In this paper, based on the following theoretical framework: Evolutionary Algorithms + Program Structures = Automatic Programming , some results on complexity of automatic programming for function modeling is given, w...In this paper, based on the following theoretical framework: Evolutionary Algorithms + Program Structures = Automatic Programming , some results on complexity of automatic programming for function modeling is given, which show that the complexity of automatic programming is an exponential function of the problem dimension N , the size of operator set ｜F｜ and the height of the program parse tree H . Following this results, the difficulties of automatic programming are discussed. Some function models discovered automatically from database by evolutionary modeling method are given, too.展开更多
In this study, we developed a computer program for automatic prediction of watering time point by considering the environmental factors such as solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity based on the multi...In this study, we developed a computer program for automatic prediction of watering time point by considering the environmental factors such as solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity based on the multiple linear regression equation of leaf area and Penman Method. The experiments were carried out for a year in two watering experimental plots, one of which was controlled by pF value, and the other by the computer program. After comparing the results of the two plots, the following findings were obtained. In the computer program plot, the observed and predicted values of both leaf area and evapotranspiration indicated significant correlation at the 1% level, which suggested that the computer program had high prediction accuracy. In addition, no significant difference was observed between the two experimental plots with respects to the plant height, plant diameter, leaf area, leaf number, fresh weight, and dry weight, which demonstrated that the plants in the computer program plot had normal growth. On the other hand, although the number of flower buds and flowering shoots showed higher values at the end of certain cultivations in the computer program plot than those in pF value plot, we proposed that it was due to the effect of cumulative daily solar radiation in the greenhouse, rather than the watering. Thus, we have reached the conclusion that the computer program for automatic prediction of watering time point developed by this study has high applicability in miniature pot rose production.展开更多
The automatic algorithm programming model can increase the dependability and efficiency of algorithm program development,including specification generation,program refinement,and formal verification.However,the existi...The automatic algorithm programming model can increase the dependability and efficiency of algorithm program development,including specification generation,program refinement,and formal verification.However,the existing model has two flaws:incompleteness of program refinement and inadequate automation of formal verification.This paper proposes an automatic algorithm programming model based on the improved Morgan’s refinement calculus.It extends the Morgan’s refinement calculus rules and designs the C++generation system for realizing the complete process of refinement.Meanwhile,the automation tools VCG(Verification Condition Generator)and Isabelle are used to improve the automation of formal verification.An example of a stock’s maximum income demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model.Furthermore,the proposed model has some relevance for automatic software generation.展开更多
This Paper presents an automatic programming system developed for NC laser onning of Chinese charaCterswhich combines AutoCAD with NC Under Windows environment, and generates numerical controlled Programs by extractin...This Paper presents an automatic programming system developed for NC laser onning of Chinese charaCterswhich combines AutoCAD with NC Under Windows environment, and generates numerical controlled Programs by extracting outline (stroke) figures of Chinese Characters from outline character base, optimizing cutting routes, transferring them to AutoCAD for editing operations, such as rotation transfer, enlarging an mirroring, the system can transferto a laser cutting machine througy RS-232 series interface to accomplish laser cutting of large Chinese characters.展开更多
In order to slove the large-scale nonlinear programming （NLP） problems efficiently, an efficient optimization algorithm based on reduced sequential quadratic programming （rSQP） and automatic differentiation （AD）...In order to slove the large-scale nonlinear programming （NLP） problems efficiently, an efficient optimization algorithm based on reduced sequential quadratic programming （rSQP） and automatic differentiation （AD） is presented in this paper. With the characteristics of sparseness, relatively low degrees of freedom and equality constraints utilized, the nonlinear programming problem is solved by improved rSQP solver. In the solving process, AD technology is used to obtain accurate gradient information. The numerical results show that the combined algorithm, which is suitable for large-scale process optimization problems, can calculate more efficiently than rSQP itself.展开更多
Geometric information is important for automatic programming of arc welding robot. Complete geometric models of robotic arc welding are established in this paper. In the geometric model of weld seam, an equation with ...Geometric information is important for automatic programming of arc welding robot. Complete geometric models of robotic arc welding are established in this paper. In the geometric model of weld seam, an equation with seam length as its parameter is introduced to represent any weld seam. The method to determine discrete programming points on a weld seam is presented. In the geometric model of weld workpiece, three class primitives and CSG tree are used to describe weld workpiece. Detailed data structure is presented. In pose transformation of torch, world frame, torch frame and active frame are defined, and transformation between frames is presented. Based on these geometric models, an automatic programming software package for robotic arc welding, RAWCAD, is developed. Experiments show that the geometric models are practical and reliable.展开更多
The application of metamorphic testing(MT)on automatic program repair(APR-MT)is used to generate a patch without test oracles by examining whether the input metamorphic relation(MR)is satisfied or not.However,the deli...The application of metamorphic testing(MT)on automatic program repair(APR-MT)is used to generate a patch without test oracles by examining whether the input metamorphic relation(MR)is satisfied or not.However,the delivered patch is plausible since it may satisfy the input MR but violate other MRs.This inspires us to propose an improved approach to enhance the effectiveness of APR-MT with metamorphic relation group.Ourapproach involves three major steps.First,we formally define the repair process of APR-MT by building the model of automatic program repair and metamorphic testing separately.Then,we propose the advanced model of automatic program repair based on metamorphic relation group,named METARO^(3),which takes several MRs as input while only one MR is used in APR-MT.We additionally present two kinds of selection strategies to rank MRs in descending order of the fault detection capability,which helps shorten the repair time of finding a patch.To demonstrate the feasibility and procedure of our approach,an illustration example was conducted.The results show that METARO^(3) can improve the effectiveness of APR-MT significantly.展开更多
UML Class diagram generation from textual requirements is an important task in object-oriented design and programing course.This study proposes a method for automatically generating class diagrams from Chinese textual...UML Class diagram generation from textual requirements is an important task in object-oriented design and programing course.This study proposes a method for automatically generating class diagrams from Chinese textual requirements on the basis of Natural Language Processing(NLP)and mapping rules for sentence pattern matching.First,classes are identified through entity recognition rules and candidate class pruning rules using NLP from requirements.Second,class attributes and relationships between classes are extracted using mapping rules for sentence pattern matching on the basis of NLP.Third,we developed an assistant tool integrated into a precision micro classroom system for automatic generation of class diagram,to effectively assist the teaching of object-oriented design and programing course.Results are evaluated with precision,accuracy and recall from eight requirements of object-oriented design and programing course using truth values created by teachers.Our research should benefit beginners of object-oriented design and programing course,who may be students or software developers.It helps them to create correct domain models represented in the UML class diagram.展开更多
In order to enhance the NC programming efficiency and quality of aircraft structural parts （ASPs）, an intelligent NC programming pattern driven by process schemes is presented. In this pattern, the NC machining cell...In order to enhance the NC programming efficiency and quality of aircraft structural parts （ASPs）, an intelligent NC programming pattern driven by process schemes is presented. In this pattern, the NC machining cell is the minimal organizational structure in the technological process, consisting of an operation machining volume cell, and the type and parameters of the machining operation. After the machining cell construction, the final NC program can be easily obtained in a CAD/CAM system by instantiating the machining operation for each machining cell. Accordingly, how to automatically establish the machining cells is a key issue in intelligent NC program- ming. On the basis of the NC machining craft of ASP, the paper aims to make an in-depth research on this issue. Firstly, some new terms about the residual volume and the machinable volume are defined, and then, the technological process is modeled with a process scheme. Secondly, the approach to building the machining cells is introduced, in which real-time complement machining is mainly considered to avoid interference and overcutting. Thirdly, the implementing algorithm is designed and applied to the Intelligent NC Programming System of ASP. Finally, the developed algorithm is validated through two case studies.展开更多
Advancements in semiconductor technology are making gate-level test generation more challenging. This is because a large amount of detailed structural information must be processed in the search process of automatic t...Advancements in semiconductor technology are making gate-level test generation more challenging. This is because a large amount of detailed structural information must be processed in the search process of automatic test pattern generation (ATPG). In addition, ATPG needs to deal with new defects caused by process variation when IC is shrinking. To reduce the computation effort of ATPG, test generation could be started earlier at higher abstraction level, which is in line with top-down design methodology that has become more popular nowadays. In this research, we employ Chen’s high-level fault model in the high-level ATPG. Besides shorter ATPG time as shown in many previous works, our study showed that high-level ATPG also contributes to test compaction. This is because most of the high-level faults correlate with the gate-level collapsed faults especially at input/output of the modules in a circuit. The high-level ATPG prototype used in our work is mainly composed by constraint-driven test generation engine and fault simulation engine. Experimental result showed that more reduced/compact test set can be generated from the high-level ATPG.展开更多
Automatic return oriented programming （ROP） technology can effectively improve the efficiency of ROP constructed, but the existing research results still have some shortcomings including needing more address space, ...Automatic return oriented programming （ROP） technology can effectively improve the efficiency of ROP constructed, but the existing research results still have some shortcomings including needing more address space, poor generality. In order to solve these problems, this paper presents an improved ROP auto-constructor QExtd. Firstly, we design a Turing-complete language QExtdL and provide the basis of gadgets analysis. Secondly, we represent the MI instruction and realize precise process of side-effect instructions for improving the efficiency of automatic construction. At last, we establish a three-layer language conversion mechanism, making it convenient for users to construct ROP. Theoretical and experimental data show that the QExtd automatic construction method is much better than the ROPgadget based on syntax. In addition, the proposed method succeeds in constructing gadgets of ROP with the probability of 84% for programs whose sizes are more than 20 KB and whose directory is ＂/usr/bin＂ in Ubuntu, which proves that the construction capability improves significantly.展开更多
Precise comprehensive evaluation of flood disaster loss is significant for the prevention and mitigation of flood disasters. Here, one of the difficulties involved is how to establish a model capable of describing the...Precise comprehensive evaluation of flood disaster loss is significant for the prevention and mitigation of flood disasters. Here, one of the difficulties involved is how to establish a model capable of describing the complex relation between the input and output data of the system of flood disaster loss. Genetic programming (GP) solves problems by using ideas from genetic algorithm and generates computer programs automatically. In this study a new method named the evaluation of the grade of flood disaster loss (EGFD) on the basis of improved genetic programming (IGP) is presented (IGP-EGFD). The flood disaster area and the direct economic loss are taken as the evaluation indexes of flood disaster loss. Obviously that the larger the evaluation index value, the larger the corresponding value of the grade of flood disaster loss is. Consequently the IGP code is designed to make the value of the grade of flood disaster be an increasing function of the index value. The result of the application of the IGP-EGFD model to Henan Province shows that a good function expression can be obtained within a bigger searched function space; and the model is of high precision and considerable practical significance. Thus, IGP-EGFD can be widely used in automatic modeling and other evaluation systems.展开更多
Creating practice questions for programming learning is not easy.It requires the instructor to diligently organize heterogeneous learning resources,that is,conceptual programming concepts and procedural programming ru...Creating practice questions for programming learning is not easy.It requires the instructor to diligently organize heterogeneous learning resources,that is,conceptual programming concepts and procedural programming rules.Today’s programming question generation(PQG)is still largely relying on the demanding creation task performed by the instructors without advanced technological support.In this work,we propose a semantic PQG model that aims to help the instructor generate new programming questions and expand the assessment items.The PQG model is designed to transform conceptual and procedural programming knowledge from textbooks into a semantic network by the Local Knowledge Graph(LKG)and Abstract Syntax Tree(AST).For any given question,the model queries the established network to find related code examples and generates a set of questions by the associated LKG/AST semantic structures.We conduct analysis to compare instructor-made questions from 9 undergraduate introductory programming courses and textbook questions.The results show that the instructormade questions had much simpler complexity than the textbook ones.The disparity of topic distribution intrigued us to further research the breadth and depth of question quality and also to investigate the complexity of the questions in relation to the student performances.Finally,we report a user study results on the proposed Artificial Intelligent-infused semantic PQG model in examining the machine-generated questions’quality.展开更多
The program OASIS4.0 has been released. Apart from the improved single-wavelength anomalous diffraction （SAD） phasing algorithm described in a separate paper, an important new feature in this version is the automati...The program OASIS4.0 has been released. Apart from the improved single-wavelength anomalous diffraction （SAD） phasing algorithm described in a separate paper, an important new feature in this version is the automation of the iterative phasing and model-building process in solving protein structures. A new graphical user＇s interface （GUI） is provided for controlling and real-time monitoring the dual-space iterative process. The GUI is discussed in detail in the present paper.展开更多
基金Supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China(6 0 0 730 4370 0 710 42 )
文摘In this paper, based on the following theoretical framework: Evolutionary Algorithms + Program Structures = Automatic Programming , some results on complexity of automatic programming for function modeling is given, which show that the complexity of automatic programming is an exponential function of the problem dimension N , the size of operator set ｜F｜ and the height of the program parse tree H . Following this results, the difficulties of automatic programming are discussed. Some function models discovered automatically from database by evolutionary modeling method are given, too.
基金supported by the Science Founda-tion of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China(0832002)
文摘In this study, we developed a computer program for automatic prediction of watering time point by considering the environmental factors such as solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity based on the multiple linear regression equation of leaf area and Penman Method. The experiments were carried out for a year in two watering experimental plots, one of which was controlled by pF value, and the other by the computer program. After comparing the results of the two plots, the following findings were obtained. In the computer program plot, the observed and predicted values of both leaf area and evapotranspiration indicated significant correlation at the 1% level, which suggested that the computer program had high prediction accuracy. In addition, no significant difference was observed between the two experimental plots with respects to the plant height, plant diameter, leaf area, leaf number, fresh weight, and dry weight, which demonstrated that the plants in the computer program plot had normal growth. On the other hand, although the number of flower buds and flowering shoots showed higher values at the end of certain cultivations in the computer program plot than those in pF value plot, we proposed that it was due to the effect of cumulative daily solar radiation in the greenhouse, rather than the watering. Thus, we have reached the conclusion that the computer program for automatic prediction of watering time point developed by this study has high applicability in miniature pot rose production.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61862033,61902162)Key Project of Science and Technology Research of Department of Education of Jiangxi Province(GJJ210307)Postgraduate Innovation Fund Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province(YC2021-S306)。
文摘The automatic algorithm programming model can increase the dependability and efficiency of algorithm program development,including specification generation,program refinement,and formal verification.However,the existing model has two flaws:incompleteness of program refinement and inadequate automation of formal verification.This paper proposes an automatic algorithm programming model based on the improved Morgan’s refinement calculus.It extends the Morgan’s refinement calculus rules and designs the C++generation system for realizing the complete process of refinement.Meanwhile,the automation tools VCG(Verification Condition Generator)and Isabelle are used to improve the automation of formal verification.An example of a stock’s maximum income demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model.Furthermore,the proposed model has some relevance for automatic software generation.
文摘This Paper presents an automatic programming system developed for NC laser onning of Chinese charaCterswhich combines AutoCAD with NC Under Windows environment, and generates numerical controlled Programs by extracting outline (stroke) figures of Chinese Characters from outline character base, optimizing cutting routes, transferring them to AutoCAD for editing operations, such as rotation transfer, enlarging an mirroring, the system can transferto a laser cutting machine througy RS-232 series interface to accomplish laser cutting of large Chinese characters.
文摘In order to slove the large-scale nonlinear programming （NLP） problems efficiently, an efficient optimization algorithm based on reduced sequential quadratic programming （rSQP） and automatic differentiation （AD） is presented in this paper. With the characteristics of sparseness, relatively low degrees of freedom and equality constraints utilized, the nonlinear programming problem is solved by improved rSQP solver. In the solving process, AD technology is used to obtain accurate gradient information. The numerical results show that the combined algorithm, which is suitable for large-scale process optimization problems, can calculate more efficiently than rSQP itself.
基金This paperis supported by National Nature Science Foundation! (No.5963 51 60 )Advanced University Doctoral Subject Foundatio
文摘Geometric information is important for automatic programming of arc welding robot. Complete geometric models of robotic arc welding are established in this paper. In the geometric model of weld seam, an equation with seam length as its parameter is introduced to represent any weld seam. The method to determine discrete programming points on a weld seam is presented. In the geometric model of weld workpiece, three class primitives and CSG tree are used to describe weld workpiece. Detailed data structure is presented. In pose transformation of torch, world frame, torch frame and active frame are defined, and transformation between frames is presented. Based on these geometric models, an automatic programming software package for robotic arc welding, RAWCAD, is developed. Experiments show that the geometric models are practical and reliable.
基金The work was supported by a grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61772423).
文摘The application of metamorphic testing(MT)on automatic program repair(APR-MT)is used to generate a patch without test oracles by examining whether the input metamorphic relation(MR)is satisfied or not.However,the delivered patch is plausible since it may satisfy the input MR but violate other MRs.This inspires us to propose an improved approach to enhance the effectiveness of APR-MT with metamorphic relation group.Ourapproach involves three major steps.First,we formally define the repair process of APR-MT by building the model of automatic program repair and metamorphic testing separately.Then,we propose the advanced model of automatic program repair based on metamorphic relation group,named METARO^(3),which takes several MRs as input while only one MR is used in APR-MT.We additionally present two kinds of selection strategies to rank MRs in descending order of the fault detection capability,which helps shorten the repair time of finding a patch.To demonstrate the feasibility and procedure of our approach,an illustration example was conducted.The results show that METARO^(3) can improve the effectiveness of APR-MT significantly.
基金This work is supported by the Collaborative education project of QST Innovation Technology Group Co.,Ltd and the Ministry of Education of PRC(NO.201801243022).
文摘UML Class diagram generation from textual requirements is an important task in object-oriented design and programing course.This study proposes a method for automatically generating class diagrams from Chinese textual requirements on the basis of Natural Language Processing(NLP)and mapping rules for sentence pattern matching.First,classes are identified through entity recognition rules and candidate class pruning rules using NLP from requirements.Second,class attributes and relationships between classes are extracted using mapping rules for sentence pattern matching on the basis of NLP.Third,we developed an assistant tool integrated into a precision micro classroom system for automatic generation of class diagram,to effectively assist the teaching of object-oriented design and programing course.Results are evaluated with precision,accuracy and recall from eight requirements of object-oriented design and programing course using truth values created by teachers.Our research should benefit beginners of object-oriented design and programing course,who may be students or software developers.It helps them to create correct domain models represented in the UML class diagram.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project (No.2012ZX04010051)
文摘In order to enhance the NC programming efficiency and quality of aircraft structural parts （ASPs）, an intelligent NC programming pattern driven by process schemes is presented. In this pattern, the NC machining cell is the minimal organizational structure in the technological process, consisting of an operation machining volume cell, and the type and parameters of the machining operation. After the machining cell construction, the final NC program can be easily obtained in a CAD/CAM system by instantiating the machining operation for each machining cell. Accordingly, how to automatically establish the machining cells is a key issue in intelligent NC program- ming. On the basis of the NC machining craft of ASP, the paper aims to make an in-depth research on this issue. Firstly, some new terms about the residual volume and the machinable volume are defined, and then, the technological process is modeled with a process scheme. Secondly, the approach to building the machining cells is introduced, in which real-time complement machining is mainly considered to avoid interference and overcutting. Thirdly, the implementing algorithm is designed and applied to the Intelligent NC Programming System of ASP. Finally, the developed algorithm is validated through two case studies.
文摘Advancements in semiconductor technology are making gate-level test generation more challenging. This is because a large amount of detailed structural information must be processed in the search process of automatic test pattern generation (ATPG). In addition, ATPG needs to deal with new defects caused by process variation when IC is shrinking. To reduce the computation effort of ATPG, test generation could be started earlier at higher abstraction level, which is in line with top-down design methodology that has become more popular nowadays. In this research, we employ Chen’s high-level fault model in the high-level ATPG. Besides shorter ATPG time as shown in many previous works, our study showed that high-level ATPG also contributes to test compaction. This is because most of the high-level faults correlate with the gate-level collapsed faults especially at input/output of the modules in a circuit. The high-level ATPG prototype used in our work is mainly composed by constraint-driven test generation engine and fault simulation engine. Experimental result showed that more reduced/compact test set can be generated from the high-level ATPG.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(2012AA012902)
文摘Automatic return oriented programming （ROP） technology can effectively improve the efficiency of ROP constructed, but the existing research results still have some shortcomings including needing more address space, poor generality. In order to solve these problems, this paper presents an improved ROP auto-constructor QExtd. Firstly, we design a Turing-complete language QExtdL and provide the basis of gadgets analysis. Secondly, we represent the MI instruction and realize precise process of side-effect instructions for improving the efficiency of automatic construction. At last, we establish a three-layer language conversion mechanism, making it convenient for users to construct ROP. Theoretical and experimental data show that the QExtd automatic construction method is much better than the ROPgadget based on syntax. In addition, the proposed method succeeds in constructing gadgets of ROP with the probability of 84% for programs whose sizes are more than 20 KB and whose directory is ＂/usr/bin＂ in Ubuntu, which proves that the construction capability improves significantly.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge the funding support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 50579009, 70425001）.
文摘Precise comprehensive evaluation of flood disaster loss is significant for the prevention and mitigation of flood disasters. Here, one of the difficulties involved is how to establish a model capable of describing the complex relation between the input and output data of the system of flood disaster loss. Genetic programming (GP) solves problems by using ideas from genetic algorithm and generates computer programs automatically. In this study a new method named the evaluation of the grade of flood disaster loss (EGFD) on the basis of improved genetic programming (IGP) is presented (IGP-EGFD). The flood disaster area and the direct economic loss are taken as the evaluation indexes of flood disaster loss. Obviously that the larger the evaluation index value, the larger the corresponding value of the grade of flood disaster loss is. Consequently the IGP code is designed to make the value of the grade of flood disaster be an increasing function of the index value. The result of the application of the IGP-EGFD model to Henan Province shows that a good function expression can be obtained within a bigger searched function space; and the model is of high precision and considerable practical significance. Thus, IGP-EGFD can be widely used in automatic modeling and other evaluation systems.
文摘Creating practice questions for programming learning is not easy.It requires the instructor to diligently organize heterogeneous learning resources,that is,conceptual programming concepts and procedural programming rules.Today’s programming question generation(PQG)is still largely relying on the demanding creation task performed by the instructors without advanced technological support.In this work,we propose a semantic PQG model that aims to help the instructor generate new programming questions and expand the assessment items.The PQG model is designed to transform conceptual and procedural programming knowledge from textbooks into a semantic network by the Local Knowledge Graph(LKG)and Abstract Syntax Tree(AST).For any given question,the model queries the established network to find related code examples and generates a set of questions by the associated LKG/AST semantic structures.We conduct analysis to compare instructor-made questions from 9 undergraduate introductory programming courses and textbook questions.The results show that the instructormade questions had much simpler complexity than the textbook ones.The disparity of topic distribution intrigued us to further research the breadth and depth of question quality and also to investigate the complexity of the questions in relation to the student performances.Finally,we report a user study results on the proposed Artificial Intelligent-infused semantic PQG model in examining the machine-generated questions’quality.
基金Project supported by the Innovation Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2002CB713801)
文摘The program OASIS4.0 has been released. Apart from the improved single-wavelength anomalous diffraction （SAD） phasing algorithm described in a separate paper, an important new feature in this version is the automation of the iterative phasing and model-building process in solving protein structures. A new graphical user＇s interface （GUI） is provided for controlling and real-time monitoring the dual-space iterative process. The GUI is discussed in detail in the present paper.
