The charge carrier transport and recombination dynamics in the quantum dots-based light-emitting diodes(QLEDs)featuring multiple emitting layers(M-EMLs)has a great impact on the device performance.In this work,QLEDs b...The charge carrier transport and recombination dynamics in the quantum dots-based light-emitting diodes(QLEDs)featuring multiple emitting layers(M-EMLs)has a great impact on the device performance.In this work,QLEDs based on M-EMLs separated by polyethyleneimine ethoxylated(PEIE)layer with different stacking sequences of blue(B),green(G),and red(R)QDs layer were used to intuitively explore the injection,transportation and recombination processes of the charge carriers in QLEDs by using the time-resolved electroluminescence(TrEL)spectra.From the TrEL spectra mea-surements,green and red emissions were obtained first in the QLEDs with the EMLs sequences of G/PEIE/B/PEIE/R and B/PEIE/R/PEIE/G along the direction of light emission,respectively.While the QLEDs adopt EMLs sequences of B/PEIE/G/PEIE/R,the blue,green and red emissions were obtained nearly at the same time.The above phenomenon can be attributed to different charge carrier transmission and radiation recombination process in the EMLs due to different valence band offsets and conduction band offsets between R-,G-and B-QDs by using different sequences of EMLs.White emission with coordi-nates of(0.31,0.31)and correlated color temperature(CCT)of 5916 K was obtained in the QLEDs with the EMLs se-quences of B/PEIE/G/PEIE/R,which can be attributed to the relative uniform emission of B-,G-and R-QDs due to the effec-tive injection and radiation recombination of charge carriers in each of the EMLs.The above results have great significance for further understanding and improving the performance of QLEDs with M-EMLs.展开更多
The modification of the perovskite surface using functional additives is one of the most promising strategies to reduce nonradiative recombination and improve the stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).In this work...The modification of the perovskite surface using functional additives is one of the most promising strategies to reduce nonradiative recombination and improve the stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).In this work,a novel quaternary pyridinium-based halide salt,1-ethyl-4-(methoxycarbonyl)pyridinium iodide(EMCP-I),is introduced as an effective post-treatment molecule to improve the quality of the perovskite film.EMCP-I exhibits dual functionality to passivate both negatively and positively charged defects and improve the film morphology.Furthermore,the treatment fine-tunes energy level alignment between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer(HTL),facilitating more efficient charge transport.Consequently,EMCP-I-treated devices achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE)improvement from 20.5% to 22.6%,driven primarily by an enhanced open-circuit voltage(VOC).Beyond efficiency gains,the treatment significantly enhances the environmental and operational stabilities of solar cells.This work provides a guide for tailoring quaternary pyridinium-based molecules for simultaneous improvement of the efficiency and stability of PSCs.展开更多
Natural photosynthesis,the cornerstone of life on Earth,has long inspired sustainable chemistry by converting solar energy into chemical energy,thereby maintaining atmospheric balance and supporting biological product...Natural photosynthesis,the cornerstone of life on Earth,has long inspired sustainable chemistry by converting solar energy into chemical energy,thereby maintaining atmospheric balance and supporting biological productivity.Mimicking this natural process,photocatalysis has emerged as a promising strategy for harnessing solar energy to drive chemical reactions with minimal environmental impact.This versatile approach finds applications in pollutant degradation,water purification,energy conversion,and organic synthesis.However,a major limitation of single-component photocatalysts is the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers,significantly reducing their efficiency.展开更多
Designing high-efficiency photocatalysts by the construction of organic/inorganic heterojunctions is considered to be an effective approach for improving photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity.This wo...Designing high-efficiency photocatalysts by the construction of organic/inorganic heterojunctions is considered to be an effective approach for improving photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity.This work designed and built unique S-scheme heterojunctions by in-situ growing inorganic WO_(3) nanoparticles with excellent oxidation ability on fused-sulfone-modified covalent organic frameworks(FS-COF)with strong reduction ability.It is found that FS-COF and WO_(3) have a well-matched staggered band alignment.The best-designed FS-COF/WO_(3)-20%exhibits a maximum photocatalytic HER rate of 24.7 mmol g^(-1) h^(-1) under visible light irradiation,which is 1.4 times greater than the pure FS-COF.Moreover,photogenerated electron-hole pairs can be separated and utilized more efficiently thanks to the FS-COF/WO_(3) heterojunction's ability to create a favorable internal electric field resulting from the difference in work functions between FS-COF and WO_(3),which speeds up the transfer dynamics of photoinduced electrons from WO_(3) to FS-COF through an additional interfacial electron-transfer channel obeying the directional S-scheme migration mechanism.Furthermore,the S-scheme migration mechanism of photoinduced charge carriers instead of the type-II mechanism was confirmed by the signal intensity of•O_(2)−species from spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance spectra over the single component and the formed heterojunction.It ensures the photoexcited electrons maintain on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of FS-COF with a strong reduction ability to participate in photocatalytic HER,resulting in a significantly boosted H_(2) evolution rate.Based on organic/inorganic coupling,this work offers a strategy for creating particular S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts.展开更多
The photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)presents a promising avenue for carbon fuel conversion.However,the efficiency of charge utilization remains a critical barrier to industrial applications.In this study,we introduc...The photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)presents a promising avenue for carbon fuel conversion.However,the efficiency of charge utilization remains a critical barrier to industrial applications.In this study,we introduce a tandem design of Bi_(2)WO_(6)-BiOCl with an atomically matched interface,achieving highly efficient photoreduction of CO_(2)to CO.By incorporating WO_(4)^(2-)ions and tuning coordination environment,the(110)facet of BiOCl was in-situ grown on the(200)facet of Bi_(2)WO_(6).Compared to single phases and ball-milling samples,Bi_(2)WO_(6)-BiOCl exhibits a remarkable CO yield of 68.03μmol g^(-1)h^(-1)with a selectivity of 98%.Atomic visualization and coordination analysis confirm the formation of a coherent interface that facilitates charge migration for efficient electron transport.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations and in-situ Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy provide insights into the intrinsic active sites and reaction mechanisms.The proposed lattice engineering strategies offer a new paradigm for the rational design of heterostructures beyond traditional band alignment at the atomic scale.展开更多
The formation of chemical bonds between metal ions and their supports is an effective strategy to achieve good catalytic activity.However,both the synthesis of active metal species on a support and control of their co...The formation of chemical bonds between metal ions and their supports is an effective strategy to achieve good catalytic activity.However,both the synthesis of active metal species on a support and control of their coordination environment are still challenging.Here,we show the use of an organic compound to produce tubular carbon nitride(TCN)as a support for Pd nanoparticles(NPs),creating a composite material(NP-Pd-TCN).It was found that Pd ions preferentially bind with the electron-rich N atoms of TCN,leading to strong metal-support interactions that benefit charge transfer from g-C_(3)N_(4)to Pd.X-ray absorption spectroscopy further revealed that the metal-support interactions resulted in the formation of Pd-N bonds,which are responsible for the improvement in the charge dynamics as evidenced by the results from various techniques including photoluminescence(PL)spectroscopy,photocurrent measurements,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).Owing to the good dynamical properties,NP-Pd-TCN was used for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible-light irradiation(λ>420 nm)and an excellent evolution rate of~381μmol·h^(-1)(0.02 g of the photocatalyst)was attained.This work aims to promote a strategy to synthesize efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen production by controllably introducing metal nanoparticles on a support and in the meantime forming chemical bonds to achieve intimate metal-support contact.展开更多
Despite that organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have attracted enormous scientific attention for energy conversion applications over the recent years,the influence of temperature and the type of the employed ho...Despite that organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have attracted enormous scientific attention for energy conversion applications over the recent years,the influence of temperature and the type of the employed hole transport layer(HTL)on the charge carrier dynamics and recombination processes in perovskite photovoltaic devices is still largely unexplored.In particular,significant knowledge is missing on how these crucial parameters for radiative and non-radiative recombinations,as well as for efficient charge extraction vary among different perovskite crystalline phases that are induced by temperature variation.Herein,we perform micro photoluminescence(pPL)and ultrafast time resolved transient absorption spectroscopy(TAS)in Glass/Perovskite and two dierent Glass/ITO/HTL/Perovskite configurations at temperatures below room temperature,in order to probe the charge carrier dynamics of different perovskite crystalline phases,while considering also the effect of the employed HTL polymer.Namely,CH_(3)NH_(3)Pbb films were deposited on Glass,PEDOT:PSS and PTAA polymers,and the developed Glass/CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)and Glass/ITO/HTL/CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)architectures were studied from 85 K up to 215 K in order to explore the charge extraction dynamics of the CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)orthorhombic and tetragonal crystalline phases.It is observed an unusual blueshift of the bandgap with temperature and the dual emission at temperature below of 100 K and also,that the charge carrier dynamics,as expressed by hole injection times and free carrier recombination rates,are strongly depended on the actual pervoskite crystal phase,as well as,from the selected hole transport material.展开更多
The donor:acceptor(D:A) blend ratio plays a very important role in affecting the progress of charge transfer and energy transfer in bulk heterojunction(BHJ) orga nic solar cells(OSCs).The proper D:A blend ratio can pr...The donor:acceptor(D:A) blend ratio plays a very important role in affecting the progress of charge transfer and energy transfer in bulk heterojunction(BHJ) orga nic solar cells(OSCs).The proper D:A blend ratio can provide maximized D/A interfacial area for exciton dissociation and appro p riate domain size of the exciton diffusion length,which is beneficial to obtain high-performance OSCs.Here,we comprehensively investigated the relationship between various D:A blend ratios and the charge transfer and energy transfer mechanisms in OSCs based on PBDB-T and non-fullerene acceptor IT-M.Based on various D:A blend ratios,it was found that the ratio of components is a key factor to suppress the formation of triplet states and recombination energy losses.Rational D:A blend ratios can provide appropriate donor/accepter surface for charge transfer which has been powerfully verified by various detailed experimental results from the time-resolved fluorescence measurement and transient absorption(TA) spectroscopy.Optimized coherence length and crystallinity are verified by grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering(GIWAXS) measurements.The results are bene ficial to comprehend the effects of various D:A blend ratios on charge transfer and energy transfer dynamics and provides constructive suggestions for rationally designing new materials and feedback for photovoltaic performance optimization in non-fullerene OSCs.展开更多
Photocatalytic hydrogen production technology is an ideal approach to addressing energy and environmental issues,with efficient charge transfer being the key to achieving high-performance hydrogen production.Ultra-thi...Photocatalytic hydrogen production technology is an ideal approach to addressing energy and environmental issues,with efficient charge transfer being the key to achieving high-performance hydrogen production.Ultra-thin CuInS_(2)nanosheets were prepared through a solvothermal method.Subsequently,metallic Ni was surface-modified onto CuInS_(2)through photo-deposition to serve as a co-catalyst.The optimized photocatalyst exhibited a hydrogen production rate of 15.5 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)in water when used an ascorbic acid as hole scavenger,which is 9 times that of the original CuInS_(2).Transient absorption spectra(TAS)analysis demonstrates that the hole transfer from CuInS_(2)nanosheets to ascorbic acid,yielding a long-lived electron with a lifetime of 45.6μs.The electrons in CuInS_(2)are efficiently captured by Ni as active sites for driving hydrogen evolution.In situ TAS further indicates that ascorbic acid and Ni sites synergistically promote the electron transfer dynamics of CuInS_(2),achieving an electron transfer efficiency of 48.4%.This work provides a viable strategy for designing highly efficient photocatalysts with enhanced charge transfer.展开更多
Surface states are expected to play a key role in broadband terahertz(THz) emitters, where photoexcited carrier distributions are confined within about 1 μm of the surface. Optical pump and THz probe spectroscopy was...Surface states are expected to play a key role in broadband terahertz(THz) emitters, where photoexcited carrier distributions are confined within about 1 μm of the surface. Optical pump and THz probe spectroscopy was used to study the dynamics of nonequilibrium charge carriers in both textured and non-textured GaAs substrates.Our findings show that the textured surface acts as an antireflective layer, greatly boosting the infrared pump laser's coupling efficiency into the semi-insulating GaAs substrate. Additionally, texturing introduces a trapassisted recombination pathway, speeding up carrier relaxation and thus reducing Joule heating. Under the same pumping and bias field conditions, the coarse-textured GaAs photoconductive antenna shows nearly 7.85 times stronger THz emission amplitude than the non-textured device, along with improvement in signal-to-noise ratio.At a fixed bias field, higher pump power increases photogenerated carrier density, causing bias field screening and subsequent saturation of THz emission. At fixed pump power, when the bias field reaches ~2.5 kV/cm, both THz emission and photocurrent spectra show a clear kink, signaling intervalley scattering from the Γ valley to the L(X) valleys under high electric fields.展开更多
Inspired by natural photosynthesis,fabricating high-performance S-scheme heterojunction is regarded as a successful tactic to address energy and environmental issues.Herein,NH_(2)-MIL-125(Ti)/Zn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/NiS(NMT...Inspired by natural photosynthesis,fabricating high-performance S-scheme heterojunction is regarded as a successful tactic to address energy and environmental issues.Herein,NH_(2)-MIL-125(Ti)/Zn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/NiS(NMT/ZCS/NiS)S-scheme heterojunction with interfacial coordination bonds is successfully synthesized through in-situ solvothermal strategy.Notably,the optimal NMT/ZCS/NiS S-scheme heterojunction exhibits comparable photocatalytic H_(2)evolution(PHE)rate of about 14876.7μmol h^(−1)g^(−1)with apparent quantum yield of 24.2%at 420 nm,which is significantly higher than that of recently reported MOFs-based photocatalysts.The interfacial coordination bonds(Zn–N,Cd–N,and Ni–N bonds)accelerate the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges,and the NiS as cocatalyst can provide more catalytically active sites,which synergistically improve the photocatalytic performance.Moreover,theoretical calculation results display that the construction of NMT/ZCS/NiS S-scheme heterojunction also optimize the binding energy of active site-adsorbed hydrogen atoms to enable fast adsorption and desorption.Photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy,in-situ irradiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,and theoretical calculations provide sufficient evidence of the S-scheme charge migration mechanism.This work offers unique viewpoints for simultaneously accelerating the charge dynamics and optimizing the binding strength between the active sites and hydrogen adsorbates over S-scheme heterojunction.展开更多
In this work, the charge dynamics characteristics of injection, transport and decay in porous and non-porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film electrets were investigated by means of corona charging, isothermal and ...In this work, the charge dynamics characteristics of injection, transport and decay in porous and non-porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film electrets were investigated by means of corona charging, isothermal and thermal stimulating surface-potential decay measurements. The results showed that the initial surface potential, whether positively or negatively charging, is much higher in non-porous PTFE than in porous PTFE. For porous film the value of initial sur-face potentials increases with increase of film thickness. Higher charging temperature can remarkably improve charge stability. The charge dynamics are correlated to materials microstructure according to their scanning electron micrographs.For non-porous PTFE films, polarizability change of C-F bonds is the main origin of electret charges; but for porous PTFE film a large number of bulk and interface type traps are expected because of the greater area of interface and higher crys-tallinity.展开更多
An emerging S-scheme photocatalyst consisting of Ni-doped Zn_(0.2)Cd_(0.8)S quantum dots and TiO_(2)micro-spheres has been reported to show excellent H2 production performance and high benzylidene benzy-lamine evoluti...An emerging S-scheme photocatalyst consisting of Ni-doped Zn_(0.2)Cd_(0.8)S quantum dots and TiO_(2)micro-spheres has been reported to show excellent H2 production performance and high benzylidene benzy-lamine evolution efficiency.To monitor the charge transfer dynamics in this S-scheme heterojunction,femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy measurements are conducted.The charge transfer kinetic analysis confirms that S-scheme heterojunction promotes interfacial electron transfer and accelerates hole consumption.This work provides an in-depth explanation for the enhanced photocatalytic performance of S-scheme photocatalysts from the perspective of charge dynamics.展开更多
Charge dynamics at interfaces in high voltage direct current(HVDC)cable joints consisting of cable,joint insulation and lubricant may have an impact on the overall joint reliability.Although interactions between diffe...Charge dynamics at interfaces in high voltage direct current(HVDC)cable joints consisting of cable,joint insulation and lubricant may have an impact on the overall joint reliability.Although interactions between different lubricants and the joint insulation have been studied in recent years,the effect of lubricant diffusion on the electrical properties and charge dynamics at interfaces remains unclear and is therefore investigated in this paper.Different lubricants were applied at the interface of crosslinked polyethylene(XLPE)and silicone rubber(SIR)samples,and mass,electrical conductivity,and space charge were measured over a 96 h ageing period.The mass of the samples was found to exhibit nonmonotonic behaviour,indicating complex interactions between the lubricant and material.XLPE experiences a decrease in conductivity while there is an increase in conductivity for SIR,which is linked to the migration of lubricant and therefore changes in trap distribution.Space charge measurements indicate changes in trap characteristics,which depend strongly on the used type of lubricant.The findings highlight that lubricant diffusion affects both the bulk properties and charge accumulation at the interface,and underline the large effect of the type of lubricant.These results are crucial for understanding the long-term performance of cable joints and insulating materials in HVDC cable systems.展开更多
We present a novel numerical model and simulate preliminarily the charging process of a polymer subjected to electron irradiation of several 10 keV. The model includes the simultaneous processes of electron scattering...We present a novel numerical model and simulate preliminarily the charging process of a polymer subjected to electron irradiation of several 10 keV. The model includes the simultaneous processes of electron scattering and ambipolar transport and the influence of a self-consistent electric field on the scattering distribution of electrons. The dynamic spatial distribution of charges is obtained and validated by existing experimental data. Our simulations show that excess negative charges are concentrated near the edge of the electron range. However, the formed region of high charge density may extend to the surface and bottom of a kapton sample, due to the effects of the electric field on electron scattering and charge transport, respectively. Charge trapping is then demonstrated to significantly influence the charge motion. The charge distribution can be extended to the bottom as the trap density decreases. Charge accumulation is therefore balanced by the appearance and increase of leakage current. Accordingly, our model and numerical simulation provide a comprehensive insight into the charging dynamics of a polymer irradiated by electrons in the complex space environment.展开更多
Metal halide perovskites,owing to their remarkable optoelectronic properties and broad application prospects,have emerged as a research hotspot in materials science and photovoltaics.In addressing challenges related t...Metal halide perovskites,owing to their remarkable optoelectronic properties and broad application prospects,have emerged as a research hotspot in materials science and photovoltaics.In addressing challenges related to energy loss,photoelectric conversion efficiency,and operational stability in perovskite solar cells(PSCs),various strategies have been proposed,such as improving perovskite crystallization,developing tandem architectures,and advancing interfacial engineering.However,the specific impact of these approaches on internal energy transfer and conversion mechanisms within PSCs remains insufficiently understood.This review systematically examines the relationship between energy and perovskite materials throughout the photon absorption to charge carrier transport process,with particular focus on key strategies for minimizing energy losses and their underlying influence on energy-level alignment-especially in the electron transport layer and hole transport layer.It summarizes optimal absorption conditions and contributing factors during energy transfer,alongside representative case studies of high-performing systems.By elucidating these mechanisms,this work offers valuable theoretical insights for optimizing energy-level alignment,reducing energy dissipation,and guiding experimental design in PSCs research.展开更多
Despite being an excellent candidate for a photocathode,Cu_(2)ZnSnS_4(CZTS)performance is limited by suboptimal bulk and interfacial charge carrier dynamics.In this work,we introduce a facile and versatile CZTS precur...Despite being an excellent candidate for a photocathode,Cu_(2)ZnSnS_4(CZTS)performance is limited by suboptimal bulk and interfacial charge carrier dynamics.In this work,we introduce a facile and versatile CZTS precursor seed layer engineering technique,which significantly enhances crystal growth and mitigates detrimental defects in the postsulfurized CZTS light-absorbing films.This effective optimization of defects and charge carrier dynamics results in a highly efficient CZTS/CdS/TiO_(2)/Pt thin-film photocathode,achieving a record half-cell solar-to-hydrogen(HC-STH)conversion efficiency of 9.91%.Additionally,the photocathode exhibits a highest photocurrent density(J_(ph))of 29.44 m A cm^(-2)(at 0 VRHE)and favorable onset potential(Von)of 0.73 VRHE.Furthermore,our CTZS photocathode demonstrates a remarkable Jph of 16.54 m A cm^(-2)and HC-STH efficiency of 2.56%in natural seawater,followed by an impressive unbiased STH efficiency of 2.20%in a CZTS-BiVO_4 tandem cell.The scalability of this approach is underscored by the successful fabrication of a 4×4 cm^(2)module,highlighting its significant potential for practical,unbiased in situ solar seawater splitting applications.展开更多
Owing to their unique physicochemical,optical and electrical properties,two-dimensional(2D)MoS_(2) cocatalysts have been widely applied in designing and developing highly efficient composite photocatalysts for hydroge...Owing to their unique physicochemical,optical and electrical properties,two-dimensional(2D)MoS_(2) cocatalysts have been widely applied in designing and developing highly efficient composite photocatalysts for hydrogen generation under suitable light irradiation.In this review,we first elaborated on the fundamental aspects of 2D MoS_(2) cocatalysts to include the structural design principles,synthesis strategies,strengths and challenges.Subsequently,we thoroughly highlighted and discussed the modification strategies of 2D MoS_(2) H2-evolution cocatalysts,including doping heteroatoms(e.g.metals,non-metals,and co-doping),designing interfacial coupling morphologies,controlling the physical properties(e.g.thickness,size,structural defects or pores),exposing the reactive facets or edge sites,constructing cocatalyst heterojunctions,engineering the interfacial bonds and confinement effects.In the future,the forefront challenges in understanding and in precise controlling of the active sites at molecular level or atomic level should be carefully studied,while various potential mechanisms of photogenerated-electrons interactions should be proposed.The applications of MoS_(2) cocatalyst in the overall water splitting are also expected.This review may offer new inspiration for designing and constructing novel and efficient MoS_(2)-based composite photocatalysts for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.展开更多
Photocatalytic conversion of CO_(2) to high-value products plays a crucial role in the global pursuit of carbon–neutral economy.Junction photocatalysts,such as the isotype heterojunctions,offer an ideal paradigm to n...Photocatalytic conversion of CO_(2) to high-value products plays a crucial role in the global pursuit of carbon–neutral economy.Junction photocatalysts,such as the isotype heterojunctions,offer an ideal paradigm to navigate the photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CRR).Herein,we elucidate the behaviors of isotype heterojunctions toward photocatalytic CRR over a representative photocatalyst,g-C_(3)N_(4).Impressively,the isotype heterojunctions possess a significantly higher efficiency for the spatial separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers than the single components.Along with the intrinsically outstanding stability,the isotype heterojunctions exhibit an exceptional and stable activity toward the CO_(2) photoreduction to CO.More importantly,by combining quantitative in situ technique with the first-principles modeling,we elucidate that the enhanced photoinduced charge dynamics promotes the production of key intermediates and thus the whole reaction kinetics.展开更多
Herein,the impact of the independent control of processing additives on vertical phase separation in sequentially deposited (SD) organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and its subsequent effects on charge carrier kinetics at th...Herein,the impact of the independent control of processing additives on vertical phase separation in sequentially deposited (SD) organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and its subsequent effects on charge carrier kinetics at the electron donor-acceptor interface are investigated.The film morphology exhibits notable variations,significantly depending on the layer to which 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) was applied.Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis reveals distinctly separated donor/acceptor phases and vertical crystallinity details in SD films.Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis is employed to obtain component distributions in diverse vertical phase structures of SD films depending on additive control.In addition,nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy shows that DIO control significantly affects the dynamics of separated charges in SD films.In SD OPVs,DIO appears to act through distinct mechanisms with minimal restriction,depending on the applied layer.This study emphasizes the significance of morphological optimization in improving device performance and underscores the importance of independent additive control in the advancement of OPV technology.展开更多
文摘The charge carrier transport and recombination dynamics in the quantum dots-based light-emitting diodes(QLEDs)featuring multiple emitting layers(M-EMLs)has a great impact on the device performance.In this work,QLEDs based on M-EMLs separated by polyethyleneimine ethoxylated(PEIE)layer with different stacking sequences of blue(B),green(G),and red(R)QDs layer were used to intuitively explore the injection,transportation and recombination processes of the charge carriers in QLEDs by using the time-resolved electroluminescence(TrEL)spectra.From the TrEL spectra mea-surements,green and red emissions were obtained first in the QLEDs with the EMLs sequences of G/PEIE/B/PEIE/R and B/PEIE/R/PEIE/G along the direction of light emission,respectively.While the QLEDs adopt EMLs sequences of B/PEIE/G/PEIE/R,the blue,green and red emissions were obtained nearly at the same time.The above phenomenon can be attributed to different charge carrier transmission and radiation recombination process in the EMLs due to different valence band offsets and conduction band offsets between R-,G-and B-QDs by using different sequences of EMLs.White emission with coordi-nates of(0.31,0.31)and correlated color temperature(CCT)of 5916 K was obtained in the QLEDs with the EMLs se-quences of B/PEIE/G/PEIE/R,which can be attributed to the relative uniform emission of B-,G-and R-QDs due to the effec-tive injection and radiation recombination of charge carriers in each of the EMLs.The above results have great significance for further understanding and improving the performance of QLEDs with M-EMLs.
基金financially supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye(TüBITAK)under Project No.119F185the support of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling at the University of Warsaw(ICM UW)under computational allocation no.g93-1617。
文摘The modification of the perovskite surface using functional additives is one of the most promising strategies to reduce nonradiative recombination and improve the stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).In this work,a novel quaternary pyridinium-based halide salt,1-ethyl-4-(methoxycarbonyl)pyridinium iodide(EMCP-I),is introduced as an effective post-treatment molecule to improve the quality of the perovskite film.EMCP-I exhibits dual functionality to passivate both negatively and positively charged defects and improve the film morphology.Furthermore,the treatment fine-tunes energy level alignment between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer(HTL),facilitating more efficient charge transport.Consequently,EMCP-I-treated devices achieve a remarkable power conversion efficiency(PCE)improvement from 20.5% to 22.6%,driven primarily by an enhanced open-circuit voltage(VOC).Beyond efficiency gains,the treatment significantly enhances the environmental and operational stabilities of solar cells.This work provides a guide for tailoring quaternary pyridinium-based molecules for simultaneous improvement of the efficiency and stability of PSCs.
文摘Natural photosynthesis,the cornerstone of life on Earth,has long inspired sustainable chemistry by converting solar energy into chemical energy,thereby maintaining atmospheric balance and supporting biological productivity.Mimicking this natural process,photocatalysis has emerged as a promising strategy for harnessing solar energy to drive chemical reactions with minimal environmental impact.This versatile approach finds applications in pollutant degradation,water purification,energy conversion,and organic synthesis.However,a major limitation of single-component photocatalysts is the rapid recombination of photogenerated charge carriers,significantly reducing their efficiency.
文摘Designing high-efficiency photocatalysts by the construction of organic/inorganic heterojunctions is considered to be an effective approach for improving photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)activity.This work designed and built unique S-scheme heterojunctions by in-situ growing inorganic WO_(3) nanoparticles with excellent oxidation ability on fused-sulfone-modified covalent organic frameworks(FS-COF)with strong reduction ability.It is found that FS-COF and WO_(3) have a well-matched staggered band alignment.The best-designed FS-COF/WO_(3)-20%exhibits a maximum photocatalytic HER rate of 24.7 mmol g^(-1) h^(-1) under visible light irradiation,which is 1.4 times greater than the pure FS-COF.Moreover,photogenerated electron-hole pairs can be separated and utilized more efficiently thanks to the FS-COF/WO_(3) heterojunction's ability to create a favorable internal electric field resulting from the difference in work functions between FS-COF and WO_(3),which speeds up the transfer dynamics of photoinduced electrons from WO_(3) to FS-COF through an additional interfacial electron-transfer channel obeying the directional S-scheme migration mechanism.Furthermore,the S-scheme migration mechanism of photoinduced charge carriers instead of the type-II mechanism was confirmed by the signal intensity of•O_(2)−species from spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance spectra over the single component and the formed heterojunction.It ensures the photoexcited electrons maintain on the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of FS-COF with a strong reduction ability to participate in photocatalytic HER,resulting in a significantly boosted H_(2) evolution rate.Based on organic/inorganic coupling,this work offers a strategy for creating particular S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1200201)the Beijing Outstanding Young Scientists Projects(No.BJJWZYJH01201910005018)+1 种基金The Basic Science Center Program for Multiphase Evolution in Hypergravity of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51988101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52071003 and 91860202)。
文摘The photocatalytic reduction of CO_(2)presents a promising avenue for carbon fuel conversion.However,the efficiency of charge utilization remains a critical barrier to industrial applications.In this study,we introduce a tandem design of Bi_(2)WO_(6)-BiOCl with an atomically matched interface,achieving highly efficient photoreduction of CO_(2)to CO.By incorporating WO_(4)^(2-)ions and tuning coordination environment,the(110)facet of BiOCl was in-situ grown on the(200)facet of Bi_(2)WO_(6).Compared to single phases and ball-milling samples,Bi_(2)WO_(6)-BiOCl exhibits a remarkable CO yield of 68.03μmol g^(-1)h^(-1)with a selectivity of 98%.Atomic visualization and coordination analysis confirm the formation of a coherent interface that facilitates charge migration for efficient electron transport.Density functional theory(DFT)calculations and in-situ Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy provide insights into the intrinsic active sites and reaction mechanisms.The proposed lattice engineering strategies offer a new paradigm for the rational design of heterostructures beyond traditional band alignment at the atomic scale.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFE0201704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21771061)Outstanding Youth Fund of Heilongjiang Province(No.JQ 2020B002)。
文摘The formation of chemical bonds between metal ions and their supports is an effective strategy to achieve good catalytic activity.However,both the synthesis of active metal species on a support and control of their coordination environment are still challenging.Here,we show the use of an organic compound to produce tubular carbon nitride(TCN)as a support for Pd nanoparticles(NPs),creating a composite material(NP-Pd-TCN).It was found that Pd ions preferentially bind with the electron-rich N atoms of TCN,leading to strong metal-support interactions that benefit charge transfer from g-C_(3)N_(4)to Pd.X-ray absorption spectroscopy further revealed that the metal-support interactions resulted in the formation of Pd-N bonds,which are responsible for the improvement in the charge dynamics as evidenced by the results from various techniques including photoluminescence(PL)spectroscopy,photocurrent measurements,and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).Owing to the good dynamical properties,NP-Pd-TCN was used for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible-light irradiation(λ>420 nm)and an excellent evolution rate of~381μmol·h^(-1)(0.02 g of the photocatalyst)was attained.This work aims to promote a strategy to synthesize efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen production by controllably introducing metal nanoparticles on a support and in the meantime forming chemical bonds to achieve intimate metal-support contact.
文摘Despite that organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites have attracted enormous scientific attention for energy conversion applications over the recent years,the influence of temperature and the type of the employed hole transport layer(HTL)on the charge carrier dynamics and recombination processes in perovskite photovoltaic devices is still largely unexplored.In particular,significant knowledge is missing on how these crucial parameters for radiative and non-radiative recombinations,as well as for efficient charge extraction vary among different perovskite crystalline phases that are induced by temperature variation.Herein,we perform micro photoluminescence(pPL)and ultrafast time resolved transient absorption spectroscopy(TAS)in Glass/Perovskite and two dierent Glass/ITO/HTL/Perovskite configurations at temperatures below room temperature,in order to probe the charge carrier dynamics of different perovskite crystalline phases,while considering also the effect of the employed HTL polymer.Namely,CH_(3)NH_(3)Pbb films were deposited on Glass,PEDOT:PSS and PTAA polymers,and the developed Glass/CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)and Glass/ITO/HTL/CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)architectures were studied from 85 K up to 215 K in order to explore the charge extraction dynamics of the CH_(3)NH_(3)PbI_(3)orthorhombic and tetragonal crystalline phases.It is observed an unusual blueshift of the bandgap with temperature and the dual emission at temperature below of 100 K and also,that the charge carrier dynamics,as expressed by hole injection times and free carrier recombination rates,are strongly depended on the actual pervoskite crystal phase,as well as,from the selected hole transport material.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11774204,11804084)Major Program of Natural Science Foundation 25 of Shandong Province(No.ZR2019ZD43)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds of Shandong University(No.2018JC034)support from the ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science(No.CE170100026)the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(beamline BL16B1)for providing the beam time for GIWAXS measurements。
文摘The donor:acceptor(D:A) blend ratio plays a very important role in affecting the progress of charge transfer and energy transfer in bulk heterojunction(BHJ) orga nic solar cells(OSCs).The proper D:A blend ratio can provide maximized D/A interfacial area for exciton dissociation and appro p riate domain size of the exciton diffusion length,which is beneficial to obtain high-performance OSCs.Here,we comprehensively investigated the relationship between various D:A blend ratios and the charge transfer and energy transfer mechanisms in OSCs based on PBDB-T and non-fullerene acceptor IT-M.Based on various D:A blend ratios,it was found that the ratio of components is a key factor to suppress the formation of triplet states and recombination energy losses.Rational D:A blend ratios can provide appropriate donor/accepter surface for charge transfer which has been powerfully verified by various detailed experimental results from the time-resolved fluorescence measurement and transient absorption(TA) spectroscopy.Optimized coherence length and crystallinity are verified by grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering(GIWAXS) measurements.The results are bene ficial to comprehend the effects of various D:A blend ratios on charge transfer and energy transfer dynamics and provides constructive suggestions for rationally designing new materials and feedback for photovoltaic performance optimization in non-fullerene OSCs.
文摘Photocatalytic hydrogen production technology is an ideal approach to addressing energy and environmental issues,with efficient charge transfer being the key to achieving high-performance hydrogen production.Ultra-thin CuInS_(2)nanosheets were prepared through a solvothermal method.Subsequently,metallic Ni was surface-modified onto CuInS_(2)through photo-deposition to serve as a co-catalyst.The optimized photocatalyst exhibited a hydrogen production rate of 15.5 mmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1)in water when used an ascorbic acid as hole scavenger,which is 9 times that of the original CuInS_(2).Transient absorption spectra(TAS)analysis demonstrates that the hole transfer from CuInS_(2)nanosheets to ascorbic acid,yielding a long-lived electron with a lifetime of 45.6μs.The electrons in CuInS_(2)are efficiently captured by Ni as active sites for driving hydrogen evolution.In situ TAS further indicates that ascorbic acid and Ni sites synergistically promote the electron transfer dynamics of CuInS_(2),achieving an electron transfer efficiency of 48.4%.This work provides a viable strategy for designing highly efficient photocatalysts with enhanced charge transfer.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2023YFF0719200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.62322115,U24A20226,62588201,62435010,and 62335012)+2 种基金the 111 Project (Grant No.D18014)the Key project supported by Science and Technology Commission Shanghai Municipality (Grant No.YDZX20193100004960)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant Nos.22JC1400200 and 21S31907400)。
文摘Surface states are expected to play a key role in broadband terahertz(THz) emitters, where photoexcited carrier distributions are confined within about 1 μm of the surface. Optical pump and THz probe spectroscopy was used to study the dynamics of nonequilibrium charge carriers in both textured and non-textured GaAs substrates.Our findings show that the textured surface acts as an antireflective layer, greatly boosting the infrared pump laser's coupling efficiency into the semi-insulating GaAs substrate. Additionally, texturing introduces a trapassisted recombination pathway, speeding up carrier relaxation and thus reducing Joule heating. Under the same pumping and bias field conditions, the coarse-textured GaAs photoconductive antenna shows nearly 7.85 times stronger THz emission amplitude than the non-textured device, along with improvement in signal-to-noise ratio.At a fixed bias field, higher pump power increases photogenerated carrier density, causing bias field screening and subsequent saturation of THz emission. At fixed pump power, when the bias field reaches ~2.5 kV/cm, both THz emission and photocurrent spectra show a clear kink, signaling intervalley scattering from the Γ valley to the L(X) valleys under high electric fields.
文摘Inspired by natural photosynthesis,fabricating high-performance S-scheme heterojunction is regarded as a successful tactic to address energy and environmental issues.Herein,NH_(2)-MIL-125(Ti)/Zn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/NiS(NMT/ZCS/NiS)S-scheme heterojunction with interfacial coordination bonds is successfully synthesized through in-situ solvothermal strategy.Notably,the optimal NMT/ZCS/NiS S-scheme heterojunction exhibits comparable photocatalytic H_(2)evolution(PHE)rate of about 14876.7μmol h^(−1)g^(−1)with apparent quantum yield of 24.2%at 420 nm,which is significantly higher than that of recently reported MOFs-based photocatalysts.The interfacial coordination bonds(Zn–N,Cd–N,and Ni–N bonds)accelerate the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges,and the NiS as cocatalyst can provide more catalytically active sites,which synergistically improve the photocatalytic performance.Moreover,theoretical calculation results display that the construction of NMT/ZCS/NiS S-scheme heterojunction also optimize the binding energy of active site-adsorbed hydrogen atoms to enable fast adsorption and desorption.Photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy,in-situ irradiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,and theoretical calculations provide sufficient evidence of the S-scheme charge migration mechanism.This work offers unique viewpoints for simultaneously accelerating the charge dynamics and optimizing the binding strength between the active sites and hydrogen adsorbates over S-scheme heterojunction.
文摘In this work, the charge dynamics characteristics of injection, transport and decay in porous and non-porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film electrets were investigated by means of corona charging, isothermal and thermal stimulating surface-potential decay measurements. The results showed that the initial surface potential, whether positively or negatively charging, is much higher in non-porous PTFE than in porous PTFE. For porous film the value of initial sur-face potentials increases with increase of film thickness. Higher charging temperature can remarkably improve charge stability. The charge dynamics are correlated to materials microstructure according to their scanning electron micrographs.For non-porous PTFE films, polarizability change of C-F bonds is the main origin of electret charges; but for porous PTFE film a large number of bulk and interface type traps are expected because of the greater area of interface and higher crys-tallinity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(No.52202375)the International Postdoctoral Ex-change Fellowship Program(No.PC2022051)the China Post-doctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2021TQ0311 and 2021M702990).
文摘An emerging S-scheme photocatalyst consisting of Ni-doped Zn_(0.2)Cd_(0.8)S quantum dots and TiO_(2)micro-spheres has been reported to show excellent H2 production performance and high benzylidene benzy-lamine evolution efficiency.To monitor the charge transfer dynamics in this S-scheme heterojunction,femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy measurements are conducted.The charge transfer kinetic analysis confirms that S-scheme heterojunction promotes interfacial electron transfer and accelerates hole consumption.This work provides an in-depth explanation for the enhanced photocatalytic performance of S-scheme photocatalysts from the perspective of charge dynamics.
文摘Charge dynamics at interfaces in high voltage direct current(HVDC)cable joints consisting of cable,joint insulation and lubricant may have an impact on the overall joint reliability.Although interactions between different lubricants and the joint insulation have been studied in recent years,the effect of lubricant diffusion on the electrical properties and charge dynamics at interfaces remains unclear and is therefore investigated in this paper.Different lubricants were applied at the interface of crosslinked polyethylene(XLPE)and silicone rubber(SIR)samples,and mass,electrical conductivity,and space charge were measured over a 96 h ageing period.The mass of the samples was found to exhibit nonmonotonic behaviour,indicating complex interactions between the lubricant and material.XLPE experiences a decrease in conductivity while there is an increase in conductivity for SIR,which is linked to the migration of lubricant and therefore changes in trap distribution.Space charge measurements indicate changes in trap characteristics,which depend strongly on the used type of lubricant.The findings highlight that lubricant diffusion affects both the bulk properties and charge accumulation at the interface,and underline the large effect of the type of lubricant.These results are crucial for understanding the long-term performance of cable joints and insulating materials in HVDC cable systems.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11175140)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘We present a novel numerical model and simulate preliminarily the charging process of a polymer subjected to electron irradiation of several 10 keV. The model includes the simultaneous processes of electron scattering and ambipolar transport and the influence of a self-consistent electric field on the scattering distribution of electrons. The dynamic spatial distribution of charges is obtained and validated by existing experimental data. Our simulations show that excess negative charges are concentrated near the edge of the electron range. However, the formed region of high charge density may extend to the surface and bottom of a kapton sample, due to the effects of the electric field on electron scattering and charge transport, respectively. Charge trapping is then demonstrated to significantly influence the charge motion. The charge distribution can be extended to the bottom as the trap density decreases. Charge accumulation is therefore balanced by the appearance and increase of leakage current. Accordingly, our model and numerical simulation provide a comprehensive insight into the charging dynamics of a polymer irradiated by electrons in the complex space environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22202102,62474194,22425903,U24A20568)the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB4204500)the Jiangsu Provincial Departments of Science and Technology(BE2022023,BK20220010,and BZ2023060)。
文摘Metal halide perovskites,owing to their remarkable optoelectronic properties and broad application prospects,have emerged as a research hotspot in materials science and photovoltaics.In addressing challenges related to energy loss,photoelectric conversion efficiency,and operational stability in perovskite solar cells(PSCs),various strategies have been proposed,such as improving perovskite crystallization,developing tandem architectures,and advancing interfacial engineering.However,the specific impact of these approaches on internal energy transfer and conversion mechanisms within PSCs remains insufficiently understood.This review systematically examines the relationship between energy and perovskite materials throughout the photon absorption to charge carrier transport process,with particular focus on key strategies for minimizing energy losses and their underlying influence on energy-level alignment-especially in the electron transport layer and hole transport layer.It summarizes optimal absorption conditions and contributing factors during energy transfer,alongside representative case studies of high-performing systems.By elucidating these mechanisms,this work offers valuable theoretical insights for optimizing energy-level alignment,reducing energy dissipation,and guiding experimental design in PSCs research.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62474114,52472225)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2025A1515012041,2025A1515011515)China+1 种基金Science and Technology plan project of Shenzhen(JCYJ20240813141620027,20231122102326002)ChinaShenzhen University 2035 Program for Excellent Research(Grants 2024B003)。
文摘Despite being an excellent candidate for a photocathode,Cu_(2)ZnSnS_4(CZTS)performance is limited by suboptimal bulk and interfacial charge carrier dynamics.In this work,we introduce a facile and versatile CZTS precursor seed layer engineering technique,which significantly enhances crystal growth and mitigates detrimental defects in the postsulfurized CZTS light-absorbing films.This effective optimization of defects and charge carrier dynamics results in a highly efficient CZTS/CdS/TiO_(2)/Pt thin-film photocathode,achieving a record half-cell solar-to-hydrogen(HC-STH)conversion efficiency of 9.91%.Additionally,the photocathode exhibits a highest photocurrent density(J_(ph))of 29.44 m A cm^(-2)(at 0 VRHE)and favorable onset potential(Von)of 0.73 VRHE.Furthermore,our CTZS photocathode demonstrates a remarkable Jph of 16.54 m A cm^(-2)and HC-STH efficiency of 2.56%in natural seawater,followed by an impressive unbiased STH efficiency of 2.20%in a CZTS-BiVO_4 tandem cell.The scalability of this approach is underscored by the successful fabrication of a 4×4 cm^(2)module,highlighting its significant potential for practical,unbiased in situ solar seawater splitting applications.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21975084 and 51672089)the Guangdong Provincial Applied Science and Technology Research and Development Program(No.2017B020238005)+2 种基金the Ding Ying Talent Project of South China Agricultural University for their supportthe Hong Kong Research Grant Council(RGC)General Research Fund(No.GRF1305419)for financial supportthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51972287 and 51502269)。
文摘Owing to their unique physicochemical,optical and electrical properties,two-dimensional(2D)MoS_(2) cocatalysts have been widely applied in designing and developing highly efficient composite photocatalysts for hydrogen generation under suitable light irradiation.In this review,we first elaborated on the fundamental aspects of 2D MoS_(2) cocatalysts to include the structural design principles,synthesis strategies,strengths and challenges.Subsequently,we thoroughly highlighted and discussed the modification strategies of 2D MoS_(2) H2-evolution cocatalysts,including doping heteroatoms(e.g.metals,non-metals,and co-doping),designing interfacial coupling morphologies,controlling the physical properties(e.g.thickness,size,structural defects or pores),exposing the reactive facets or edge sites,constructing cocatalyst heterojunctions,engineering the interfacial bonds and confinement effects.In the future,the forefront challenges in understanding and in precise controlling of the active sites at molecular level or atomic level should be carefully studied,while various potential mechanisms of photogenerated-electrons interactions should be proposed.The applications of MoS_(2) cocatalyst in the overall water splitting are also expected.This review may offer new inspiration for designing and constructing novel and efficient MoS_(2)-based composite photocatalysts for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.
基金This work was financially supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12047564,52071041,12074048)the Project for Fundamental and Frontier Research in Chongqing(cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0777 and cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0796)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(cqu2018CDHB1A09,106112016CDJZR308808)Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong University
文摘Photocatalytic conversion of CO_(2) to high-value products plays a crucial role in the global pursuit of carbon–neutral economy.Junction photocatalysts,such as the isotype heterojunctions,offer an ideal paradigm to navigate the photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(CRR).Herein,we elucidate the behaviors of isotype heterojunctions toward photocatalytic CRR over a representative photocatalyst,g-C_(3)N_(4).Impressively,the isotype heterojunctions possess a significantly higher efficiency for the spatial separation and transfer of photogenerated carriers than the single components.Along with the intrinsically outstanding stability,the isotype heterojunctions exhibit an exceptional and stable activity toward the CO_(2) photoreduction to CO.More importantly,by combining quantitative in situ technique with the first-principles modeling,we elucidate that the enhanced photoinduced charge dynamics promotes the production of key intermediates and thus the whole reaction kinetics.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.RS-2023-00213920,NRF-2021R1A4A1031761).
文摘Herein,the impact of the independent control of processing additives on vertical phase separation in sequentially deposited (SD) organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and its subsequent effects on charge carrier kinetics at the electron donor-acceptor interface are investigated.The film morphology exhibits notable variations,significantly depending on the layer to which 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) was applied.Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis reveals distinctly separated donor/acceptor phases and vertical crystallinity details in SD films.Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis is employed to obtain component distributions in diverse vertical phase structures of SD films depending on additive control.In addition,nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy shows that DIO control significantly affects the dynamics of separated charges in SD films.In SD OPVs,DIO appears to act through distinct mechanisms with minimal restriction,depending on the applied layer.This study emphasizes the significance of morphological optimization in improving device performance and underscores the importance of independent additive control in the advancement of OPV technology.
