Animal behaviors and higher-order functions rely on complex neural circuits built by synaptic connections （synapses） to deliver messages among different brain cells. As the major mediator in the nervous system, neur...Animal behaviors and higher-order functions rely on complex neural circuits built by synaptic connections （synapses） to deliver messages among different brain cells. As the major mediator in the nervous system, neurons communicate via synapses, which undergo constant structural remodeling with strict regulation.展开更多
Gila outnumber neurons and are the most abundant cell type in the nervous system. Whereas neurons are the major carriers, transducers, and processors of information, glial cells, once considered mainly to play a passi...Gila outnumber neurons and are the most abundant cell type in the nervous system. Whereas neurons are the major carriers, transducers, and processors of information, glial cells, once considered mainly to play a passive supporting role, are now recognized for their active contributions to almost every aspect of nervous system development. Recently, insights from the invertebrate organism Drosophila melanogaster have advanced our knowledge of glial cell biology. In particular, findings on neuron-glia interactions via intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms have shed light on the importance of gtia during different stages of neuronal development. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding the functions of Drosophila glia, which resemble their mammalian counterparts in morphology and function, neural stem-cell conversion, synapse formation, and developmental axon pruning. These discoveries reinforce the idea that glia are substantial players in the developing nervous system and further advance the understanding of mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration.展开更多
Targeted muscle reinnervation(TMR)is a peripheral nerve procedure that can prevent and treat postamputation pain.The nerve transfer allows for organized nerve regeneration and repair after amputation surgery.The proce...Targeted muscle reinnervation(TMR)is a peripheral nerve procedure that can prevent and treat postamputation pain.The nerve transfer allows for organized nerve regeneration and repair after amputation surgery.The procedure can successfully prevent neuromas despite large size mismatches between the donor and recipient nerves.Here,we discuss the fundamentals of peripheral nerve injury and regeneration as it pertains to TMR.We propose axonal pruning to explain axon behavior when there are large size mismatches between transferred nerves.Given the increasing use of TMR for amputees,future studies should investigate the basic science of peripheral nerves in TMR.Advances in this field have the potential to significantly improve clinical outcomes for these patients.展开更多
基金supported by the grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program)(No.2013CB945602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31270825 and 31171043)
文摘Animal behaviors and higher-order functions rely on complex neural circuits built by synaptic connections （synapses） to deliver messages among different brain cells. As the major mediator in the nervous system, neurons communicate via synapses, which undergo constant structural remodeling with strict regulation.
基金supported by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program 2010CB944900 and 2013CB945602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270825 and 31171043)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities We thank members of the Ho lab for discussion and comments
文摘Gila outnumber neurons and are the most abundant cell type in the nervous system. Whereas neurons are the major carriers, transducers, and processors of information, glial cells, once considered mainly to play a passive supporting role, are now recognized for their active contributions to almost every aspect of nervous system development. Recently, insights from the invertebrate organism Drosophila melanogaster have advanced our knowledge of glial cell biology. In particular, findings on neuron-glia interactions via intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms have shed light on the importance of gtia during different stages of neuronal development. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding the functions of Drosophila glia, which resemble their mammalian counterparts in morphology and function, neural stem-cell conversion, synapse formation, and developmental axon pruning. These discoveries reinforce the idea that glia are substantial players in the developing nervous system and further advance the understanding of mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration.
文摘Targeted muscle reinnervation(TMR)is a peripheral nerve procedure that can prevent and treat postamputation pain.The nerve transfer allows for organized nerve regeneration and repair after amputation surgery.The procedure can successfully prevent neuromas despite large size mismatches between the donor and recipient nerves.Here,we discuss the fundamentals of peripheral nerve injury and regeneration as it pertains to TMR.We propose axonal pruning to explain axon behavior when there are large size mismatches between transferred nerves.Given the increasing use of TMR for amputees,future studies should investigate the basic science of peripheral nerves in TMR.Advances in this field have the potential to significantly improve clinical outcomes for these patients.
