive extrusion using t-BuOOH as an initiator and low molecular weight interfacial agents as compatibilizers was studied. The compatibilizer contained a long chain hydrocarbon, double bond and two polar functional groups which was capable of reacting with both LDPE and nylon-6 in the presence of initiator to form a copolymer at the interface of the two polymer phases. The extruded blends exhibited significant enhancement in their compatibility based on morphological, thermal analysis and mechanical studies. The effect of the hydrocarbon chain length and structure of the functional group of the compatibilizer was also examined. It was found that blends prepared by using the compatibilizer containing longer hydrocarbon chain and amide group had better mechanical properties.
基金ACKN0WLEDGMENT This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.20374050） and SRFDP （No.20050358018）.
文摘Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the compatibilizing behaviors of multi-block copolymers with different architectures in A/B/（block copolymer） ternary blends. The volume fraction of homopolymer A, employed as the dispersed phase, was 19%. The simulations illustrate how a di- or multi-block copolymer aggregates at the interfaces and influences the phase behaviour of such incompatible polymer blends. The di-block copolymer chains tend to ＂stand＂ on the interface whereas the multi-block chains lie on the interface. In comparison with the di-block copolymer, the block copolymers with 4, or 10 blocks can occupy more areas on the interface, and thus the multi-block copolymers have higher efficiency for the retardation of the phase separation.
文摘The compatibilizer (TLCP-b-PC) of 60PHB/PET thermotropic liquid crystal polymer (TLCP) and polycarbonate (PC) blend system was prepared. The synthesis and characterization of the compatibilizer as well as its effects on the microscopic morphology and the mechanical properties of the TLCP/PC blend system were studied with a series of analysis ways, such as Soxhlet extraction, infrared absorption spectroscopy,electron microscopy, etc. It is shown that the ideal reaction condition for preparing the compatibilizer is:the reaction temperature of 275℃, the reaction time of 20minutes and without catalyst. And the compatibilizer can improve the compatibility of the blending system of 60PHB/PET and PC.
基金This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(B210202040)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51708177).
文摘Adding compatibilizer to polymer-modified asphalt(PMA)is an effective method to improve compatibility and performance.However,only few studies have systematically focused on how compatibilizer can affect the performance of styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS)polymer-modified asphalt(PMA).In this study,six compatibilizers with different compositions were used to prepare SBS PMA samples.Conventional performance,viscosity-temperature characteristics,viscoelastic behavior,creep properties,and morphology were investigated.The results show that adding compatibilizer to SBS PMA has a great effect on its performance.High aromatics content in compatibilizers can improve the high-temperature performance of SBS PMA,while a high saturates content can enhance the low-temperature performance.Additionally,high aromatics content in compatibilizer can increase the temperature sensitivity.While the aromatics content does improve the compatibility of SBS PMA to some extent,adding compatibilizer to SBS PMA has few effects on the microstructure.Judging from our test results,we can conclude that the optimum aromatics content for adding compatibilizer to SBS PMA ranges from 33.21%to 54.22%.
文摘Two compatibilizers consisting of styrene-acrylonitrile-glycidyl methacrylate (SAG) terpolymer with different contents of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), SAG-001 (1 wt% of GMA) and SAG-005 (5 wt% of GMA), and styrene-acry-lonitrile-maleic anhydride terpolymer (SAM), SAM-002 (2 wt% of maleic anhydride ), were used to evaluate the role of compatibilizers in the PC/ABS alloy in terms of the mechanical properties, thermal stability and phase morphology. The tensile strength of SAG modified PC/ABS alloy slightly increased than that of SAM modified system, but the two compatibilizers barely affected the flexural strength of the system. On the other hand, the impact strength of SAG modified PC/ABS was improved. In addition, the MFR (melt flow index) of the SAG modified PC/ABS alloy reduced, implying that the viscosity or molecular weight of the system increased. The HDT (heat distortion temperature) also improved with SAG modified system. Moreover, the phase morphology of the SAG modified PC/ABS alloys much enhanced than that of SAM modified system. As a consequence, SAG compatibilized PC/ABS alloy showed better properties than those of SAM modified system, suggesting that the reaction between carboxylic or epoxy groups in SAG and terminal carboxyl group in PC would be the main factor to bring the enhancement in the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of the PC/ABS alloy.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2005CB623800)Joint Research Fund for Overseas Chinese Young Scholars(No.50728302)the Program for Zhejiang Provincial Innovative Research Team (No.2009R50004)
文摘Ethylene/propylene-random-copolymer （PPR）/clay nanocomposites were prepared by two-stage melt blending. Four types of compatibilizers, including an ethylene-octene copolymer grafted maleic anhydride （POE-g-MA） and three maleic-anhydride-grafted polypropylenes （PP-g-MA） with different melt flow indexes （MFI）, were used to improve the dispersion of organic clay in matrix. On the other hand, the effects of organic montmorillonite （OMMT） content on the nanocomposite structure in terms of clay dispersion in PPR matrix, thermal behavior and tensile properties were also studied. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） results show that the organic clay layers are mainly intercalated and partially exfoliated in the nanocomposites. Moreover, a PP-g-MA compatibilizer （compatibilizer B） having high MFI can greatly increase the interlayer spacing of the clay as compared with other compatibilizers. With the introduction of compatibilizer D （POE-g-MA）, most of the clays are dispersed into the POE phase, and the shape of the dispersed OMMT appears elliptic, which differs from the strip of PP-g-MA. Compared with virgin PPR, the Young＇s modulus of the nanocomposite evidently increases when a compatibilizer C （PP-g-MA） with medium MFI is used. For the nanocomposites with compatibilizer B and C, their crystallinities （Xc） increase as compared with that of the virgin PPR. Furthermore, the increase of OMMT loadings presents little effect on the melt temperature （Tc） of the PPR/OMMT nanocomposites, and slight effect on their crystallization temperature （Tc）. Only compatibilizer B can lead to a marked increases in crystallinity and Tc of the nanocomposite when the OMMT content is 2 wt%.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51525301 and 51903009)the National Key Research & Development Plan (No. 2017YFB0307003)Chinese Scholarship Council for supporting his PhD study in Chimie Paris Tech-PSL Research University, France (No. 202106880002)
文摘Because of its softness,wear resistance,biocompatibility,extremely comfortable human touch,thermoplastic vulcanizate(TPV)comprised of silicone rubber(SiR)and thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)(SiR/TPU TPV)is especially suitable for wearable intelligent devices.Nevertheless,developing good compatibilizer is still required to prepare high performance SiR/TPU TPV.In this study,three kinds of polyurethane-polysiloxane copolymer(PU-co-PSi)with different contents of polysiloxane segment were selected,and their compatibilization effect on SiR/TPU blends was studied using nanomechanical mapping technique of AFM.The results show that using PU-co-PSi with the highest content of polysiloxane segment(PU-co-HPSi),the interface thickness largely increases,and the average size of SiR dispersed phase largely decreases,indicating its good compatibilization effect.By using PU-co-HPSi as compatibilizer,SiR/TPU TPV with a fine SiR dispersed phase and good mechanical performance were successfully prepared.The mechanism on the compatibilization effect of these PU-co-PSi on SiR/TPU TPVs was revealed.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20776087)National Programs for High Technology Research and Development of China(No.2008AA03Z510)
文摘One-step reaction compatibilized microfibrillar reinforced iPP/PET blends （CMRB） were successfully prepared through a ＂slit extrusion-hot stretching-quenching＂ process. Crystallization behavior and morphology of CMRB were systematically investigated. Scanning electronic microscopy （SEM） observations showed blurry interface of compatibilized common blend （CCB）. The crystallization behavior of neat iPP, CCB, microfibrillar reinforced iPP/PET blend （MRB） and CMRB was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and polarized optical microscopy （POM）. The increase of crystallization temperature and crystallization rate during nonisothermal crystallization process indicated both PET particles and mierofibrils could serve as nucleating agents and PET microfibrils exhibited higher heterogeneous nucleation ability, which were also vividly revealed by results of POM. Compared with MRB sample, CMRB sample has lower crystallization temperature due to existence of PET microfibrils with smaller aspect ratio and wider distribution. In addition, since in situ compatibilizer tends to stay in the interphase, it could also hinder the diffusion ofiPP molecules to the surface of PET phase, leading to decrease of crystallization rate. Two-dimensional wide-angle X-ray diffi：action （2D-WAXD） was preformed to characterize the crystalline structure of the samples by injection molding, and it was found that well-developed PET microfibrils contained in MRB sample promoted formation of t-phase of/PP.
