This paper begins with the overthrow of the concept of combining ability in crossbreeding by the concept of heritability.The reason is that general combining ability changes with the number and kind of pure strains in...This paper begins with the overthrow of the concept of combining ability in crossbreeding by the concept of heritability.The reason is that general combining ability changes with the number and kind of pure strains in the foundation stock and hence special combining ability changes also,so that work with different kinds of pure strains in the foundation stock cannot be compared.Hence combining ability is useless as a parameter to predict the amount of heterosis expected in the next generation.On the other hand,since each cross has a separate heritability,it can be applied to a cross population just as successfully as in purebreeding.Since the same concept holds in both cases,resort to any other concept would be superfluous.That's why combining ability must be rejected.Another reason(not given in the full text)is,an infinite number of pure strains would be required in the foundation stock for its results to be comparable with those of the heritability theory,which disposes of its utility altogether.The main content of the thesis is then the centennial enigma of heterosis can be resolved by Descarte's theoretic method of deduction.Accordingly we start from the definition of heterosis.H=F¡-MP,where H is heterosis,F,is the first generation offspring,MP is the mean of the parents or midparent,and from the use of a binomial random variable and its extention to the multinomial case derive the basic relations of heterosis with its components.Starting with second degree statistics,we obtain Vn=Vr,-2cov(F,,MP)+Vup,where V and cov stand for variance and covariance.The equations of heterosis are v„=(1/2)Na²+(1/4)Nd’+Vr(F,)=additive dominance F,epistasis Vup=(1/2)Na’+(1/2)V1,additive parental epistasis V„=(1/4)Nd’+V(F)+(1/2)V1,dominance F,epistasis parental epistasis.where N is number of genes controlling a trait,a=(P1-P,)12,d is deviation from midparent,while the variance components are all indicated by their names under the repective terms.It turns out that all these can be easily computed from the data so that the problem becomes a simple one which any college student may solve.In other words,the right answers are found when the right questions are asked.Who had ever shown that the heritability principle is inapplicable in crossbreeding,e.g.,in a crossing of two pure strains?From this cue arose the realization that the F,of a cross of two pure strains must also be a Mendelian population,with p and q both equal to 1/2 which simplifies the algebra outright.This Heritability Theory of Heterosis,or HTH in capital letters,re-sts on 2 initial anguments:1)Since 0.5+0.5=1,crossing two pure strains gives a population which is only a special case of pure-breeding,thereforea heritability coefficient must exist for the F1;2)Our problem reduces to that of finding that coefficient;the an-swer is given by the additive component divided by Ve.,i.e.,(1/2)No'1 Vp..which is readily found from the solution of the het-erosis equations.Thus the elemnal enigma of heterosis is resolved!This happened at the end of the 20th century.We now come to the second point of the discovery,the new genetic parameter crossheritability which will rise in size with the increase of the number of times it's used and form the link between breeding and evolution.The advent of the Age of Evolution Engineering in the 21st century marks a totally new era,showing that artificial will ultimately supercede natural selection,with the long span of time element eliminated.For agriculture at least,it means there is no limit to the increase of food supply by the new method,with the concentra-tion of desirable genes by hybridization in place of the old theory of their fixation.Genetic gain is achieved through artificial selec-tion,with an 80%saving of time,labor and cost by adoption of the new method.Applied to a further increase in all kinds of agri-cultural products including hybrd rice,it means that a huge eacalation,in fact a New Green Revolution,on a much langer scale than that of any such before,is in view,provided it is adopted in our research and educational institutions as early as possible,ere its spread elsewhere.The possibilities from the evolution point of view can only be pictured by science fiction.展开更多
Eldana saccharina is the most damaging stem borer of sugarcane in South Africa causing US$90 million losses of revenue annually. The breeding strategy at the South African Sugarcane Research Institute is based on eval...Eldana saccharina is the most damaging stem borer of sugarcane in South Africa causing US$90 million losses of revenue annually. The breeding strategy at the South African Sugarcane Research Institute is based on evaluating parents for breeding values using progeny data derived from family plots and selecting parents with high breeding values for crossing. Family selection entails selecting whole populations of progenies based on family mean. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of family selection to eldana resistance breeding. Data were collected from stage 1 (seedlings stage) trials. In each plot, stalks were examined for eldana entry and exit holes and stalks with borings were counted. The number of bored stalks was expressed as a percent of total stalks and subjected to analysis of variance. The family broad sense heritabilities ranged from 0.51 - 0.56 compared with 0.17 for Individual Genotype Selection (IGS). Predicted family selection gains ranged from 20% to 69% compared with 18% for IGS indicating the value of family selection. Female parental effects F-values (1.63 - 2.01) were significant (P = 0.0017 - 0.0041) compared with non-significant male F-values (1.33 - 1.41) and (P = 0.088 - 0.1464) suggesting maternal effects. Crossing parents with higher resistance such as 96M0058 × 94M0017, 87M0965 × 98G1166 and 97M0653 × 94M0017 produced significantly (P < 0.05) fewer bored stalks compared with those showing lower resistance (96H0590 × 95H0167, 94F2694 × 86F3326 and 76L1295 × 91L1492) suggesting additive genetic effects and that recurrent selection will be an effective breeding method.展开更多
文摘This paper begins with the overthrow of the concept of combining ability in crossbreeding by the concept of heritability.The reason is that general combining ability changes with the number and kind of pure strains in the foundation stock and hence special combining ability changes also,so that work with different kinds of pure strains in the foundation stock cannot be compared.Hence combining ability is useless as a parameter to predict the amount of heterosis expected in the next generation.On the other hand,since each cross has a separate heritability,it can be applied to a cross population just as successfully as in purebreeding.Since the same concept holds in both cases,resort to any other concept would be superfluous.That's why combining ability must be rejected.Another reason(not given in the full text)is,an infinite number of pure strains would be required in the foundation stock for its results to be comparable with those of the heritability theory,which disposes of its utility altogether.The main content of the thesis is then the centennial enigma of heterosis can be resolved by Descarte's theoretic method of deduction.Accordingly we start from the definition of heterosis.H=F¡-MP,where H is heterosis,F,is the first generation offspring,MP is the mean of the parents or midparent,and from the use of a binomial random variable and its extention to the multinomial case derive the basic relations of heterosis with its components.Starting with second degree statistics,we obtain Vn=Vr,-2cov(F,,MP)+Vup,where V and cov stand for variance and covariance.The equations of heterosis are v„=(1/2)Na²+(1/4)Nd’+Vr(F,)=additive dominance F,epistasis Vup=(1/2)Na’+(1/2)V1,additive parental epistasis V„=(1/4)Nd’+V(F)+(1/2)V1,dominance F,epistasis parental epistasis.where N is number of genes controlling a trait,a=(P1-P,)12,d is deviation from midparent,while the variance components are all indicated by their names under the repective terms.It turns out that all these can be easily computed from the data so that the problem becomes a simple one which any college student may solve.In other words,the right answers are found when the right questions are asked.Who had ever shown that the heritability principle is inapplicable in crossbreeding,e.g.,in a crossing of two pure strains?From this cue arose the realization that the F,of a cross of two pure strains must also be a Mendelian population,with p and q both equal to 1/2 which simplifies the algebra outright.This Heritability Theory of Heterosis,or HTH in capital letters,re-sts on 2 initial anguments:1)Since 0.5+0.5=1,crossing two pure strains gives a population which is only a special case of pure-breeding,thereforea heritability coefficient must exist for the F1;2)Our problem reduces to that of finding that coefficient;the an-swer is given by the additive component divided by Ve.,i.e.,(1/2)No'1 Vp..which is readily found from the solution of the het-erosis equations.Thus the elemnal enigma of heterosis is resolved!This happened at the end of the 20th century.We now come to the second point of the discovery,the new genetic parameter crossheritability which will rise in size with the increase of the number of times it's used and form the link between breeding and evolution.The advent of the Age of Evolution Engineering in the 21st century marks a totally new era,showing that artificial will ultimately supercede natural selection,with the long span of time element eliminated.For agriculture at least,it means there is no limit to the increase of food supply by the new method,with the concentra-tion of desirable genes by hybridization in place of the old theory of their fixation.Genetic gain is achieved through artificial selec-tion,with an 80%saving of time,labor and cost by adoption of the new method.Applied to a further increase in all kinds of agri-cultural products including hybrd rice,it means that a huge eacalation,in fact a New Green Revolution,on a much langer scale than that of any such before,is in view,provided it is adopted in our research and educational institutions as early as possible,ere its spread elsewhere.The possibilities from the evolution point of view can only be pictured by science fiction.
文摘Eldana saccharina is the most damaging stem borer of sugarcane in South Africa causing US$90 million losses of revenue annually. The breeding strategy at the South African Sugarcane Research Institute is based on evaluating parents for breeding values using progeny data derived from family plots and selecting parents with high breeding values for crossing. Family selection entails selecting whole populations of progenies based on family mean. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of family selection to eldana resistance breeding. Data were collected from stage 1 (seedlings stage) trials. In each plot, stalks were examined for eldana entry and exit holes and stalks with borings were counted. The number of bored stalks was expressed as a percent of total stalks and subjected to analysis of variance. The family broad sense heritabilities ranged from 0.51 - 0.56 compared with 0.17 for Individual Genotype Selection (IGS). Predicted family selection gains ranged from 20% to 69% compared with 18% for IGS indicating the value of family selection. Female parental effects F-values (1.63 - 2.01) were significant (P = 0.0017 - 0.0041) compared with non-significant male F-values (1.33 - 1.41) and (P = 0.088 - 0.1464) suggesting maternal effects. Crossing parents with higher resistance such as 96M0058 × 94M0017, 87M0965 × 98G1166 and 97M0653 × 94M0017 produced significantly (P < 0.05) fewer bored stalks compared with those showing lower resistance (96H0590 × 95H0167, 94F2694 × 86F3326 and 76L1295 × 91L1492) suggesting additive genetic effects and that recurrent selection will be an effective breeding method.
