Aiming at the prominent indoor safety hazards and the difficulty in timely detecting abnormal behaviors of elderly living alone against the backdrop of accelerating population aging,an abnormal behavior monitoring sys...Aiming at the prominent indoor safety hazards and the difficulty in timely detecting abnormal behaviors of elderly living alone against the backdrop of accelerating population aging,an abnormal behavior monitoring system for elderly living alone indoors,integrating multi-sensor technology and intelligent algorithms,is designed.The system adopts a four-layer architecture of“perception layer-processing layer-communication layer-application layer,”integrating hardware modules for visual collection,environmental sensing,physiological monitoring,and posture perception,and realizing collaborative data processing through embedded processors and edge computing devices.At the algorithm level,it optimizes target detection,behavior classification,posture fusion,and multi-modal discrimination models to achieve real-time identification of risks such as falls,posture abnormalities,and physiological abnormalities.The communication link combines short-range and long-range technologies,coupled with a multi-terminal early warning mechanism to ensure efficient transmission of abnormal information.The system balances detection accuracy,privacy protection,and user acceptance,providing technical support for the home safety of elderly living alone.The relevant design ideas can serve as a reference for the development of similar intelligent elderly care equipment.展开更多
Traditional wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are typically deployed in remote and hostile environments for information collection.The wireless communication methods adopted by sensor nodes may make the network highly vul...Traditional wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are typically deployed in remote and hostile environments for information collection.The wireless communication methods adopted by sensor nodes may make the network highly vulnerable to various attacks.Traditional encryption and authentication mechanisms cannot prevent attacks launched by internal malicious nodes.The trust-based security mechanism is usually adopted to solve this problem in WSNs.However,the behavioral evidence used for trust estimation presents some uncertainties due to the open wireless medium and the inexpensive sensor nodes.Moreover,how to efficiently collect behavioral evidences are rarely discussed.To address these issues,in this paper,we present a trust management mechanism based on fuzzy logic and a cloud model.First,a type-II fuzzy logic system is used to preprocess the behavioral evidences and alleviate uncertainty.Then,the cloud model is introduced to estimate the trust values for sensor nodes.Finally,a dynamic behavior monitoring protocol is proposed to provide a balance between energy conservation and safety assurance.Simulation results demonstrate that our trust management mechanism can effectively protect the network from internal malicious attacks while enhancing the energy efficiency of behavior monitoring.展开更多
The applicability of ultrasonic pulse velocity （UPV） method to in-situ monitor setting and hardening process of foamed concrete （FC） was systematically investigated. The UPVs of various FC pastes were automaticall...The applicability of ultrasonic pulse velocity （UPV） method to in-situ monitor setting and hardening process of foamed concrete （FC） was systematically investigated. The UPVs of various FC pastes were automatically and continuously measured by a specially designed ultrasonic monitoring apparatus （UMA）. Ultrasonic tests were performed on FC mixtures with different density （300, 500, 800 and 1 000 kg/m3）, and different fly ash contents （0%, 20%, 40% and 60%）. The influence of curing temperatures （20, 40, 60 and 80~C） was also studied. The experimental results show that three characteristic stages can be clearly identified during the setting process of an arbitrary FC paste： dormant stage, acceleration stage, and deceleration stage. Wet density, fly ash content, and curing temperature have great impact on setting behavior. A stepwise increase of the wet density results in shorter dormant stage and larger final UPV. Hydration reaction rate is obviously promoted with an increase in curing temperature. However, the addition fly ash retards the microstn,lcture formation. To aid in comparing with the ultrasonic results, the consistence spread test and Vicat needle test （VNT） were also conducted. A correlation between ultrasonic and VNT results was also established to evaluate the initial and final setting time of the FC mixtures. Finally, certain ranges of UPV with reasonable widths were suggested for the initial and final setting time, respectively.展开更多
While remote trust attestation is a useful concept to detect unauthorized changes to software, the current mechanism only ensures authenticity at the start of the operating system and cannot ensure the action of runni...While remote trust attestation is a useful concept to detect unauthorized changes to software, the current mechanism only ensures authenticity at the start of the operating system and cannot ensure the action of running software. Our approach is to use a behavior-based monitoring agent to make remote attestation more flexible, dynamic, and trustworthy. This approach was mostly made possible by extensive use of process information which is readily available in Unix. We also made use of a behavior tree to effectively record predictable behaviors of each process. In this paper, we primarily focus on building a prototype implementation of such framework, presenting one example built on it, successfully find potential security risks in the run time of a ftp program and then evaluate the performance of this model.展开更多
Behavior choice, coal mine monitoring, and control intensity are combined in a general mathematical model established from the perspective of a behavioral game. A case study is provided with effective conditions of mo...Behavior choice, coal mine monitoring, and control intensity are combined in a general mathematical model established from the perspective of a behavioral game. A case study is provided with effective conditions of monitoring provided. This paper defines the expected value difference of control return and behavior cost difference and discusses the measurement and optimization of variable indexes, including the monitoring intensity and costs of control. The results imply that the control of unsafe behavior can be more effective when monitoring and control of coal mines are both improved. Monitoring will be useful when the rewards for displaying safe behavior, and the monitoring of unsafe behavior, are improved to a high level.展开更多
There are a large number of extensions with many users in Google Chrome,which greatly enriches the functionalities of Chrome.However,due to inadequate security auditing,vulnerable updating mechanisms and time-delayed ...There are a large number of extensions with many users in Google Chrome,which greatly enriches the functionalities of Chrome.However,due to inadequate security auditing,vulnerable updating mechanisms and time-delayed maintenance of Chrome Web Store,the store becomes a platform for attackers to distribute malicious extensions.Existing static analysis methods can hardly detect obfuscated codes and dynamic codes injected by extensions,while dynamic detection methods have low coverage due to the need to meet various constraints when extensions are being executed.We propose a method to analyze Chrome extension behaviors dynamically based on direct execution of Java Script(JS).The core idea of this method is to convert the analysis of the whole extension into the analysis of each JS in the extension,bypassing the constraints(e.g.language,region,URL)of the extension itself,and improving the coverage of detection.The analysis of more than 44000 extensions showed that the method can effectively identify predefined behaviors.Among them,20 extensions had access to malicious domains,1113 extensions injected advertisements and 381 extensions collected users’passwords or cookies.At the same time,the number of URL requests obtained from this method is 177893,which is 52.44%more than that from traditional dynamic analysis method.展开更多
Fully mechanized solid backfill mining(FMSBM) technology adopts dense backfill body to support the roof. Based on the distinguishing characteristics and mine pressure control principle in this technology, the basic pr...Fully mechanized solid backfill mining(FMSBM) technology adopts dense backfill body to support the roof. Based on the distinguishing characteristics and mine pressure control principle in this technology, the basic principles and methods for mining pressure monitoring were analyzed and established. And the characteristics of overburden strata movement were analyzed by monitoring the support resistance of hydraulic support, the dynamic subsidence of immediate roof, the stress of backfill body, the front abutment pressure, and the mass ratio of cut coal to backfilled materials. On-site strata behavior measurements of 7403 W solid backfilling working face in Zhai Zhen Coal Mine show that the backfill body can effectively support the overburden load, obviously control the overburden strata movement, and weaken the strata behaviors distinctly. Specific performances are as follows. The support resistance decreases obviously; the dynamic subsidence of immediate roof keeps consistent to the variation of backfill body stress, and tends to be stable after the face retreating to 120-150 m away from the cut. The peak value of front abutment pressure arises at 5-12 m before the operating face, and mass ratio is greater than the designed value of 1.15, which effectively ensures the control of strata movement. The research results are bases for intensively studying basic theories of solid backfill mining strata behaviors and its control, and provide theoretical guidance for engineering design in FMSBM.展开更多
During the process of archaeological excavation in the regions of Southeast China, collapse of test square usually occurs due to poor site-specific conditions. In this paper, the fast Lagrangian analysis of continua i...During the process of archaeological excavation in the regions of Southeast China, collapse of test square usually occurs due to poor site-specific conditions. In this paper, the fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in three dimensions（FLAC3D） is employed to reveal the behaviors of test square. Taking the archaeological works in Liangzhu prehistoric earthen sites as the research background, the paper first introduces the geological setting, excavation procedure and monitoring scheme of the studied test square. Then, the deformation of four sides of the test square is modeled using FLAC3D. By comparison, it shows that the numerical results are consistent with the results from field monitoring. The result suggests that the numerical simulation can be effectively applied to representing the actual behaviors of the test square,which is helpful for determination of excavation scheme and stability evaluation of the test square during archaeological excavation.展开更多
To study the stress, deformation, and seepage pressure during the initial impoundment of the Jinping-I Arch Dam, monitoring analysis and numerical calculation were used in a dam behavior analysis that focused on the w...To study the stress, deformation, and seepage pressure during the initial impoundment of the Jinping-I Arch Dam, monitoring analysis and numerical calculation were used in a dam behavior analysis that focused on the working behavior of the dam during the late period of the initial impoundment up to the end of November 2014. The numerical calculation was performed based on feedback analysis of the deformation and stress of the arch dam through inversion of the elastic moduli(E) of the dam body and foundation, using a three-dimensional finite element model for the linear elastic material of the arch dam. The main monitoring indices presented insignificant changes in the late period of the initial impoundment, and the results of feedback analysis were consistent with monitoring results. Analysis results also show that the deformations of the dam body and dam foundation were within the design range; the dam stress distributions were normal, with values lower than the design control criteria; and the seepage flows through the dam body and dam foundation were lower than the design drainage capacity of the deep-well pump house, demonstrating that the Jinping-I Arch Dam was in good working condition, and the initial impoundment had been successfully completed. The results of the working behavior analysis of the Jinping-I hydropower project during the initial impoundment can provide references for safe operation of similar projects.展开更多
Xiamen Xiangan Subsea Tunnel is the first undersea tunnel constructed in China. It has become the major undersea pathway connecting Xiamen Island and Xiangan District since its operation in 2010. The total length is 6...Xiamen Xiangan Subsea Tunnel is the first undersea tunnel constructed in China. It has become the major undersea pathway connecting Xiamen Island and Xiangan District since its operation in 2010. The total length is 6.05 km with the undersea length of 4.2 km. In an effort to onsite-monitor reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures, the commercially available CorroWatch multiprobe sensors and ERE-20 reference electrodes were pre-embedded in the selected locations and positions of supporting structures during the tunnel constructions. The real-time data have been collected annually by onsite measurements for 6 years. In this paper, the feasibility of the onsite corrosion monitoring system and suitability of the measured parameters including corrosion current, potential and temperature are discussed based on the preliminary results. The measured typical cyclic-type variations in corrosion current and temperature with monitoring time might be related to the seasonal changes during the annual routine measurements. The widely scattered corrosion potentials that are fluctuated complicatedly reflected localized differences in the vicinity of rebar and concrete. These findings, along with the progressively ongoing research, will provide valuable information in structural durability for service life prediction of reinforced concrete structures exposed to marine environments.展开更多
Trail use by pedestrians has become more popular in the United States over the last decade although few studies explore the use of technology to monitor high use trails. Monitoring trail users is an important part of ...Trail use by pedestrians has become more popular in the United States over the last decade although few studies explore the use of technology to monitor high use trails. Monitoring trail users is an important part of trail management and an optimal monitoring system usually depends on site-specific characteristics. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how using a multi-methods system to monitor backcountry trail usage in complex spatial settings can be a useful approach for collecting the information that trail managers need. Given the national growth in recreational hiking, we were particularly interested in exploring these issues for highly visited trails close to urban areas and selected a portion of the Larch Trail leading to the top of Multnomah Falls for the study. The multi-methods approach that we used included a combination of automated infrared sensor counts, manual counts, parking lot data from an inductive loop, and travel time estimates collected with low-energy Bluetooth sensors. We found that using multiple methods allowed for a cost-effective and rich data set that considered the site characteristics and the specific need of the trail managers. We expect that many backcountry trail settings have complex landscape and physical design without robust pre-existing baseline data and hope that our insights will aid trail managers as they strive for a sustainable balance between human use and landscape impact.展开更多
Supposing a typical case of mismatch between human actions and given situation,the appropriate driver support function was investigated in this paper. It was processed by calculating the conditional expectation of dam...Supposing a typical case of mismatch between human actions and given situation,the appropriate driver support function was investigated in this paper. It was processed by calculating the conditional expectation of damage under different degrees of automation. The typical case was that the situation was detected to be in threat while the driver was detected not to take any corresponding action. Considering various realistic factors,preference order among different levels of automation was probabilistically analyzed. Different levels of automation under action type support were differentiated by human's reactions to the autonomous safety control actions which were taken by the computer.展开更多
基金2024 Ministry of Education Supply-Demand Docking Employment and Education Projects(2024101679202,2024121116066)2023 Ministry of Education Supply-Demand Docking Employment and Education Projects(2023122927732,2023122925618)+1 种基金2024“Innovation Strong Institute Project”Construction Project(2024CQ-29)Talent Project of the Open University of Guangdong:Research on key technologies for improving the performance of blockchain application platforms(Project No.:2021F001).
文摘Aiming at the prominent indoor safety hazards and the difficulty in timely detecting abnormal behaviors of elderly living alone against the backdrop of accelerating population aging,an abnormal behavior monitoring system for elderly living alone indoors,integrating multi-sensor technology and intelligent algorithms,is designed.The system adopts a four-layer architecture of“perception layer-processing layer-communication layer-application layer,”integrating hardware modules for visual collection,environmental sensing,physiological monitoring,and posture perception,and realizing collaborative data processing through embedded processors and edge computing devices.At the algorithm level,it optimizes target detection,behavior classification,posture fusion,and multi-modal discrimination models to achieve real-time identification of risks such as falls,posture abnormalities,and physiological abnormalities.The communication link combines short-range and long-range technologies,coupled with a multi-terminal early warning mechanism to ensure efficient transmission of abnormal information.The system balances detection accuracy,privacy protection,and user acceptance,providing technical support for the home safety of elderly living alone.The relevant design ideas can serve as a reference for the development of similar intelligent elderly care equipment.
基金supported in part by the Chongqing Electronics Engineering Technology Research Center for Interactive Learningin part by the Chongqing key discipline of electronic informationin part by the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(KJQN202201630)。
文摘Traditional wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are typically deployed in remote and hostile environments for information collection.The wireless communication methods adopted by sensor nodes may make the network highly vulnerable to various attacks.Traditional encryption and authentication mechanisms cannot prevent attacks launched by internal malicious nodes.The trust-based security mechanism is usually adopted to solve this problem in WSNs.However,the behavioral evidence used for trust estimation presents some uncertainties due to the open wireless medium and the inexpensive sensor nodes.Moreover,how to efficiently collect behavioral evidences are rarely discussed.To address these issues,in this paper,we present a trust management mechanism based on fuzzy logic and a cloud model.First,a type-II fuzzy logic system is used to preprocess the behavioral evidences and alleviate uncertainty.Then,the cloud model is introduced to estimate the trust values for sensor nodes.Finally,a dynamic behavior monitoring protocol is proposed to provide a balance between energy conservation and safety assurance.Simulation results demonstrate that our trust management mechanism can effectively protect the network from internal malicious attacks while enhancing the energy efficiency of behavior monitoring.
基金Founded by the key laboratory of high performance civil engineering materials(2010CEM002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51178106,51138002)+1 种基金the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-08-0116),973 Program(2009CB623200)the Program sponsored for scientific innovation research of college graduate in Jiangsu province(CXLX_0105)
文摘The applicability of ultrasonic pulse velocity （UPV） method to in-situ monitor setting and hardening process of foamed concrete （FC） was systematically investigated. The UPVs of various FC pastes were automatically and continuously measured by a specially designed ultrasonic monitoring apparatus （UMA）. Ultrasonic tests were performed on FC mixtures with different density （300, 500, 800 and 1 000 kg/m3）, and different fly ash contents （0%, 20%, 40% and 60%）. The influence of curing temperatures （20, 40, 60 and 80~C） was also studied. The experimental results show that three characteristic stages can be clearly identified during the setting process of an arbitrary FC paste： dormant stage, acceleration stage, and deceleration stage. Wet density, fly ash content, and curing temperature have great impact on setting behavior. A stepwise increase of the wet density results in shorter dormant stage and larger final UPV. Hydration reaction rate is obviously promoted with an increase in curing temperature. However, the addition fly ash retards the microstn,lcture formation. To aid in comparing with the ultrasonic results, the consistence spread test and Vicat needle test （VNT） were also conducted. A correlation between ultrasonic and VNT results was also established to evaluate the initial and final setting time of the FC mixtures. Finally, certain ranges of UPV with reasonable widths were suggested for the initial and final setting time, respectively.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (90104005 ,60373087 ,60473023)
文摘While remote trust attestation is a useful concept to detect unauthorized changes to software, the current mechanism only ensures authenticity at the start of the operating system and cannot ensure the action of running software. Our approach is to use a behavior-based monitoring agent to make remote attestation more flexible, dynamic, and trustworthy. This approach was mostly made possible by extensive use of process information which is readily available in Unix. We also made use of a behavior tree to effectively record predictable behaviors of each process. In this paper, we primarily focus on building a prototype implementation of such framework, presenting one example built on it, successfully find potential security risks in the run time of a ftp program and then evaluate the performance of this model.
基金Project supports from The Humanistic and Social Scientific Research Planning Program in Ministry of Education of China (No.12YJA630063)The Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No. 10GLB001)the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No. 20100095120014) are acknowledged
文摘Behavior choice, coal mine monitoring, and control intensity are combined in a general mathematical model established from the perspective of a behavioral game. A case study is provided with effective conditions of monitoring provided. This paper defines the expected value difference of control return and behavior cost difference and discusses the measurement and optimization of variable indexes, including the monitoring intensity and costs of control. The results imply that the control of unsafe behavior can be more effective when monitoring and control of coal mines are both improved. Monitoring will be useful when the rewards for displaying safe behavior, and the monitoring of unsafe behavior, are improved to a high level.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61972297,U1636107)。
文摘There are a large number of extensions with many users in Google Chrome,which greatly enriches the functionalities of Chrome.However,due to inadequate security auditing,vulnerable updating mechanisms and time-delayed maintenance of Chrome Web Store,the store becomes a platform for attackers to distribute malicious extensions.Existing static analysis methods can hardly detect obfuscated codes and dynamic codes injected by extensions,while dynamic detection methods have low coverage due to the need to meet various constraints when extensions are being executed.We propose a method to analyze Chrome extension behaviors dynamically based on direct execution of Java Script(JS).The core idea of this method is to convert the analysis of the whole extension into the analysis of each JS in the extension,bypassing the constraints(e.g.language,region,URL)of the extension itself,and improving the coverage of detection.The analysis of more than 44000 extensions showed that the method can effectively identify predefined behaviors.Among them,20 extensions had access to malicious domains,1113 extensions injected advertisements and 381 extensions collected users’passwords or cookies.At the same time,the number of URL requests obtained from this method is 177893,which is 52.44%more than that from traditional dynamic analysis method.
基金Project(SKLCRSM12X01)supported by State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining,China University of Mining&TechnologyProject(2014ZDPY02)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ChinaProject(CXLX13_951)supported by the Research Innovation Program for College Graduates of Jiangsu Province,China
文摘Fully mechanized solid backfill mining(FMSBM) technology adopts dense backfill body to support the roof. Based on the distinguishing characteristics and mine pressure control principle in this technology, the basic principles and methods for mining pressure monitoring were analyzed and established. And the characteristics of overburden strata movement were analyzed by monitoring the support resistance of hydraulic support, the dynamic subsidence of immediate roof, the stress of backfill body, the front abutment pressure, and the mass ratio of cut coal to backfilled materials. On-site strata behavior measurements of 7403 W solid backfilling working face in Zhai Zhen Coal Mine show that the backfill body can effectively support the overburden load, obviously control the overburden strata movement, and weaken the strata behaviors distinctly. Specific performances are as follows. The support resistance decreases obviously; the dynamic subsidence of immediate roof keeps consistent to the variation of backfill body stress, and tends to be stable after the face retreating to 120-150 m away from the cut. The peak value of front abutment pressure arises at 5-12 m before the operating face, and mass ratio is greater than the designed value of 1.15, which effectively ensures the control of strata movement. The research results are bases for intensively studying basic theories of solid backfill mining strata behaviors and its control, and provide theoretical guidance for engineering design in FMSBM.
基金financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51578272)the State Administration of Cultural Heritage "Research Program for Outstanding Youth"(Grant No. 2014224)+1 种基金the National Key Technology R&D Program of China during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period (Grant No. 2013BAK08B11)the Project on Basic Research of Gansu Province's Innovation Group (Grant No. 145RJIF336)
文摘During the process of archaeological excavation in the regions of Southeast China, collapse of test square usually occurs due to poor site-specific conditions. In this paper, the fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in three dimensions（FLAC3D） is employed to reveal the behaviors of test square. Taking the archaeological works in Liangzhu prehistoric earthen sites as the research background, the paper first introduces the geological setting, excavation procedure and monitoring scheme of the studied test square. Then, the deformation of four sides of the test square is modeled using FLAC3D. By comparison, it shows that the numerical results are consistent with the results from field monitoring. The result suggests that the numerical simulation can be effectively applied to representing the actual behaviors of the test square,which is helpful for determination of excavation scheme and stability evaluation of the test square during archaeological excavation.
基金supported by the National Key Technology Support Program(Grant No.2013BAB05B05)
文摘To study the stress, deformation, and seepage pressure during the initial impoundment of the Jinping-I Arch Dam, monitoring analysis and numerical calculation were used in a dam behavior analysis that focused on the working behavior of the dam during the late period of the initial impoundment up to the end of November 2014. The numerical calculation was performed based on feedback analysis of the deformation and stress of the arch dam through inversion of the elastic moduli(E) of the dam body and foundation, using a three-dimensional finite element model for the linear elastic material of the arch dam. The main monitoring indices presented insignificant changes in the late period of the initial impoundment, and the results of feedback analysis were consistent with monitoring results. Analysis results also show that the deformations of the dam body and dam foundation were within the design range; the dam stress distributions were normal, with values lower than the design control criteria; and the seepage flows through the dam body and dam foundation were lower than the design drainage capacity of the deep-well pump house, demonstrating that the Jinping-I Arch Dam was in good working condition, and the initial impoundment had been successfully completed. The results of the working behavior analysis of the Jinping-I hydropower project during the initial impoundment can provide references for safe operation of similar projects.
基金financial support and onsite assistance from the Xiamen Road and Bridge Construction Group Co.,Ltd.,China
文摘Xiamen Xiangan Subsea Tunnel is the first undersea tunnel constructed in China. It has become the major undersea pathway connecting Xiamen Island and Xiangan District since its operation in 2010. The total length is 6.05 km with the undersea length of 4.2 km. In an effort to onsite-monitor reinforcement corrosion in concrete structures, the commercially available CorroWatch multiprobe sensors and ERE-20 reference electrodes were pre-embedded in the selected locations and positions of supporting structures during the tunnel constructions. The real-time data have been collected annually by onsite measurements for 6 years. In this paper, the feasibility of the onsite corrosion monitoring system and suitability of the measured parameters including corrosion current, potential and temperature are discussed based on the preliminary results. The measured typical cyclic-type variations in corrosion current and temperature with monitoring time might be related to the seasonal changes during the annual routine measurements. The widely scattered corrosion potentials that are fluctuated complicatedly reflected localized differences in the vicinity of rebar and concrete. These findings, along with the progressively ongoing research, will provide valuable information in structural durability for service life prediction of reinforced concrete structures exposed to marine environments.
文摘Trail use by pedestrians has become more popular in the United States over the last decade although few studies explore the use of technology to monitor high use trails. Monitoring trail users is an important part of trail management and an optimal monitoring system usually depends on site-specific characteristics. The objective of this study was to demonstrate how using a multi-methods system to monitor backcountry trail usage in complex spatial settings can be a useful approach for collecting the information that trail managers need. Given the national growth in recreational hiking, we were particularly interested in exploring these issues for highly visited trails close to urban areas and selected a portion of the Larch Trail leading to the top of Multnomah Falls for the study. The multi-methods approach that we used included a combination of automated infrared sensor counts, manual counts, parking lot data from an inductive loop, and travel time estimates collected with low-energy Bluetooth sensors. We found that using multiple methods allowed for a cost-effective and rich data set that considered the site characteristics and the specific need of the trail managers. We expect that many backcountry trail settings have complex landscape and physical design without robust pre-existing baseline data and hope that our insights will aid trail managers as they strive for a sustainable balance between human use and landscape impact.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51379179)the Open Research Subject of Key Laboratory(Research Base)of China(No szjj2014-046)Key Scientific Research Fund Project of Xihua University,China(No.Z1320406)
文摘Supposing a typical case of mismatch between human actions and given situation,the appropriate driver support function was investigated in this paper. It was processed by calculating the conditional expectation of damage under different degrees of automation. The typical case was that the situation was detected to be in threat while the driver was detected not to take any corresponding action. Considering various realistic factors,preference order among different levels of automation was probabilistically analyzed. Different levels of automation under action type support were differentiated by human's reactions to the autonomous safety control actions which were taken by the computer.
