通用大语言模型(large language model,LLM)在数学古籍领域常因专业术语识别不准确、上下文关系理解偏差、知识推理不全和计算过程错误而产生严重的幻觉(hallucination)问题,包括事实性幻觉、忠实性幻觉和逻辑性幻觉。检索增强生成(retr...通用大语言模型(large language model,LLM)在数学古籍领域常因专业术语识别不准确、上下文关系理解偏差、知识推理不全和计算过程错误而产生严重的幻觉(hallucination)问题,包括事实性幻觉、忠实性幻觉和逻辑性幻觉。检索增强生成(retrieval-augmented generation,RAG)技术引入外部领域文本,目前是缓解大语言模型领域事实性幻觉的一种有效方法。然而RAG的检索内容存在噪声,且知识片段之间缺乏深层关联,使得RAG在缓解忠实性幻觉和逻辑性幻觉方面的能力较为有限。领域知识图谱(domain knowledge graph,DKG)具有将领域知识关联起来的能力,为此提出了DKG和RAG协同知识增强框架(collaborative knowledge augmentation between domain knowledge graph and retrieval-augmented generation,CogKAG),并构建数学古籍《九章算术》领域智能体。CogKAG框架智能体旨在通过检索DKG的结构化领域关联知识和利用RAG检索非结构化领域文本构建动态结构化综合上下文提示,增强LLM的上下文关系及逻辑推理计算能力,从而有效缓解其在数学古籍领域中的忠实性、逻辑性幻觉问题。实验结果证明,CogKAG框架智能体可以显著减轻LLM在数学古籍领域上的幻觉,从而提升在问答(question and answer,QA)任务上的性能。展开更多
I was 26 the first time I travelled to China,and even now,it feels like an unexpected chapter in my life.The opportunity came out of the blue.I learned,just a month before departure,that I had been selected for a one-...I was 26 the first time I travelled to China,and even now,it feels like an unexpected chapter in my life.The opportunity came out of the blue.I learned,just a month before departure,that I had been selected for a one-month professional training programme.The news ignited a wave of excitement.For nearly two weeks,I stayed up late into the night,imagining a country I had never seen,trying to picture what China might really be like,beyond the images in books,films and media.展开更多
House of Commons 众议院(加拿大议会的组成部分之一,现有295个议席,议员每届任期5年。众议院的主要权限是立法。)Senate 参议院(加拿大议会的组成部分之一,现有104个议席,参议员由内阁总理提名,由总督以英王的名义任命。参议院的主要...House of Commons 众议院(加拿大议会的组成部分之一,现有295个议席,议员每届任期5年。众议院的主要权限是立法。)Senate 参议院(加拿大议会的组成部分之一,现有104个议席,参议员由内阁总理提名,由总督以英王的名义任命。参议院的主要职权有立法权、评议权和调查权。)展开更多
The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition was reviewed and approved by the National Medical Products Administration and the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China in July 2020.The current edition w...The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition was reviewed and approved by the National Medical Products Administration and the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China in July 2020.The current edition was officially implemented on December 30,2020.The general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia discuss the general testing methods and guidelines,which are the common requirements and basis for the implementation of drug standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Owing to adherence to the principles of scientificity,versatility,operability,and sustainable development,there is an improvement in the general chapters of the 2020 edition over those of the previous editions.Further,the application of advanced and mature analytical techniques has expanded,the development of testing methods for exogenous pollutants in traditional Chinese medicines has been strengthened,and technical requirements are now better harmonized with international standards.The updated edition provides technical and methodological support to ensure safety,effectiveness,and control of pharmaceuticals in China and will play an important and active role in encouraging the application of advanced technologies,improving the quality control of medicines,and strengthening the means of drug regulation in China.This review provides a comprehensive introduction of the main features of and changes to the general chapters in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition and aims to provide reference for its correct understanding and accurate implementation.展开更多
Yang Hui was one of the most important authors of mathematical works during the thirteenth century.Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters(Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa詳解九章算法,1261 CE)is the earlie...Yang Hui was one of the most important authors of mathematical works during the thirteenth century.Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters(Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa詳解九章算法,1261 CE)is the earliest extant work attributed to Yang Hui.From the thirteenth to the fifteenth century,this work played a crucial role in the circulation and popularization of The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures(Jiuzhang suanshu九章算术).However,the only surviving printed edition of Mathematical Methods is incomplete and contains many mistakes obstructing contemporary researchers'understanding of this work.The "Fangcheng" chapter of The Nine Chapters deals with problems related to solving what today are known as simultaneous sets of linear equations.However,interpreting the text in this chapter of Mathematical Methods and recovering the mathematical practices relating to fangcheng are difficult.Through detailed textual and mathematical analyses,the author of this paper explains Yang Hufs understanding and practice relating to〃the fangcheng method"and"the method of the positive and the negative".This paper includes an appendix that provides a detailed translation of the ambiguous text relating to"the method of the positive and the negative"and gives reasons supporting the interpretation provided here.Yang Hufs understanding of the concepts of"positive"and"negative"and his practice relating to these two concepts may easily be confused with their apparent counterparts in modem mathematics.Also,careful analysis of the mathematical methods in this work reveal that the order of problems in Yang Hufs Reclassifications of Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters([Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa zuanlei詳解九章算法纂類],namely,the last section of Mathematical Methods)were rearranged according to commentaries to specific methods that appear in Mathematical Methods.Some textual clues referring to the zzprevious question"(qianwen前問)in certain commentaries of Mathematical Methods indeed reflect the order of problems in Reclassifications.Yang Hui made especially detailed commentaries on the problems that he arranged in a sequence that differs with respect to the original order of problems as they appear in the ancient classic work,The Nine Chapters.All these discoveries reveal and serve to prove a close relationship between Yang Hufs Mathematical Methods and his Reclassifications.展开更多
Motivated by recent advances made in the study of dividend control and risk management problems involving the U.S.bankruptcy code,in this paper we follow[44]to revisit the De Finetti dividend control problem under the...Motivated by recent advances made in the study of dividend control and risk management problems involving the U.S.bankruptcy code,in this paper we follow[44]to revisit the De Finetti dividend control problem under the reorganization process and the regulator's intervention documented in U.S.Chapter 11 bankruptcy.We do this by further accommodating the fixed transaction costs on dividends to imitate the real-world procedure of dividend payments.Incorporating the fixed transaction costs transforms the targeting optimal dividend problem into an impulse control problem rather than a singular control problem,and hence computations and proofs that are distinct from[44]are needed.To account for the financial stress that is due to the more subtle concept of Chapter 11 bankruptcy,the surplus process after dividends is driven by a piece-wise spectrally negative Lévy process with endogenous regime switching.Some explicit expressions of the expected net present values under a double barrier dividend strategy,new to the literature,are established in terms of scale functions.With the help of these expressions,we are able to characterize the optimal strategy among the set of admissible double barrier dividend strategies.When the tail of the Lévy measure is log-convex,this optimal double barrier dividend strategy is then verified as the optimal dividend strategy,solving our optimal impulse control problem.展开更多
The year of 2018 marks the 65th anniversary of the discovery of DNA double helix and the 15th anniversary of the successful completion of the international Human Genome Project (HGP),the two revolutions in life scienc...The year of 2018 marks the 65th anniversary of the discovery of DNA double helix and the 15th anniversary of the successful completion of the international Human Genome Project (HGP),the two revolutions in life sciences (Sharp, 2014). The year also sees the effective implementation of the "1%Program", the Chinese contribution to the reference sequence of the human genome,which coincides with the 40th anniversary of the founding of the Genetics Society of China, one of the most influential national academic organizations in China.展开更多
In the report he delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and other important speeches, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new e...In the report he delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and other important speeches, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new era means scientific socialism is full of vitality in 21st century China, and the success of scientific socialism in China is of vital significance to the world socialism, as it enriches mankind＇s imagination for a better world and stands at the forefront of the development of political civilization for the bumanity. These statements provide important theoretical guidance for us to better understand the historical position of socialism with Chinese characteristics and gain deep insights into the historical and logical correlation between socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era and the world socialism.展开更多
'Dawn sees saturated reds;the town’s heavy with blooms.'We,more than 90 experts and scholars from home and abroad,attended The Academic Seminar on the Land of Abundance and the Silk Road held by the Associati...'Dawn sees saturated reds;the town’s heavy with blooms.'We,more than 90 experts and scholars from home and abroad,attended The Academic Seminar on the Land of Abundance and the Silk Road held by the Association of Chinese Historians,the Guangming Daily Press,the Society for Chinese Archaeology,the Chinese Society on Ancient Capitals,the School of Archaeology and Museology of Peking University,and Sichuan Academy of展开更多
文摘通用大语言模型(large language model,LLM)在数学古籍领域常因专业术语识别不准确、上下文关系理解偏差、知识推理不全和计算过程错误而产生严重的幻觉(hallucination)问题,包括事实性幻觉、忠实性幻觉和逻辑性幻觉。检索增强生成(retrieval-augmented generation,RAG)技术引入外部领域文本,目前是缓解大语言模型领域事实性幻觉的一种有效方法。然而RAG的检索内容存在噪声,且知识片段之间缺乏深层关联,使得RAG在缓解忠实性幻觉和逻辑性幻觉方面的能力较为有限。领域知识图谱(domain knowledge graph,DKG)具有将领域知识关联起来的能力,为此提出了DKG和RAG协同知识增强框架(collaborative knowledge augmentation between domain knowledge graph and retrieval-augmented generation,CogKAG),并构建数学古籍《九章算术》领域智能体。CogKAG框架智能体旨在通过检索DKG的结构化领域关联知识和利用RAG检索非结构化领域文本构建动态结构化综合上下文提示,增强LLM的上下文关系及逻辑推理计算能力,从而有效缓解其在数学古籍领域中的忠实性、逻辑性幻觉问题。实验结果证明,CogKAG框架智能体可以显著减轻LLM在数学古籍领域上的幻觉,从而提升在问答(question and answer,QA)任务上的性能。
文摘I was 26 the first time I travelled to China,and even now,it feels like an unexpected chapter in my life.The opportunity came out of the blue.I learned,just a month before departure,that I had been selected for a one-month professional training programme.The news ignited a wave of excitement.For nearly two weeks,I stayed up late into the night,imagining a country I had never seen,trying to picture what China might really be like,beyond the images in books,films and media.
基金financial support from the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission Drug Standard Promoting Funds and Comprehensive Reform of the Chinese Drug and Medical Device Review and Approval System Funds(2015e2020)。
文摘The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition was reviewed and approved by the National Medical Products Administration and the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China in July 2020.The current edition was officially implemented on December 30,2020.The general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia discuss the general testing methods and guidelines,which are the common requirements and basis for the implementation of drug standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Owing to adherence to the principles of scientificity,versatility,operability,and sustainable development,there is an improvement in the general chapters of the 2020 edition over those of the previous editions.Further,the application of advanced and mature analytical techniques has expanded,the development of testing methods for exogenous pollutants in traditional Chinese medicines has been strengthened,and technical requirements are now better harmonized with international standards.The updated edition provides technical and methodological support to ensure safety,effectiveness,and control of pharmaceuticals in China and will play an important and active role in encouraging the application of advanced technologies,improving the quality control of medicines,and strengthening the means of drug regulation in China.This review provides a comprehensive introduction of the main features of and changes to the general chapters in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition and aims to provide reference for its correct understanding and accurate implementation.
基金research projects“Elements of Continuity between Mathematical Writings from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century in China(十三至十五世纪中国数学著作连续性Y950051)”“Transmission of the Knowledge of Science and Technology along the Silk Road(丝绸之路科技知识传播Y921011012,Director:Guo Yuanyuan郭园园)”of the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The paper has been copyedited by John Moffett。
文摘Yang Hui was one of the most important authors of mathematical works during the thirteenth century.Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters(Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa詳解九章算法,1261 CE)is the earliest extant work attributed to Yang Hui.From the thirteenth to the fifteenth century,this work played a crucial role in the circulation and popularization of The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures(Jiuzhang suanshu九章算术).However,the only surviving printed edition of Mathematical Methods is incomplete and contains many mistakes obstructing contemporary researchers'understanding of this work.The "Fangcheng" chapter of The Nine Chapters deals with problems related to solving what today are known as simultaneous sets of linear equations.However,interpreting the text in this chapter of Mathematical Methods and recovering the mathematical practices relating to fangcheng are difficult.Through detailed textual and mathematical analyses,the author of this paper explains Yang Hufs understanding and practice relating to〃the fangcheng method"and"the method of the positive and the negative".This paper includes an appendix that provides a detailed translation of the ambiguous text relating to"the method of the positive and the negative"and gives reasons supporting the interpretation provided here.Yang Hufs understanding of the concepts of"positive"and"negative"and his practice relating to these two concepts may easily be confused with their apparent counterparts in modem mathematics.Also,careful analysis of the mathematical methods in this work reveal that the order of problems in Yang Hufs Reclassifications of Mathematical Methods Explaining in Detail The Nine Chapters([Xiangjie jiuzhang suanfa zuanlei詳解九章算法纂類],namely,the last section of Mathematical Methods)were rearranged according to commentaries to specific methods that appear in Mathematical Methods.Some textual clues referring to the zzprevious question"(qianwen前問)in certain commentaries of Mathematical Methods indeed reflect the order of problems in Reclassifications.Yang Hui made especially detailed commentaries on the problems that he arranged in a sequence that differs with respect to the original order of problems as they appear in the ancient classic work,The Nine Chapters.All these discoveries reveal and serve to prove a close relationship between Yang Hufs Mathematical Methods and his Reclassifications.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12171405 and 11661074)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Fujian Province University+2 种基金the financial support from the Characteristic&Preponderant Discipline of Key Construction Universities in Zhejiang Province(Zhejiang Gongshang University-Statistics)Collaborative Innovation Center of Statistical Data Engineering Technology&ApplicationDigital+Discipline Construction Project(SZJ2022B004)。
文摘Motivated by recent advances made in the study of dividend control and risk management problems involving the U.S.bankruptcy code,in this paper we follow[44]to revisit the De Finetti dividend control problem under the reorganization process and the regulator's intervention documented in U.S.Chapter 11 bankruptcy.We do this by further accommodating the fixed transaction costs on dividends to imitate the real-world procedure of dividend payments.Incorporating the fixed transaction costs transforms the targeting optimal dividend problem into an impulse control problem rather than a singular control problem,and hence computations and proofs that are distinct from[44]are needed.To account for the financial stress that is due to the more subtle concept of Chapter 11 bankruptcy,the surplus process after dividends is driven by a piece-wise spectrally negative Lévy process with endogenous regime switching.Some explicit expressions of the expected net present values under a double barrier dividend strategy,new to the literature,are established in terms of scale functions.With the help of these expressions,we are able to characterize the optimal strategy among the set of admissible double barrier dividend strategies.When the tail of the Lévy measure is log-convex,this optimal double barrier dividend strategy is then verified as the optimal dividend strategy,solving our optimal impulse control problem.
文摘The year of 2018 marks the 65th anniversary of the discovery of DNA double helix and the 15th anniversary of the successful completion of the international Human Genome Project (HGP),the two revolutions in life sciences (Sharp, 2014). The year also sees the effective implementation of the "1%Program", the Chinese contribution to the reference sequence of the human genome,which coincides with the 40th anniversary of the founding of the Genetics Society of China, one of the most influential national academic organizations in China.
文摘In the report he delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and other important speeches, General Secretary Xi Jinping stressed that socialism with Chinese characteristics entering a new era means scientific socialism is full of vitality in 21st century China, and the success of scientific socialism in China is of vital significance to the world socialism, as it enriches mankind＇s imagination for a better world and stands at the forefront of the development of political civilization for the bumanity. These statements provide important theoretical guidance for us to better understand the historical position of socialism with Chinese characteristics and gain deep insights into the historical and logical correlation between socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era and the world socialism.
文摘'Dawn sees saturated reds;the town’s heavy with blooms.'We,more than 90 experts and scholars from home and abroad,attended The Academic Seminar on the Land of Abundance and the Silk Road held by the Association of Chinese Historians,the Guangming Daily Press,the Society for Chinese Archaeology,the Chinese Society on Ancient Capitals,the School of Archaeology and Museology of Peking University,and Sichuan Academy of
