Ever since Lawrence Goodwyn published The Populist Moment, social historians have been keenly aware of the power culture represents when it comes to resistance. Historically, ＂movement culture＂ has been used to crea...Ever since Lawrence Goodwyn published The Populist Moment, social historians have been keenly aware of the power culture represents when it comes to resistance. Historically, ＂movement culture＂ has been used to create a collective climate and offered political activists a springboard to discuss with the masses the benefits of joining a social movement. ＂Beyond the Dreams of Loveliness＂ uses the cultural outlet of film and the labor movement in the city of Detroit as analytical tools to examine working class community resistance throughout the 1930s. In the midst of the ＂golden age of film＂ community activists and union organizers--some of whom were well-known radicals and some of whom were mainstream unionists--used the institution of cinema to instill a level of class consciousness in the masses and mobilize the working class community against exploitation of employers, reactionary politicians, and white supremacist organizations. Movie-going had been a very popular form of recreation in Detroit since the 1920s and downtown theatres increasingly became the destination of an eclectic array of workers. Movie theaters themselves were bastions of community activity around the thirties and many were located in the heart of the city＇s working class district. Yet it was the films themselves that offered community activists and unionists a chance to converse with workers regarding the socio-economic matters of the day. Hollywood released a good number of films that dealt with working class issues and provided activists with ample opportunities to ＂instruct＂ the audience and carry on the discussion into the factory or union halls. ＂Beyond the Dreams of Loveliness＂ relies on a combination of oral histories, movie reviews, film clips, and union and/or working class organizational records to illuminate how activists in Detroit＇s working class community used film as an outlet to inspire working class resistance. In sum, film provided an accessible form of entertainment that proved to be effective on two fronts： It promoted increased group cooperation, friendship, and alliances while it also fostered a shared culture, making it easier for activists to organize workers in the coming struggles for unionism.展开更多
Stop frequency models, as one of the elements of activity based models, represent an important part of travel behavior. Unobserved heterogeneity across the travelers should be taken into consideration to prevent biase...Stop frequency models, as one of the elements of activity based models, represent an important part of travel behavior. Unobserved heterogeneity across the travelers should be taken into consideration to prevent biasedness and inconsistency in the estimated parameters in the stop frequency models. Additionally, previous studies on the stop frequency have mostly been done in larger metropolitan areas and less attention has been paid to the areas with less population. This study addresses these gaps by using 2012 travel data from a medium sized U.S. urban area using the work tour for the case study. Stop in the work tour were classified into three groups of outbound leg, work based subtour, and inbound leg of the commutes. Latent Class Poisson Regression Models were used to analyze the data. The results indicate the presence of heterogeneity across the commuters. Using latent class models significantly improves the predictive power of the models compared to regular one class Poisson regression models. In contrast to one class Poisson models, gender becomes insignificant in predicting the number of tours when unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for. The commuters are associated with increased stops on their work based subtour when the employment density of service-related occupations increases in their work zone, but employment density of retail employment does not significantly contribute to the stop making likelihood of the commuters. Additionally, an increase in the number of work tours was associated with fewer stops on the inbound leg of the commute. The results of this study suggest the consideration of unobserved heterogeneity in the stop frequency models and help transportation agencies and policy makers make better inferences from such models.展开更多
The traditional teacher-centered ESL class has been prevalent in China for years. Under this circumstance, teachers tend to adopt a spoon-fed teaching method, and become the dominator in ESL class by setting the same ...The traditional teacher-centered ESL class has been prevalent in China for years. Under this circumstance, teachers tend to adopt a spoon-fed teaching method, and become the dominator in ESL class by setting the same instructional pace, explaining a grammar point, leading drill work; while the students' in-class participation is relatively low. As a result, students with different learning styles often feel suffocated in this teacher-dominated class; they desire to have more opportunities to participate in the free interactions or group discussions.Based on the theoretical framework of interactive teaching approach suggested by Lightbown and Spada(1993),the research aims to analyze the merits of students' in-group interaction and to examine the feasibility of implementing it in Chinese ESL class. The research reveals that in-group interaction can cultivate students' independent learning habits by granting them autonomy to bring about the problem and tackle them. Nonetheless, different perceptions from several students and teachers upon group work may influence the usefulness. The research strives to be instructive for the more efficient application of in-group interaction in Chinese ESL class.展开更多
The current situation of English learners in class is not optimistic. Facing with such a situation, how to promote students' learning is a big problem in English teaching. Cooperative learning is a kind of effecti...The current situation of English learners in class is not optimistic. Facing with such a situation, how to promote students' learning is a big problem in English teaching. Cooperative learning is a kind of effective learning method and teaching strategy,which is student-centered, group-centered, and aims at common learning goals. The paper focuses on the definition, advantages and effective implementation of cooperative learning.展开更多
文摘Ever since Lawrence Goodwyn published The Populist Moment, social historians have been keenly aware of the power culture represents when it comes to resistance. Historically, ＂movement culture＂ has been used to create a collective climate and offered political activists a springboard to discuss with the masses the benefits of joining a social movement. ＂Beyond the Dreams of Loveliness＂ uses the cultural outlet of film and the labor movement in the city of Detroit as analytical tools to examine working class community resistance throughout the 1930s. In the midst of the ＂golden age of film＂ community activists and union organizers--some of whom were well-known radicals and some of whom were mainstream unionists--used the institution of cinema to instill a level of class consciousness in the masses and mobilize the working class community against exploitation of employers, reactionary politicians, and white supremacist organizations. Movie-going had been a very popular form of recreation in Detroit since the 1920s and downtown theatres increasingly became the destination of an eclectic array of workers. Movie theaters themselves were bastions of community activity around the thirties and many were located in the heart of the city＇s working class district. Yet it was the films themselves that offered community activists and unionists a chance to converse with workers regarding the socio-economic matters of the day. Hollywood released a good number of films that dealt with working class issues and provided activists with ample opportunities to ＂instruct＂ the audience and carry on the discussion into the factory or union halls. ＂Beyond the Dreams of Loveliness＂ relies on a combination of oral histories, movie reviews, film clips, and union and/or working class organizational records to illuminate how activists in Detroit＇s working class community used film as an outlet to inspire working class resistance. In sum, film provided an accessible form of entertainment that proved to be effective on two fronts： It promoted increased group cooperation, friendship, and alliances while it also fostered a shared culture, making it easier for activists to organize workers in the coming struggles for unionism.
文摘Stop frequency models, as one of the elements of activity based models, represent an important part of travel behavior. Unobserved heterogeneity across the travelers should be taken into consideration to prevent biasedness and inconsistency in the estimated parameters in the stop frequency models. Additionally, previous studies on the stop frequency have mostly been done in larger metropolitan areas and less attention has been paid to the areas with less population. This study addresses these gaps by using 2012 travel data from a medium sized U.S. urban area using the work tour for the case study. Stop in the work tour were classified into three groups of outbound leg, work based subtour, and inbound leg of the commutes. Latent Class Poisson Regression Models were used to analyze the data. The results indicate the presence of heterogeneity across the commuters. Using latent class models significantly improves the predictive power of the models compared to regular one class Poisson regression models. In contrast to one class Poisson models, gender becomes insignificant in predicting the number of tours when unobserved heterogeneity is accounted for. The commuters are associated with increased stops on their work based subtour when the employment density of service-related occupations increases in their work zone, but employment density of retail employment does not significantly contribute to the stop making likelihood of the commuters. Additionally, an increase in the number of work tours was associated with fewer stops on the inbound leg of the commute. The results of this study suggest the consideration of unobserved heterogeneity in the stop frequency models and help transportation agencies and policy makers make better inferences from such models.
文摘The traditional teacher-centered ESL class has been prevalent in China for years. Under this circumstance, teachers tend to adopt a spoon-fed teaching method, and become the dominator in ESL class by setting the same instructional pace, explaining a grammar point, leading drill work; while the students' in-class participation is relatively low. As a result, students with different learning styles often feel suffocated in this teacher-dominated class; they desire to have more opportunities to participate in the free interactions or group discussions.Based on the theoretical framework of interactive teaching approach suggested by Lightbown and Spada(1993),the research aims to analyze the merits of students' in-group interaction and to examine the feasibility of implementing it in Chinese ESL class. The research reveals that in-group interaction can cultivate students' independent learning habits by granting them autonomy to bring about the problem and tackle them. Nonetheless, different perceptions from several students and teachers upon group work may influence the usefulness. The research strives to be instructive for the more efficient application of in-group interaction in Chinese ESL class.
文摘The current situation of English learners in class is not optimistic. Facing with such a situation, how to promote students' learning is a big problem in English teaching. Cooperative learning is a kind of effective learning method and teaching strategy,which is student-centered, group-centered, and aims at common learning goals. The paper focuses on the definition, advantages and effective implementation of cooperative learning.
