The exact dynamics of an open quantum system consisting of one qubit driven by a classical driving field is investigated. Our attention is focused on the influences of single-and two-photon excitations on the dynamics...The exact dynamics of an open quantum system consisting of one qubit driven by a classical driving field is investigated. Our attention is focused on the influences of single-and two-photon excitations on the dynamics of quantum coherence and quantum entanglement. It is shown that the atomic coherence can be improved or even maintained by the classical driving field, the non-Markovian effect, and the atom-reservoir detuning. The interconversion between the atomic coherence and the atom-reservoir entanglement exists and can be controlled by the appropriate conditions. The conservation of coherence for different partitions is explored, and the dynamics of a system with two-photon excitations is different from the case of single-photon excitation.展开更多
Lithium-metal batteries with high energy/power densities have significant applications in electronics,electric vehicles,and stationary power plants.However,the unstable lithium-metal-anode/electrolyte interface has in...Lithium-metal batteries with high energy/power densities have significant applications in electronics,electric vehicles,and stationary power plants.However,the unstable lithium-metal-anode/electrolyte interface has induced insufficient cycle life and safety issues.To improve the cycle life and safety,understanding the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)and growth of lithium dendrites near the anode/electrolyte interface,regulating the electrodeposition/electrostripping processes of Li^(+),and developing multiple approaches for protecting the lithium-metal surface and SEI layer are crucial and necessary.This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress in SEI and lithium dendrite growth in terms of their classical electrochemical lithium plating/stripping processes,interface interaction/nucleation processes,anode geometric evolution,fundamental electrolyte reduction mechanisms,and effects on battery performance.Some important aspects,such as charge transfer,the local current distribution,solvation,desolvation,ion diffusion through the interface,inhibition of dendrites by the SEI,additives,models for dendrite formation,heterogeneous nucleation,asymmetric processes during stripping/plating,the host matrix,and in situ nucleation characterization,are also analyzed based on experimental observations and theoretical calculations.Several technical challenges in improving SEI properties and reducing lithium dendrite growth are analyzed.Furthermore,possible future research directions for overcoming the challenges are also proposed to facilitate further research and development toward practical applications.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61675115,11204156,11574178,11304179,and 11647172)the Science and Technology Plan Projects of Shandong University,China(Grant No.J16LJ52)
文摘The exact dynamics of an open quantum system consisting of one qubit driven by a classical driving field is investigated. Our attention is focused on the influences of single-and two-photon excitations on the dynamics of quantum coherence and quantum entanglement. It is shown that the atomic coherence can be improved or even maintained by the classical driving field, the non-Markovian effect, and the atom-reservoir detuning. The interconversion between the atomic coherence and the atom-reservoir entanglement exists and can be controlled by the appropriate conditions. The conservation of coherence for different partitions is explored, and the dynamics of a system with two-photon excitations is different from the case of single-photon excitation.
基金supported primarily by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0710303)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22109025)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(2021J05121).
文摘Lithium-metal batteries with high energy/power densities have significant applications in electronics,electric vehicles,and stationary power plants.However,the unstable lithium-metal-anode/electrolyte interface has induced insufficient cycle life and safety issues.To improve the cycle life and safety,understanding the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)and growth of lithium dendrites near the anode/electrolyte interface,regulating the electrodeposition/electrostripping processes of Li^(+),and developing multiple approaches for protecting the lithium-metal surface and SEI layer are crucial and necessary.This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress in SEI and lithium dendrite growth in terms of their classical electrochemical lithium plating/stripping processes,interface interaction/nucleation processes,anode geometric evolution,fundamental electrolyte reduction mechanisms,and effects on battery performance.Some important aspects,such as charge transfer,the local current distribution,solvation,desolvation,ion diffusion through the interface,inhibition of dendrites by the SEI,additives,models for dendrite formation,heterogeneous nucleation,asymmetric processes during stripping/plating,the host matrix,and in situ nucleation characterization,are also analyzed based on experimental observations and theoretical calculations.Several technical challenges in improving SEI properties and reducing lithium dendrite growth are analyzed.Furthermore,possible future research directions for overcoming the challenges are also proposed to facilitate further research and development toward practical applications.
