To comply with IMO Net Zero framework ammonia is emerging as a future fuel without carbon and sulphur products emission.Bunkering is a process of loading fuel on ships.Ships are not using ammonia as fuel at present.En...To comply with IMO Net Zero framework ammonia is emerging as a future fuel without carbon and sulphur products emission.Bunkering is a process of loading fuel on ships.Ships are not using ammonia as fuel at present.Engine makers are developing dual fuel engines to operate on ammonia.The prerequisite to use ammonia is a robust and safe infrastructure to supply green ammonia as fuel in ports worldwide.Fuel supply can be done by pipelines in ports,ship to ship transfer at anchorages or in ports,and truck to ship bunkering in ports.Ammonia being a corrosive and toxic chemical,and hazard identification and risk assessment needs to be carried out.Procedure for measurement of ammonia quantity and quality will need to be formulated.IGF Code will be applicable to Ammonia as fuel.All safety aspects will need to be included in a rigorous crew training and certification as per STCW convention.The methodology used for the paper is literature review,study of existing industry practices for bunkering of alternate fuels like LNG,Methanol and LPG and how it can be safely applied for ammonia bunkering.Key findings are that it will be safe to bunker ammonia by designing a robust system with inbuilt safety features similar to what is used for cryogenic fuel like Liquefied Natural Gas with stress on handling of toxic and corrosive properties and considering safety of crew and environmental protection.展开更多
With the long-term use of coal bunker, a certain amount of sticking objects will beformed on its wall, and coal mine clearing robot can replace man in clearing the bunker wall.Also, since it equip with an explosion-pr...With the long-term use of coal bunker, a certain amount of sticking objects will beformed on its wall, and coal mine clearing robot can replace man in clearing the bunker wall.Also, since it equip with an explosion-proof camera, the worker can determine the operationby observing the well-head monitor.Moreover, it cannot work unless it is placed in positionand supported stably, and it has three degrees of freedom: rotating, stretching, and shovelcoal.It is driven by the hydraulic and controlled by PLC.The underground coal mine clearingrobot changs the traditional clearing methods, man does not have to enter the bunker toclear it, which ensures the production safety of coal transportation.展开更多
Discussed the necessity of setting up the coal bunker in mining, introduced the development of coal bunker technology, combining the mining characteristic of the high yield and high-efficient working face in China at ...Discussed the necessity of setting up the coal bunker in mining, introduced the development of coal bunker technology, combining the mining characteristic of the high yield and high-efficient working face in China at present, and point out that the type of horizontal coal bunker, is a kind of security, high-efficient coal store and transportation technology of suiting the modern production need of the colliery, is the developing direc-tion of technology of store and transportation of coal bunker.展开更多
LNG bunkering pontoons are presented to solve the fueling difficulty of LNG ships on inland waterways with a great variation of water height and channel width by seasonal change.First,the background of this concept wa...LNG bunkering pontoons are presented to solve the fueling difficulty of LNG ships on inland waterways with a great variation of water height and channel width by seasonal change.First,the background of this concept was analyzed as well as the demand of LNG bunkering pontoons,and the involved idea of levels management.Then,from the safety barrier perspective,safety design principles were discussed,the safety principles and implement measures of LNG storage were provided,LNG tanks for the pontoon were analyzed in detail in terms of their types,design pressure,material selection and leakage protection principles.Also,the safety concerns of LNG supply and bunkering process were raised,and an improved handy bunkering arm&hose,lighter and more flexible than ever before,was introduced.Berthing and unberthing are related to the survival of the pontoon so that the key points of such design were highlighted.It is concluded that(1)based on the levels management,the pontoon equipped with IMO Type C tanks,with reasonable berthing/unberthing and safety designs adopted,is proved to be safe and reliable by practices;(2)by 2025,nearly 30 such improved LNG bunkering pontoons with a fueling capacity of 500 m^(3) each will be required on Yangtze and Pearl Rivers;and(3)the pontoon's safety and reliability has been verified by practices and its fourth generation has been developed.展开更多
To assess the deformation of a coal bunker and propose effective preventative measures for such,a real-time monitoring system was designed.Moreover,methods were proposed for monitoring the coal-bunker inclination,sett...To assess the deformation of a coal bunker and propose effective preventative measures for such,a real-time monitoring system was designed.Moreover,methods were proposed for monitoring the coal-bunker inclination,settlement,groundwater level,temperature,and material level.By using a vector autoregression model and time-series data for the coal-bunker deformation,a long-term equilibrium relationship was derived between the coal-bunker inclination and settlement and their influencing factors.The dynamic effects of each factor on the coal-bunker inclination and settlement and how the contribution of each factor changes were revealed by using an impulse response function and variance decomposition.The results show that the coal-bunker inclination and settlement vary hysteretically.Groundwater level has constant and small negative effects on the coal-bunker inclination and settlement,and temperature has continuous and significant negative effects;however,material level has constant positive effects on the coal-bunker settlement and slightly influences the eastward inclination while significantly influencing the northward inclination of the coal bunker.Also,unbalanced loading has little influence on the coal-bunker settlement and eastward inclination but significant influence on its northward inclination.Therefore,monitoring of the coal-bunker deformation should be strengthened in summer,and sudden changes in material level and unbalanced loading should be avoided during production.Moreover,the coal-bunker inclination can be adjusted by unbalanced loading in the reverse direction.展开更多
A fuzzy control scheme is presented according to the coal quantity in the main coal bunker, this method has a good dynamic response characteristic and is suited for complex nonlin-ear systems. The designation of self-...A fuzzy control scheme is presented according to the coal quantity in the main coal bunker, this method has a good dynamic response characteristic and is suited for complex nonlin-ear systems. The designation of self-adopting fuzzy controller, the working principle and functions of this system are also proposed, with the hardware and the main flow diagram of this system in-troduced in this paper.展开更多
In order to reduce waiting time in port for large LNG （liquefied natural gas） fueled ships, it is suggested that LNG STS （ship to ship） bunkering and cargo loading/unloading should be carried out simultaneously. T...In order to reduce waiting time in port for large LNG （liquefied natural gas） fueled ships, it is suggested that LNG STS （ship to ship） bunkering and cargo loading/unloading should be carried out simultaneously. This study investigated the safety zone of an LNG bunkering vessel with 10,000 cubic meters capacity transferring LNG fuel to an LNG fueled 18,000 TEU containership. Four LNG leakage scenarios were identified based on failure frequencies analysis of piping systems and severity of consequence, three-dimension CFD software FLACS was adopted to calculate flammable cloud dispersion after LNG leakage. As a result, we obtained a rectangle dangerous zone （41.3 m ~ 126 m）, outside of this dangerous zone can be def＇med as safety zone. It is concluded that safety zone of LNG STS bunkering and cargo loading/unloading SIMOPS （simultaneous operations） cannot keep the same, there are different results for different designs and operation locations. Due to high frequencies and severe consequences, two typical scenarios, the leakage of LNG hose and the natural gas releases from bunkering tank＇s safety relief valve during bunkering, cannot be ignored in similar study.展开更多
A great attention has been paid to slowing the degradation of coal nowadays. The spiral bunker is the main measure to lower the degradation. In this paper the application and research of spiral bunker are introduced. ...A great attention has been paid to slowing the degradation of coal nowadays. The spiral bunker is the main measure to lower the degradation. In this paper the application and research of spiral bunker are introduced. And two non-normal spiral chutes are discussed. One is in the tangential direction of the inner wall of the bunker, another is in the direction of the diameter of the bunker. Mathematical models of the non-normal spiral chutes are set up to optimize the geometrical parameters of the spiral curved surface, which would ensure that coal travels smoothly to the bottom of the bunker. The results would be useful for designing and retrofitting the spiral bunker.展开更多
Based on the function analysis of surge bunker in mine haulage system, the authors raise the calculation methods of the total output of a mine haulage system. Taking the maximum of system’s total throughput as a obje...Based on the function analysis of surge bunker in mine haulage system, the authors raise the calculation methods of the total output of a mine haulage system. Taking the maximum of system’s total throughput as a objective, the method of determining the surge bunker’s rational size is put forward. Also, the problems of rational position of surge bunker are analysesed.展开更多
With the increasing utilization of liquefied natural gas(LNG)as a marine fuel,the safety and reliability of shore-based LNG bunkering operations have become vital concerns.Human factors are crucial to the successful e...With the increasing utilization of liquefied natural gas(LNG)as a marine fuel,the safety and reliability of shore-based LNG bunkering operations have become vital concerns.Human factors are crucial to the successful execution of these operations.However,predicting human reliability in such complex scenarios remains challenging.This paper focuses on the prediction of human reliability analysis(HRA)for shorebased LNG bunkering operations on tanker ships to address the aforementioned gap.Practical approaches to predicting HRA under the success likelihood index method(SLIM)and an improved Z-numbers approach are both adopted in this paper.SLIM provides a powerful tool to calculate human error,while the improved Z-numbers can address uncertainty and improve the reliability of qualitative expert judgments.Results show that the reliability of shore-based LNG bunkering operations is 0.861.In addition to its robust theoretical contribution,this research provides substantial practical contributions to LNG ship owners,ship superintendents,safety inspectors,and shore-based and ship crew for enhancing safety at the operational level and efficiency of shore-based LNG bunkering operations.展开更多
In this study, we perform a series of numerical calculations on two vessels in the time domain. One vessel maintains its position using an internal turret and catenary mooring lines, while the other is moored to the f...In this study, we perform a series of numerical calculations on two vessels in the time domain. One vessel maintains its position using an internal turret and catenary mooring lines, while the other is moored to the former vessel via an STS （ship-to-ship） mooring system. We obtain hydrodynamic forces using the HOBEM （higher-order boundary element method）. Then, we determine their coefficients using the convolution function method in the time domain. We model the catenary mooring lines using the finite element method, and the STS mooring lines are treated as linear SPs （springs） with constraints. To optimize the STS system, we conduct parametric studies on STS mooring systems. Finally, we compare the motion and structural responses of the initial and modified configurations.展开更多
he bunker industry has faced negative perception to their trust and credibility in recent times.This is further compounded by the need for the industry to answer new challenges to meet the requirement of the Internati...he bunker industry has faced negative perception to their trust and credibility in recent times.This is further compounded by the need for the industry to answer new challenges to meet the requirement of the International Maritime Organization 2020.The aim of this work is to illustrate how blockchain technology may be adopted for aiding in bunker dispute resolution.To demonstrate how blockchain may aid in disputes within the bunker industry,this paper first examines the existing bunker supply process,which involves the formation of contracts under English law,the Bunker Delivery Notes,the different types of disputes that may arise during a bunker transaction and the methods of dispute resolution utilised by the industry.Furthermore,the current literature in relation to blockchain technology and blockchain smart contracts is examined.Finally,interviews and surveys within the industry have been conducted to identify the benefits and challenges in adopting blockchain technology.The research found that blockchains may benefit the bunker supply chain offering the effective resolution of bunker quality disputes.Furthermore,blockchains may also serve as a verification tool for electronic bunker delivery notes,which may aid quality and quantity bunker disputes as well as compliance with the new International Maritime Organisation 2020 requirements.As a result,despite the research having shown blockchain to be situationally dependent and having an element of legal uncertainty,blockchain does offer a solution to aid in bunker disputes and for improving the trust and credibility within the bunker industry.展开更多
Liquified natural gas(LNG)bunkering simultaneous operations(SIMOPs)refers to the operations(such as cargo operations,port activities and ship maintenance)occurring around LNG bunkering.SIMOPs pose new risks to LNG bun...Liquified natural gas(LNG)bunkering simultaneous operations(SIMOPs)refers to the operations(such as cargo operations,port activities and ship maintenance)occurring around LNG bunkering.SIMOPs pose new risks to LNG bunkering,because the operations are dynamically interlocked in which the occurrence probabilities of potential consequences change at different times due to commencement or completion of specific SIMOP events.However,traditional static risk assessment approaches are not able to take the dynamic nature of these new risks into account.This article proposes a dynamic quantitative risk as-sessment(DQRA)methodology based on the Bayesian network(BN)to develop better understanding of dynamic risks of LNG bunkering SIMOPs.The methodology is demonstrated and evaluated through a truck-to-ship LNG bunkering case study.The results and discussion of the case study validate the utility of the proposed methodology and demonstrate that BNs are efficient in performing the probability calcu-lations and are flexible in conducting causal diagnosis.The main innovation of this work is realizing the quantification of risks at different times,which reflects the most essential time-changing characteristics of risks associated with LNG bunkering SIMOPs.展开更多
文摘To comply with IMO Net Zero framework ammonia is emerging as a future fuel without carbon and sulphur products emission.Bunkering is a process of loading fuel on ships.Ships are not using ammonia as fuel at present.Engine makers are developing dual fuel engines to operate on ammonia.The prerequisite to use ammonia is a robust and safe infrastructure to supply green ammonia as fuel in ports worldwide.Fuel supply can be done by pipelines in ports,ship to ship transfer at anchorages or in ports,and truck to ship bunkering in ports.Ammonia being a corrosive and toxic chemical,and hazard identification and risk assessment needs to be carried out.Procedure for measurement of ammonia quantity and quality will need to be formulated.IGF Code will be applicable to Ammonia as fuel.All safety aspects will need to be included in a rigorous crew training and certification as per STCW convention.The methodology used for the paper is literature review,study of existing industry practices for bunkering of alternate fuels like LNG,Methanol and LPG and how it can be safely applied for ammonia bunkering.Key findings are that it will be safe to bunker ammonia by designing a robust system with inbuilt safety features similar to what is used for cryogenic fuel like Liquefied Natural Gas with stress on handling of toxic and corrosive properties and considering safety of crew and environmental protection.
文摘With the long-term use of coal bunker, a certain amount of sticking objects will beformed on its wall, and coal mine clearing robot can replace man in clearing the bunker wall.Also, since it equip with an explosion-proof camera, the worker can determine the operationby observing the well-head monitor.Moreover, it cannot work unless it is placed in positionand supported stably, and it has three degrees of freedom: rotating, stretching, and shovelcoal.It is driven by the hydraulic and controlled by PLC.The underground coal mine clearingrobot changs the traditional clearing methods, man does not have to enter the bunker toclear it, which ensures the production safety of coal transportation.
文摘Discussed the necessity of setting up the coal bunker in mining, introduced the development of coal bunker technology, combining the mining characteristic of the high yield and high-efficient working face in China at present, and point out that the type of horizontal coal bunker, is a kind of security, high-efficient coal store and transportation technology of suiting the modern production need of the colliery, is the developing direc-tion of technology of store and transportation of coal bunker.
基金Project supported by the funding program of China Maritime Safety Administration and National Energy Administration“Research on the Application Safety of LNG-Fueled Vessels”(No.:MSA[2012]509).
文摘LNG bunkering pontoons are presented to solve the fueling difficulty of LNG ships on inland waterways with a great variation of water height and channel width by seasonal change.First,the background of this concept was analyzed as well as the demand of LNG bunkering pontoons,and the involved idea of levels management.Then,from the safety barrier perspective,safety design principles were discussed,the safety principles and implement measures of LNG storage were provided,LNG tanks for the pontoon were analyzed in detail in terms of their types,design pressure,material selection and leakage protection principles.Also,the safety concerns of LNG supply and bunkering process were raised,and an improved handy bunkering arm&hose,lighter and more flexible than ever before,was introduced.Berthing and unberthing are related to the survival of the pontoon so that the key points of such design were highlighted.It is concluded that(1)based on the levels management,the pontoon equipped with IMO Type C tanks,with reasonable berthing/unberthing and safety designs adopted,is proved to be safe and reliable by practices;(2)by 2025,nearly 30 such improved LNG bunkering pontoons with a fueling capacity of 500 m^(3) each will be required on Yangtze and Pearl Rivers;and(3)the pontoon's safety and reliability has been verified by practices and its fourth generation has been developed.
基金Financial support for this work was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52004202)the Scientific Research Program Funded by Shaanxi Provincial Education Department(No.20JK0236)+2 种基金the Humanities and Social Science Fund of the Ministry of Education of China(No.20YJC630190)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M663781)the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(No.2021KRM009).
文摘To assess the deformation of a coal bunker and propose effective preventative measures for such,a real-time monitoring system was designed.Moreover,methods were proposed for monitoring the coal-bunker inclination,settlement,groundwater level,temperature,and material level.By using a vector autoregression model and time-series data for the coal-bunker deformation,a long-term equilibrium relationship was derived between the coal-bunker inclination and settlement and their influencing factors.The dynamic effects of each factor on the coal-bunker inclination and settlement and how the contribution of each factor changes were revealed by using an impulse response function and variance decomposition.The results show that the coal-bunker inclination and settlement vary hysteretically.Groundwater level has constant and small negative effects on the coal-bunker inclination and settlement,and temperature has continuous and significant negative effects;however,material level has constant positive effects on the coal-bunker settlement and slightly influences the eastward inclination while significantly influencing the northward inclination of the coal bunker.Also,unbalanced loading has little influence on the coal-bunker settlement and eastward inclination but significant influence on its northward inclination.Therefore,monitoring of the coal-bunker deformation should be strengthened in summer,and sudden changes in material level and unbalanced loading should be avoided during production.Moreover,the coal-bunker inclination can be adjusted by unbalanced loading in the reverse direction.
文摘A fuzzy control scheme is presented according to the coal quantity in the main coal bunker, this method has a good dynamic response characteristic and is suited for complex nonlin-ear systems. The designation of self-adopting fuzzy controller, the working principle and functions of this system are also proposed, with the hardware and the main flow diagram of this system in-troduced in this paper.
文摘In order to reduce waiting time in port for large LNG （liquefied natural gas） fueled ships, it is suggested that LNG STS （ship to ship） bunkering and cargo loading/unloading should be carried out simultaneously. This study investigated the safety zone of an LNG bunkering vessel with 10,000 cubic meters capacity transferring LNG fuel to an LNG fueled 18,000 TEU containership. Four LNG leakage scenarios were identified based on failure frequencies analysis of piping systems and severity of consequence, three-dimension CFD software FLACS was adopted to calculate flammable cloud dispersion after LNG leakage. As a result, we obtained a rectangle dangerous zone （41.3 m ~ 126 m）, outside of this dangerous zone can be def＇med as safety zone. It is concluded that safety zone of LNG STS bunkering and cargo loading/unloading SIMOPS （simultaneous operations） cannot keep the same, there are different results for different designs and operation locations. Due to high frequencies and severe consequences, two typical scenarios, the leakage of LNG hose and the natural gas releases from bunkering tank＇s safety relief valve during bunkering, cannot be ignored in similar study.
文摘A great attention has been paid to slowing the degradation of coal nowadays. The spiral bunker is the main measure to lower the degradation. In this paper the application and research of spiral bunker are introduced. And two non-normal spiral chutes are discussed. One is in the tangential direction of the inner wall of the bunker, another is in the direction of the diameter of the bunker. Mathematical models of the non-normal spiral chutes are set up to optimize the geometrical parameters of the spiral curved surface, which would ensure that coal travels smoothly to the bottom of the bunker. The results would be useful for designing and retrofitting the spiral bunker.
文摘Based on the function analysis of surge bunker in mine haulage system, the authors raise the calculation methods of the total output of a mine haulage system. Taking the maximum of system’s total throughput as a objective, the method of determining the surge bunker’s rational size is put forward. Also, the problems of rational position of surge bunker are analysesed.
文摘With the increasing utilization of liquefied natural gas(LNG)as a marine fuel,the safety and reliability of shore-based LNG bunkering operations have become vital concerns.Human factors are crucial to the successful execution of these operations.However,predicting human reliability in such complex scenarios remains challenging.This paper focuses on the prediction of human reliability analysis(HRA)for shorebased LNG bunkering operations on tanker ships to address the aforementioned gap.Practical approaches to predicting HRA under the success likelihood index method(SLIM)and an improved Z-numbers approach are both adopted in this paper.SLIM provides a powerful tool to calculate human error,while the improved Z-numbers can address uncertainty and improve the reliability of qualitative expert judgments.Results show that the reliability of shore-based LNG bunkering operations is 0.861.In addition to its robust theoretical contribution,this research provides substantial practical contributions to LNG ship owners,ship superintendents,safety inspectors,and shore-based and ship crew for enhancing safety at the operational level and efficiency of shore-based LNG bunkering operations.
文摘In this study, we perform a series of numerical calculations on two vessels in the time domain. One vessel maintains its position using an internal turret and catenary mooring lines, while the other is moored to the former vessel via an STS （ship-to-ship） mooring system. We obtain hydrodynamic forces using the HOBEM （higher-order boundary element method）. Then, we determine their coefficients using the convolution function method in the time domain. We model the catenary mooring lines using the finite element method, and the STS mooring lines are treated as linear SPs （springs） with constraints. To optimize the STS system, we conduct parametric studies on STS mooring systems. Finally, we compare the motion and structural responses of the initial and modified configurations.
文摘he bunker industry has faced negative perception to their trust and credibility in recent times.This is further compounded by the need for the industry to answer new challenges to meet the requirement of the International Maritime Organization 2020.The aim of this work is to illustrate how blockchain technology may be adopted for aiding in bunker dispute resolution.To demonstrate how blockchain may aid in disputes within the bunker industry,this paper first examines the existing bunker supply process,which involves the formation of contracts under English law,the Bunker Delivery Notes,the different types of disputes that may arise during a bunker transaction and the methods of dispute resolution utilised by the industry.Furthermore,the current literature in relation to blockchain technology and blockchain smart contracts is examined.Finally,interviews and surveys within the industry have been conducted to identify the benefits and challenges in adopting blockchain technology.The research found that blockchains may benefit the bunker supply chain offering the effective resolution of bunker quality disputes.Furthermore,blockchains may also serve as a verification tool for electronic bunker delivery notes,which may aid quality and quantity bunker disputes as well as compliance with the new International Maritime Organisation 2020 requirements.As a result,despite the research having shown blockchain to be situationally dependent and having an element of legal uncertainty,blockchain does offer a solution to aid in bunker disputes and for improving the trust and credibility within the bunker industry.
文摘Liquified natural gas(LNG)bunkering simultaneous operations(SIMOPs)refers to the operations(such as cargo operations,port activities and ship maintenance)occurring around LNG bunkering.SIMOPs pose new risks to LNG bunkering,because the operations are dynamically interlocked in which the occurrence probabilities of potential consequences change at different times due to commencement or completion of specific SIMOP events.However,traditional static risk assessment approaches are not able to take the dynamic nature of these new risks into account.This article proposes a dynamic quantitative risk as-sessment(DQRA)methodology based on the Bayesian network(BN)to develop better understanding of dynamic risks of LNG bunkering SIMOPs.The methodology is demonstrated and evaluated through a truck-to-ship LNG bunkering case study.The results and discussion of the case study validate the utility of the proposed methodology and demonstrate that BNs are efficient in performing the probability calcu-lations and are flexible in conducting causal diagnosis.The main innovation of this work is realizing the quantification of risks at different times,which reflects the most essential time-changing characteristics of risks associated with LNG bunkering SIMOPs.
