This paper mainly discusses the origin and deposhional features of fan-deltas and braid deltas. Fan-del-tas are storm discharge-dominated, while braid deltas are usually flashy flood-dominated. The two types ofdelta, ...This paper mainly discusses the origin and deposhional features of fan-deltas and braid deltas. Fan-del-tas are storm discharge-dominated, while braid deltas are usually flashy flood-dominated. The two types ofdelta, like common deltas, were reworked by marine processes. Delta systems are classified into nine deltatypes on the basis of the subaerial depositional processes and the nature of marine reworking. Fan-deltas and braid deltas are of great significance for petroleum exploration. In divergent-marginforeland and intraplate rift-subsided basin settings fan-deltas often form combination traps for petroleum ac-cumulation.展开更多
Elateridae（click beetles） is the largest family within the Elateroidea and is abundant worldwide. However, their phylogenetic relationships remain uncertain; older studies based on the external morphology of adults ...Elateridae（click beetles） is the largest family within the Elateroidea and is abundant worldwide. However, their phylogenetic relationships remain uncertain; older studies based on the external morphology of adults and larvae led to divergent classification systems. Many tribes, genera, and even subfamilies remain controversial. Partial sequences of 28S ribosomal DNA（rDNA） were used to investigate the phylogeny of click beetles. Sequences of 28S rDNA from 80 different click beetle species collected from different locations across China were determined along with those of another 86 Elateridae species and 14 outgroup species. The aligned data were analyzed by neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. All methods produced a nearly consistent basal topology that was partially congruent with those of previous studies based on adult and larval morphology as well as molecular data. Overall, the monophyly of Elateridae was supported. The family was divided into five clades, Denticollinae, Negastriinae, Cardiophorinae, Pyrophorinae, Oestodinae, and Elaterinae. Senodonia is traditionally considered a member of Elateridae, but this study indicated that it was more closely related to Lycidae. The position of the outgroup family Lampyridae also differed from its placement in previous research. In addition to confirming the Elateridae as monophyletic, we concluded that Oxynopterinae, Pityobiinae, and Hypnoidinae should be merged into Denticollinae; Conoderinae and Agrypninae should be regarded as subgroups of Pyrophorinae; and Melanotinae should be classified as a tribe of Elaterinae. Additional species should be sampled in future studies to confirm this reclassification.展开更多
The Kabul-Mazar Highway connects Kabul,the capital of Afghanistan,to northern provinces of the country,and further extends into Central Asian countries through the Hindukush mountains.The Salang Tunnel,which is 2600 m...The Kabul-Mazar Highway connects Kabul,the capital of Afghanistan,to northern provinces of the country,and further extends into Central Asian countries through the Hindukush mountains.The Salang Tunnel,which is 2600 m long,was designed by Soviet engineers in 1958 and constructed using conventional techniques in 1964.During its construction,the tunnel ranked the distinction of being the highest-altitude tunnel at 3400 m.The socioeconomic importance of the tunnel is exceptionally high,as the Hindukush Mountain range to the east and south of the country is crossed by it.Since 1964,there has been a significant increase in traffic volume.Due to the narrowness of the existing tunnel,the Ministry of Public Works(MOPW)of Afghanistan has planned the con-struction of new twin-tube tunnels.Although there have been rehabilitation and enlargement efforts for the existing tunnel,none of these renovation works have been proven effective,and challenges persist.In 2008,the MOPW initiated a pre-feasibility study for new tunnels,which was finalized in 2012,presenting various options.Subsequently,in early 2018,the MOPW commenced feasibility and detailed studies,leading to the proposal of new twin-tube tunnels,which are designated as the planned tunnels in this paper.In this study,the available geotechnical and environmental data are used to evaluate the rock engineering aspects of the tunnels,including an assessment of the in-situ stress state.A particular emphasis is placed on the reassessment and design of the support system for both the existing and planned tunnels according to RMQR and another system,respectively.The evaluation of the response and stability of the tunnels is concluded,and the implications are subsequently discussed.展开更多
Rock mass deformation modulus is a fundamental factor for a safe and economical design of rock structures like large underground openings, tunneling, and open pit mine as well as foundations in both the initial state ...Rock mass deformation modulus is a fundamental factor for a safe and economical design of rock structures like large underground openings, tunneling, and open pit mine as well as foundations in both the initial state of stresses act on rock mass and its strength characteristics. The rock mass deformation modulus recently has been measured by in-situ loading tests and has been estimated by use of empirical equation based on classification systems and data of laboratory tests. In-situ tests to measure modulus directly are so expensive, times consuming and the reliability of the results of these tests is sometimes doubtful; subsequently, many researches have been carried out to estimate this parameter based on classification systems. In this study, a new empirical equation was proposed by use of statistical analyses based on a database of more than 142 in-situ tests, like plate load tests, dilatometer tests, flat jack tests, and classification systems; in addition, properties of the intact rock.展开更多
Land cover products provide critical information for monitoring and analyzing land surface changes.However,notable disagreement and incompatible classification systems among existing land cover products bring challeng...Land cover products provide critical information for monitoring and analyzing land surface changes.However,notable disagreement and incompatible classification systems among existing land cover products bring challenges in using them.Here,we developed a hierarchical International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme(IGBP)classification system and integrated four widely used land cover products(i.e.,MODIS-IGBP,ESA-CCI,GlobeLand30,and GLC_FCS30)based on their accuracy against a collection of global reference samples.We generated a hybrid global annual land cover product(HYBMAP)with~1 km(1/120°,30″)spatial resolution from 2000 to 2020.The HYBMAP integrates information from the four products of high-and medium-resolution and reduces the disagreement between them by up to 20.1%.The overall accuracy of the HYBMAP is 75.5%,which is higher than the best of the four products(MODIS-IGBP,70.9%).HYBMAP also integrates the temporal change information from the four products and identifies a faster growth of built-up lands.The HYBMAP provides more consistent and reliable global land cover time series data for global change research.It is free to access at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10488191.展开更多
文摘This paper mainly discusses the origin and deposhional features of fan-deltas and braid deltas. Fan-del-tas are storm discharge-dominated, while braid deltas are usually flashy flood-dominated. The two types ofdelta, like common deltas, were reworked by marine processes. Delta systems are classified into nine deltatypes on the basis of the subaerial depositional processes and the nature of marine reworking. Fan-deltas and braid deltas are of great significance for petroleum exploration. In divergent-marginforeland and intraplate rift-subsided basin settings fan-deltas often form combination traps for petroleum ac-cumulation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772511)Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation Project(QianKeHe LH Zi [2016]7214)+1 种基金Earmarked Fund for Construction of the Key Laboratory for Conservation and Innovation of Buckwheat Germplasm in Guizhou(QianJiaoHe KY Zi [2017] 002)the Doctoral Research Project of Guizhou Normal University
文摘Elateridae（click beetles） is the largest family within the Elateroidea and is abundant worldwide. However, their phylogenetic relationships remain uncertain; older studies based on the external morphology of adults and larvae led to divergent classification systems. Many tribes, genera, and even subfamilies remain controversial. Partial sequences of 28S ribosomal DNA（rDNA） were used to investigate the phylogeny of click beetles. Sequences of 28S rDNA from 80 different click beetle species collected from different locations across China were determined along with those of another 86 Elateridae species and 14 outgroup species. The aligned data were analyzed by neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. All methods produced a nearly consistent basal topology that was partially congruent with those of previous studies based on adult and larval morphology as well as molecular data. Overall, the monophyly of Elateridae was supported. The family was divided into five clades, Denticollinae, Negastriinae, Cardiophorinae, Pyrophorinae, Oestodinae, and Elaterinae. Senodonia is traditionally considered a member of Elateridae, but this study indicated that it was more closely related to Lycidae. The position of the outgroup family Lampyridae also differed from its placement in previous research. In addition to confirming the Elateridae as monophyletic, we concluded that Oxynopterinae, Pityobiinae, and Hypnoidinae should be merged into Denticollinae; Conoderinae and Agrypninae should be regarded as subgroups of Pyrophorinae; and Melanotinae should be classified as a tribe of Elaterinae. Additional species should be sampled in future studies to confirm this reclassification.
文摘The Kabul-Mazar Highway connects Kabul,the capital of Afghanistan,to northern provinces of the country,and further extends into Central Asian countries through the Hindukush mountains.The Salang Tunnel,which is 2600 m long,was designed by Soviet engineers in 1958 and constructed using conventional techniques in 1964.During its construction,the tunnel ranked the distinction of being the highest-altitude tunnel at 3400 m.The socioeconomic importance of the tunnel is exceptionally high,as the Hindukush Mountain range to the east and south of the country is crossed by it.Since 1964,there has been a significant increase in traffic volume.Due to the narrowness of the existing tunnel,the Ministry of Public Works(MOPW)of Afghanistan has planned the con-struction of new twin-tube tunnels.Although there have been rehabilitation and enlargement efforts for the existing tunnel,none of these renovation works have been proven effective,and challenges persist.In 2008,the MOPW initiated a pre-feasibility study for new tunnels,which was finalized in 2012,presenting various options.Subsequently,in early 2018,the MOPW commenced feasibility and detailed studies,leading to the proposal of new twin-tube tunnels,which are designated as the planned tunnels in this paper.In this study,the available geotechnical and environmental data are used to evaluate the rock engineering aspects of the tunnels,including an assessment of the in-situ stress state.A particular emphasis is placed on the reassessment and design of the support system for both the existing and planned tunnels according to RMQR and another system,respectively.The evaluation of the response and stability of the tunnels is concluded,and the implications are subsequently discussed.
文摘Rock mass deformation modulus is a fundamental factor for a safe and economical design of rock structures like large underground openings, tunneling, and open pit mine as well as foundations in both the initial state of stresses act on rock mass and its strength characteristics. The rock mass deformation modulus recently has been measured by in-situ loading tests and has been estimated by use of empirical equation based on classification systems and data of laboratory tests. In-situ tests to measure modulus directly are so expensive, times consuming and the reliability of the results of these tests is sometimes doubtful; subsequently, many researches have been carried out to estimate this parameter based on classification systems. In this study, a new empirical equation was proposed by use of statistical analyses based on a database of more than 142 in-situ tests, like plate load tests, dilatometer tests, flat jack tests, and classification systems; in addition, properties of the intact rock.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42271104)the Shenzhen Funda-mental Research Program(GXWD20201231165807007-20200814213435001)+1 种基金the Shenzhen Science and Tech nology Program(JCYJ20220531093201004)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(KQTD20221101093604016).
文摘Land cover products provide critical information for monitoring and analyzing land surface changes.However,notable disagreement and incompatible classification systems among existing land cover products bring challenges in using them.Here,we developed a hierarchical International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme(IGBP)classification system and integrated four widely used land cover products(i.e.,MODIS-IGBP,ESA-CCI,GlobeLand30,and GLC_FCS30)based on their accuracy against a collection of global reference samples.We generated a hybrid global annual land cover product(HYBMAP)with~1 km(1/120°,30″)spatial resolution from 2000 to 2020.The HYBMAP integrates information from the four products of high-and medium-resolution and reduces the disagreement between them by up to 20.1%.The overall accuracy of the HYBMAP is 75.5%,which is higher than the best of the four products(MODIS-IGBP,70.9%).HYBMAP also integrates the temporal change information from the four products and identifies a faster growth of built-up lands.The HYBMAP provides more consistent and reliable global land cover time series data for global change research.It is free to access at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10488191.
