This paper focuses on research e-infrastructures in the open science era.We analyze some of the challenges and opportunities of cloud-based science and introduce an example of a national solution in the China Science ...This paper focuses on research e-infrastructures in the open science era.We analyze some of the challenges and opportunities of cloud-based science and introduce an example of a national solution in the China Science and Technology Cloud(CSTCloud).We selected three CSTCloud use cases in deploying open science modules,including scalable engineering in astronomical data management,integrated Earth-science resources for SDG-13 decision making,and the coupling of citizen science and artificial intelligence(AI)techniques in biodiversity.We conclude with a forecast on the future development of research e-infrastructures and introduce the idea of the Global Open Science Cloud(GOSC).We hope this analysis can provide some insights into the future development of research e-infrastructures in support of open science.展开更多
The upward lightning(UL) initiated from the top of tall buildings(at least above 100 m) is a type of atmospheric discharge. Currently, we understand the nature of the UL from ground observations, but the corresponding...The upward lightning(UL) initiated from the top of tall buildings(at least above 100 m) is a type of atmospheric discharge. Currently, we understand the nature of the UL from ground observations, but the corresponding theoretical research is lacking. Based on an existing bidirectional leader stochastic model, a stochastic parameterization scheme for the UL has been built and embedded in an existing two-dimensional thundercloud charge/discharge model. The ULs simulated from the experiments with two-dimensional high resolution agree generally with the observation results. By analyzing the charge structure of thunderstorm clouds, we determined the in-cloud environmental characteristics that favor the initiation of conventional cloud-to-ground(CG) flashes and analyzed the differences and similarities of some characteristics of the positive and the negative UL. Simulation results indicate that the positive ULs are typically other-lightning-triggered ULs(OLTUL) and are usually a discharge phenomenon between the ground and the lower positive charge region appearing below the main middle negative charge region. The effect of the previous in-cloud lightning(IC) process of space electrical field provides favorable conditions for the initiation of a positive UL. Its entire discharge process is limited, and the branches of the leader are fewer in number as its discharge is not sufficient. A negative UL is generally a discharge phenomenon of the dipole charge structure between the ground and the main negative charge region. The lower temperature stratification and the sinking of the hydrometeors typically initiate a negative UL. Negative ULs develop strongly and have more branches. The OLTUL is initiated mainly during the development stage of a thunderstorm, while the self-triggered UL(STUL) is initiated mainly during the dissipation stage of a thunderstorm.展开更多
基金supported by funding from the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFE0111500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72104229)+1 种基金the CAS Program for fostering international mega-science(No.241711KYSB20200023)the CAS President's International Fellowship Initiative(No.2021VTA0006).
文摘This paper focuses on research e-infrastructures in the open science era.We analyze some of the challenges and opportunities of cloud-based science and introduce an example of a national solution in the China Science and Technology Cloud(CSTCloud).We selected three CSTCloud use cases in deploying open science modules,including scalable engineering in astronomical data management,integrated Earth-science resources for SDG-13 decision making,and the coupling of citizen science and artificial intelligence(AI)techniques in biodiversity.We conclude with a forecast on the future development of research e-infrastructures and introduce the idea of the Global Open Science Cloud(GOSC).We hope this analysis can provide some insights into the future development of research e-infrastructures in support of open science.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. 2014CB441403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41175003 & 41475003)
文摘The upward lightning(UL) initiated from the top of tall buildings(at least above 100 m) is a type of atmospheric discharge. Currently, we understand the nature of the UL from ground observations, but the corresponding theoretical research is lacking. Based on an existing bidirectional leader stochastic model, a stochastic parameterization scheme for the UL has been built and embedded in an existing two-dimensional thundercloud charge/discharge model. The ULs simulated from the experiments with two-dimensional high resolution agree generally with the observation results. By analyzing the charge structure of thunderstorm clouds, we determined the in-cloud environmental characteristics that favor the initiation of conventional cloud-to-ground(CG) flashes and analyzed the differences and similarities of some characteristics of the positive and the negative UL. Simulation results indicate that the positive ULs are typically other-lightning-triggered ULs(OLTUL) and are usually a discharge phenomenon between the ground and the lower positive charge region appearing below the main middle negative charge region. The effect of the previous in-cloud lightning(IC) process of space electrical field provides favorable conditions for the initiation of a positive UL. Its entire discharge process is limited, and the branches of the leader are fewer in number as its discharge is not sufficient. A negative UL is generally a discharge phenomenon of the dipole charge structure between the ground and the main negative charge region. The lower temperature stratification and the sinking of the hydrometeors typically initiate a negative UL. Negative ULs develop strongly and have more branches. The OLTUL is initiated mainly during the development stage of a thunderstorm, while the self-triggered UL(STUL) is initiated mainly during the dissipation stage of a thunderstorm.
