This essay mainly focuses on the feedback move in IRF(initiate- response- feedback) to investigate the characters and functions of teacher feedback in different class types through classroom observation. The research ...This essay mainly focuses on the feedback move in IRF(initiate- response- feedback) to investigate the characters and functions of teacher feedback in different class types through classroom observation. The research finds that(1) teachers in different class types prefer to adopt evaluative feedback and use more positive feedback.(2) the proportion of each feedback is different in listening and speaking, reading and writing class. The implications are that English teachers in senior high school should adopt different feedback flexibly and consider what kind of feedback is more likely elicit the students' output in different class types.展开更多
A novel method for analysing the performance of power saving class of Type III in IEEE 802.16e is proposed, which is applicable to design, maintenance and management for mobile wireless metropolitan area network. Cons...A novel method for analysing the performance of power saving class of Type III in IEEE 802.16e is proposed, which is applicable to design, maintenance and management for mobile wireless metropolitan area network. Considering the memoryless nature of user initiated packet arrival, a Geom/G/1 queue model with multiple vacations and setup period is built to capture the principle for the power saving class of Type III. By using an embedded Markov chain method and the boundary state variable theory, we obtain the queueing measures such as queueing length, waiting time and busy cycle in steady state. Correspondingly, we derive explicitly the performance measures for the power saving class of Type III in terms of handover ratio, energy saving ratio, and average packet response time. Based on numerical results, we develop a cost function to determine numerically the optimal length of sleep window and the minimal cost with different offered loads.展开更多
The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor involved in reverse cholesterol transport. Some studies reported the association to be stronger in the presence of diabetes. T...The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor involved in reverse cholesterol transport. Some studies reported the association to be stronger in the presence of diabetes. The full length gene encoding SR-BI is comprised in 13 exons that are alternatively spliced to produce two major transcripts: the full length SR-BI and the splice variant SR-BII, in which exon 12 is skipped. Considering that type 2 diabetes status is characterized by changes in the concentration of plasma lipids, modifications in lipoprotein size and composition, which may be important modulators of the SR-BI expression;the aims of the study were to examine the influence of SR-BI polymorphism (rs838895) on lipid profile and SR-BI mRNA expression in a population of diabetic patients living in Juana Koslay City. Blood samples were drawn from controls (n = 40) and Type 2 diabetic patients (n = 66) and DNA and total RNA were obtained. SR-BI mRNA expression was measured by RT-PCR and SR-BI polymorphism was detected by Tetra Primer ARMSPCR. Compared to controls, diabetic patients had higher fasting serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, and lower highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol. SR-BI mRNA expression was lower in T2DM when compared to controls, suggesting that the hyperglycemia presents in T2DM patients down-regulates SR-BI mRNA expression. Interestingly, we found that decreased SR-BI expression resulted in markedly increased plasma LDL concentrations in T2DM subjects, and the overexpression of SRBII isoform is responsible for the markedly increased plasma LDL-c concentrations. The polymorphism (rs838895) did not modify the mRNA level of SR-BI in leucocytes from control and diabetic patients. This study provides novel evidence suggesting that hyperglycemia may affect reverse cholesterol transport by controlling SRBI expression in diabetic patients. LDL cholesterol levels are associated with low SR-BI mRNA expression in T2DM.展开更多
This research classified vegetation types and evaluated net primary productivity (NPP) of southern China's grasslands based on the improved comprehensive and sequential classification system (CSCS), and proposed ...This research classified vegetation types and evaluated net primary productivity (NPP) of southern China's grasslands based on the improved comprehensive and sequential classification system (CSCS), and proposed 5 thermal grades and 6 humidity grades. Four classes of grasslands vegetation were recognized by improved CSCS, namely, tundra grassland class, typical grassland class, mixed grassland class and alpine grassland class. At the type level, 14 types of vegetations (9 grasslands and 5 forests) were classified. The NPP had a trend to decrease from east to west and south to north, and the annual mean NPP was estimated to be 656.3 g C m-2 yr-1. The NPP value of alpine grassland class was relatively high, generally more than 1200 g C m2 yr-1. The NPP value of mixed grassland class was in a range from 1 000 to 1200 g C m-2 yr-1. Tundra grassland class was located in southeastern Tibet with high elevation, and its NPP value was the lowest (〈600 g C m'2yrl). The typical grassland class distributed in most of the area, and its NPP value was generally from 600 to 1000 g C m-2 yr-1. The total NPP value in the study area was 68.46 Tg C. The NPP value of typical grassland class was the highest (48.44 Tg C), and mixed grassland class was the second (16.54 Tg C), followed by alpine grassland class (3.22 Tg C), with tundra grassland class being the lowest (0.25 Tg C). For all the grasslands types, the total NPP of forest meadow was the highest (34.81 Tg C), followed by sparse forest brush (16.54 Tg C), and montane meadow was the lowest (0.01 Tg C).展开更多
. Let H2 = (-△)2 + V2 be the Schr6dinger type operator, where V satisfies reverse HSlder inequality. In this paper, we establish the Lp boundedness for V2 H2- 1, H21 V2, VH2- 1/2 and Hfl/2V, and that of their comm.... Let H2 = (-△)2 + V2 be the Schr6dinger type operator, where V satisfies reverse HSlder inequality. In this paper, we establish the Lp boundedness for V2 H2- 1, H21 V2, VH2- 1/2 and Hfl/2V, and that of their commutators. We also prove that H^IV2, Hfl/2V are bounded from BMOL to BMOL.展开更多
The main purpose of this paper is to solve the class equation in an alternating group, (i.e. find the solutions set ) and find the number of these solutions where ranges over the conjugacy class in and d is a positive...The main purpose of this paper is to solve the class equation in an alternating group, (i.e. find the solutions set ) and find the number of these solutions where ranges over the conjugacy class in and d is a positive integer. In this paper we solve the class equation in where , for all . is the complement set of where { of , with all parts of are different and odd}. is conjugacy class of and form class depends on the cycle type of its elements If and , then splits into the two classes of .展开更多
β-turn is one of the most important reverse turns because of its role in protein folding. Many computational methods have been studied for predicting β-turns and β-turn types. However, due to the imbalanced dataset...β-turn is one of the most important reverse turns because of its role in protein folding. Many computational methods have been studied for predicting β-turns and β-turn types. However, due to the imbalanced dataset, the performance is still inadequate. In this study, we proposed a novel over-sampling technique FOST to deal with the class-imbalance problem. Experimental results on three standard benchmark datasets showed that our method is comparable with state-of-the-art methods. In addition, we applied our algorithm to five benchmark datasets from UCI Machine Learning Repository and achieved significant improvement in G-mean and Sensitivity. It means that our method is also effective for various imbalanced data other than β-turns and β-turn types.展开更多
Given a fixed prime number p, the multiplet of abelian type invariants of the p-class groups of all unramified cyclic degree p extensions of a number field K is called its IPAD (index-p abeliani- zation data). These i...Given a fixed prime number p, the multiplet of abelian type invariants of the p-class groups of all unramified cyclic degree p extensions of a number field K is called its IPAD (index-p abeliani- zation data). These invariants have proved to be a valuable information for determining the Galois group of the second Hilbert p-class field and the p-capitulation type of K. For p=3 and a number field K with elementary p-class group of rank two, all possible IPADs are given in the complete form of several infinite sequences. Iterated IPADs of second order are used to identify the group of the maximal unramified pro-p extension of K.展开更多
Let F be a number field and p be a prime. In the successive approximation theorem, we prove that, for each integer n ≥ 1, finitely many candidates for the Galois group of the nth stage of the p-class tower over F are...Let F be a number field and p be a prime. In the successive approximation theorem, we prove that, for each integer n ≥ 1, finitely many candidates for the Galois group of the nth stage of the p-class tower over F are determined by abelian type invariants of p-class groups C1pE of unramified extensions E/F with degree [E : F] = pn-1. Illustrated by the most extensive numerical results available currently, the transfer kernels (TE, F) of the p-class extensions TE, F : C1pF → C1pE from F to unramified cyclic degree-p extensions E/F are shown to be capable of narrowing down the number of contestants significantly. By determining the isomorphism type of the maximal subgroups S G of all 3-groups G with coclass cc(G) = 1, and establishing a general theorem on the connection between the p-class towers of a number field F and of an unramified abelian p-extension E/F, we are able to provide a theoretical proof of the realization of certain 3-groups S with maximal class by 3-tower groups of dihedral fields E with degree 6, which could not be realized up to now.展开更多
The standard ordered response model (SORM) is a common disaggregate approach with ordered outcomes in which the effects of various exogenous attributes are assumed constant across ordinal choices. In this study, an in...The standard ordered response model (SORM) is a common disaggregate approach with ordered outcomes in which the effects of various exogenous attributes are assumed constant across ordinal choices. In this study, an innovative latent class based generalized ordered response model (LC-GORM) is formulated and used to assess the effects of various factors on respondents’ choice behavior with respect to congestion charge proposal for Jakarta, Indonesia. The proposed model probabilistically assigns respondents into selfish and altruistic class memberships (latently) based on their knowledge of the proposed scheme and their specific attributes. Aiming to capture observable preference heterogeneity across ordinal choices and allow the thresholds to be varied across observations, we parameterize the thresholds as a linear function of the exogenous variables for each ordinal preference. Using stated preference data collected in Jakarta in December 2013, we incorporate the influence of a comprehensive set of explanatory variables into four categories: charges, latent variables related to respondent’s psychological motivations, mobility attributes and socio-demographic characteristics. Empirical results obviously verify the existence of preference heterogeneity across outcomes. The findings confirm that the altruistic class are more sensitive with respect to acceptance of the scheme, while the selfish class are more sensitive with respect to rejection. The key factors influencing public acceptability include the charge level and respondent variables such as car dependency, awareness of the problem of cars in society, frequency of visits to the city center and frequency of private mode usage.展开更多
Let p be a prime and K be a number field with non-trivial p-class group ClpK. A crucial step in identifying the Galois group G∞p of the maximal unramified pro-p extension of K is to determine its two-stage approximat...Let p be a prime and K be a number field with non-trivial p-class group ClpK. A crucial step in identifying the Galois group G∞p of the maximal unramified pro-p extension of K is to determine its two-stage approximation M=G2pk, that is the second derived quotient M≃G/Gn. The family τ1K of abelian type invariants of the p-class groups ClpL of all unramified cyclic extensions L/K of degree p is called the index- abelianization data (IPAD) of K. It is able to specify a finite batch of contestants for the second p-class group M of K. In this paper we introduce two different kinds of generalized IPADs for obtaining more sophisticated results. The multi-layered IPAD (τ1Kτ(2)K) includes data on unramified abelian extensions L/K of degree p2 and enables sharper bounds for the order of M in the case Clpk≃(p,p,p), where current im-plementations of the p-group generation algorithm fail to produce explicit contestants for M , due to memory limitations. The iterated IPAD of second order τ(2)K contains information on non-abelian unramified extensions L/K of degree p2, or even p3, and admits the identification of the p-class tower group G for various infinite series of quadratic fields K=Q(√d) with ClpK≃(p,p) possessing a p-class field tower of exact length lpK=3 as a striking novelty.展开更多
传统双向E型无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)拓扑易进入硬开关状态,导致电能传输效率低。针对此,该文提出无线电能传输系统的改进E^(#)型拓扑及其移相控制策略。首先,构建软开关状态负载范围更宽的双向E^(#)型WPT电路拓扑数...传统双向E型无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)拓扑易进入硬开关状态,导致电能传输效率低。针对此,该文提出无线电能传输系统的改进E^(#)型拓扑及其移相控制策略。首先,构建软开关状态负载范围更宽的双向E^(#)型WPT电路拓扑数学模型,分析并提取电路实现软开关工作状态的关键变量与约束条件,理论上证明所提拓扑的有效性。然后,推导电路中线圈互感和负载阻抗等参数的解析关系式,并基于此提出可保证系统在负载时始终处于最佳工作状态的移相控制策略。该策略通过控制开关管的门极驱动信号相位,使谐振元件内部储存的能量提前或者滞后释放,从而将开关管修正回软开关状态。最后,通过仿真和实验验证所提双向E^(#)型WPT系统的有效性。实验结果表明,所提方法可保证在5~30Ω的负载范围内电路工作在软开关状态,该范围内的电能传输效率峰值达84.3%。展开更多
针对机器类通信(machine type communication,MTC)中海量用户接入网络造成的低成功接入概率问题,本文提出了一种面向MTC的新型多信道ALOHA(additive links on-line Hawaii area)随机接入方案。该方案分为导频传输阶段和数据传输阶段:导...针对机器类通信(machine type communication,MTC)中海量用户接入网络造成的低成功接入概率问题,本文提出了一种面向MTC的新型多信道ALOHA(additive links on-line Hawaii area)随机接入方案。该方案分为导频传输阶段和数据传输阶段:导频传输阶段允许一个信道被多个用户使用,而数据传输阶段根据用户的不同接入时延需求采用不同的数据传输策略,并且采用接入等级限制对数据传输的用户进行拥塞控制,进而提升用户成功接入概率。仿真结果表明,与现有多信道ALOHA随机接入方案相比,该方案能够极大地提升时延敏感用户成功接入概率和总用户成功接入概率。展开更多
文摘This essay mainly focuses on the feedback move in IRF(initiate- response- feedback) to investigate the characters and functions of teacher feedback in different class types through classroom observation. The research finds that(1) teachers in different class types prefer to adopt evaluative feedback and use more positive feedback.(2) the proportion of each feedback is different in listening and speaking, reading and writing class. The implications are that English teachers in senior high school should adopt different feedback flexibly and consider what kind of feedback is more likely elicit the students' output in different class types.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.10671170,60773100)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province,China (No.2009000475)
文摘A novel method for analysing the performance of power saving class of Type III in IEEE 802.16e is proposed, which is applicable to design, maintenance and management for mobile wireless metropolitan area network. Considering the memoryless nature of user initiated packet arrival, a Geom/G/1 queue model with multiple vacations and setup period is built to capture the principle for the power saving class of Type III. By using an embedded Markov chain method and the boundary state variable theory, we obtain the queueing measures such as queueing length, waiting time and busy cycle in steady state. Correspondingly, we derive explicitly the performance measures for the power saving class of Type III in terms of handover ratio, energy saving ratio, and average packet response time. Based on numerical results, we develop a cost function to determine numerically the optimal length of sleep window and the minimal cost with different offered loads.
文摘The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor involved in reverse cholesterol transport. Some studies reported the association to be stronger in the presence of diabetes. The full length gene encoding SR-BI is comprised in 13 exons that are alternatively spliced to produce two major transcripts: the full length SR-BI and the splice variant SR-BII, in which exon 12 is skipped. Considering that type 2 diabetes status is characterized by changes in the concentration of plasma lipids, modifications in lipoprotein size and composition, which may be important modulators of the SR-BI expression;the aims of the study were to examine the influence of SR-BI polymorphism (rs838895) on lipid profile and SR-BI mRNA expression in a population of diabetic patients living in Juana Koslay City. Blood samples were drawn from controls (n = 40) and Type 2 diabetic patients (n = 66) and DNA and total RNA were obtained. SR-BI mRNA expression was measured by RT-PCR and SR-BI polymorphism was detected by Tetra Primer ARMSPCR. Compared to controls, diabetic patients had higher fasting serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, and lower highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol. SR-BI mRNA expression was lower in T2DM when compared to controls, suggesting that the hyperglycemia presents in T2DM patients down-regulates SR-BI mRNA expression. Interestingly, we found that decreased SR-BI expression resulted in markedly increased plasma LDL concentrations in T2DM subjects, and the overexpression of SRBII isoform is responsible for the markedly increased plasma LDL-c concentrations. The polymorphism (rs838895) did not modify the mRNA level of SR-BI in leucocytes from control and diabetic patients. This study provides novel evidence suggesting that hyperglycemia may affect reverse cholesterol transport by controlling SRBI expression in diabetic patients. LDL cholesterol levels are associated with low SR-BI mRNA expression in T2DM.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB950702)the National High-Technology Reaearch and Development Program of China(2007AA10Z231)the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research Project(ARCP201106CMY-Li)
文摘This research classified vegetation types and evaluated net primary productivity (NPP) of southern China's grasslands based on the improved comprehensive and sequential classification system (CSCS), and proposed 5 thermal grades and 6 humidity grades. Four classes of grasslands vegetation were recognized by improved CSCS, namely, tundra grassland class, typical grassland class, mixed grassland class and alpine grassland class. At the type level, 14 types of vegetations (9 grasslands and 5 forests) were classified. The NPP had a trend to decrease from east to west and south to north, and the annual mean NPP was estimated to be 656.3 g C m-2 yr-1. The NPP value of alpine grassland class was relatively high, generally more than 1200 g C m2 yr-1. The NPP value of mixed grassland class was in a range from 1 000 to 1200 g C m-2 yr-1. Tundra grassland class was located in southeastern Tibet with high elevation, and its NPP value was the lowest (〈600 g C m'2yrl). The typical grassland class distributed in most of the area, and its NPP value was generally from 600 to 1000 g C m-2 yr-1. The total NPP value in the study area was 68.46 Tg C. The NPP value of typical grassland class was the highest (48.44 Tg C), and mixed grassland class was the second (16.54 Tg C), followed by alpine grassland class (3.22 Tg C), with tundra grassland class being the lowest (0.25 Tg C). For all the grasslands types, the total NPP of forest meadow was the highest (34.81 Tg C), followed by sparse forest brush (16.54 Tg C), and montane meadow was the lowest (0.01 Tg C).
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11261023,11401269,11461033)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20142BAB201003)
文摘. Let H2 = (-△)2 + V2 be the Schr6dinger type operator, where V satisfies reverse HSlder inequality. In this paper, we establish the Lp boundedness for V2 H2- 1, H21 V2, VH2- 1/2 and Hfl/2V, and that of their commutators. We also prove that H^IV2, Hfl/2V are bounded from BMOL to BMOL.
文摘The main purpose of this paper is to solve the class equation in an alternating group, (i.e. find the solutions set ) and find the number of these solutions where ranges over the conjugacy class in and d is a positive integer. In this paper we solve the class equation in where , for all . is the complement set of where { of , with all parts of are different and odd}. is conjugacy class of and form class depends on the cycle type of its elements If and , then splits into the two classes of .
文摘β-turn is one of the most important reverse turns because of its role in protein folding. Many computational methods have been studied for predicting β-turns and β-turn types. However, due to the imbalanced dataset, the performance is still inadequate. In this study, we proposed a novel over-sampling technique FOST to deal with the class-imbalance problem. Experimental results on three standard benchmark datasets showed that our method is comparable with state-of-the-art methods. In addition, we applied our algorithm to five benchmark datasets from UCI Machine Learning Repository and achieved significant improvement in G-mean and Sensitivity. It means that our method is also effective for various imbalanced data other than β-turns and β-turn types.
文摘Given a fixed prime number p, the multiplet of abelian type invariants of the p-class groups of all unramified cyclic degree p extensions of a number field K is called its IPAD (index-p abeliani- zation data). These invariants have proved to be a valuable information for determining the Galois group of the second Hilbert p-class field and the p-capitulation type of K. For p=3 and a number field K with elementary p-class group of rank two, all possible IPADs are given in the complete form of several infinite sequences. Iterated IPADs of second order are used to identify the group of the maximal unramified pro-p extension of K.
文摘Let F be a number field and p be a prime. In the successive approximation theorem, we prove that, for each integer n ≥ 1, finitely many candidates for the Galois group of the nth stage of the p-class tower over F are determined by abelian type invariants of p-class groups C1pE of unramified extensions E/F with degree [E : F] = pn-1. Illustrated by the most extensive numerical results available currently, the transfer kernels (TE, F) of the p-class extensions TE, F : C1pF → C1pE from F to unramified cyclic degree-p extensions E/F are shown to be capable of narrowing down the number of contestants significantly. By determining the isomorphism type of the maximal subgroups S G of all 3-groups G with coclass cc(G) = 1, and establishing a general theorem on the connection between the p-class towers of a number field F and of an unramified abelian p-extension E/F, we are able to provide a theoretical proof of the realization of certain 3-groups S with maximal class by 3-tower groups of dihedral fields E with degree 6, which could not be realized up to now.
文摘The standard ordered response model (SORM) is a common disaggregate approach with ordered outcomes in which the effects of various exogenous attributes are assumed constant across ordinal choices. In this study, an innovative latent class based generalized ordered response model (LC-GORM) is formulated and used to assess the effects of various factors on respondents’ choice behavior with respect to congestion charge proposal for Jakarta, Indonesia. The proposed model probabilistically assigns respondents into selfish and altruistic class memberships (latently) based on their knowledge of the proposed scheme and their specific attributes. Aiming to capture observable preference heterogeneity across ordinal choices and allow the thresholds to be varied across observations, we parameterize the thresholds as a linear function of the exogenous variables for each ordinal preference. Using stated preference data collected in Jakarta in December 2013, we incorporate the influence of a comprehensive set of explanatory variables into four categories: charges, latent variables related to respondent’s psychological motivations, mobility attributes and socio-demographic characteristics. Empirical results obviously verify the existence of preference heterogeneity across outcomes. The findings confirm that the altruistic class are more sensitive with respect to acceptance of the scheme, while the selfish class are more sensitive with respect to rejection. The key factors influencing public acceptability include the charge level and respondent variables such as car dependency, awareness of the problem of cars in society, frequency of visits to the city center and frequency of private mode usage.
文摘Let p be a prime and K be a number field with non-trivial p-class group ClpK. A crucial step in identifying the Galois group G∞p of the maximal unramified pro-p extension of K is to determine its two-stage approximation M=G2pk, that is the second derived quotient M≃G/Gn. The family τ1K of abelian type invariants of the p-class groups ClpL of all unramified cyclic extensions L/K of degree p is called the index- abelianization data (IPAD) of K. It is able to specify a finite batch of contestants for the second p-class group M of K. In this paper we introduce two different kinds of generalized IPADs for obtaining more sophisticated results. The multi-layered IPAD (τ1Kτ(2)K) includes data on unramified abelian extensions L/K of degree p2 and enables sharper bounds for the order of M in the case Clpk≃(p,p,p), where current im-plementations of the p-group generation algorithm fail to produce explicit contestants for M , due to memory limitations. The iterated IPAD of second order τ(2)K contains information on non-abelian unramified extensions L/K of degree p2, or even p3, and admits the identification of the p-class tower group G for various infinite series of quadratic fields K=Q(√d) with ClpK≃(p,p) possessing a p-class field tower of exact length lpK=3 as a striking novelty.
文摘传统双向E型无线电能传输(wireless power transfer,WPT)拓扑易进入硬开关状态,导致电能传输效率低。针对此,该文提出无线电能传输系统的改进E^(#)型拓扑及其移相控制策略。首先,构建软开关状态负载范围更宽的双向E^(#)型WPT电路拓扑数学模型,分析并提取电路实现软开关工作状态的关键变量与约束条件,理论上证明所提拓扑的有效性。然后,推导电路中线圈互感和负载阻抗等参数的解析关系式,并基于此提出可保证系统在负载时始终处于最佳工作状态的移相控制策略。该策略通过控制开关管的门极驱动信号相位,使谐振元件内部储存的能量提前或者滞后释放,从而将开关管修正回软开关状态。最后,通过仿真和实验验证所提双向E^(#)型WPT系统的有效性。实验结果表明,所提方法可保证在5~30Ω的负载范围内电路工作在软开关状态,该范围内的电能传输效率峰值达84.3%。
文摘针对机器类通信(machine type communication,MTC)中海量用户接入网络造成的低成功接入概率问题,本文提出了一种面向MTC的新型多信道ALOHA(additive links on-line Hawaii area)随机接入方案。该方案分为导频传输阶段和数据传输阶段:导频传输阶段允许一个信道被多个用户使用,而数据传输阶段根据用户的不同接入时延需求采用不同的数据传输策略,并且采用接入等级限制对数据传输的用户进行拥塞控制,进而提升用户成功接入概率。仿真结果表明,与现有多信道ALOHA随机接入方案相比,该方案能够极大地提升时延敏感用户成功接入概率和总用户成功接入概率。