Floating photovoltaic(FPV)systems provide dual benefits in renewable energy generation and water resource utilization,supporting global decarbonization efforts.This study conducts a full life cycle assessment(LCA)of F...Floating photovoltaic(FPV)systems provide dual benefits in renewable energy generation and water resource utilization,supporting global decarbonization efforts.This study conducts a full life cycle assessment(LCA)of FPV systems,covering material production,construction,operation,and decommissioning stages.Particular attention was given to ecological risks,an often overlooked aspect in previous environmental evaluations.A structured ecological risk matrix is developed integrating physical,chemical,and biological indicators to evaluate environmental disturbances caused by FPV systems.The framework was applied to eight representative water bodies in China,including Taihu Lake(characterized by high nutrient loading),Danjiangkou Reservoir(a major drinking water source),and Poyang Lake(an ecologically sensitive wetland).Each site is evaluted using a semi-quantitative scoring system based on ecological sensitivity and FPV disturbance potential.Risk levels were classified to guide deployment suitability(0-6),identify high-risk areas,and support mitigation strategies.The findings revealed significant spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem vulnerability and highlighted the lack of standardized protocols for ecological risk assessment in FPV projects.In response,this study proposed context-specific design recommendations,including adjustments to module density,transparency,and anchoring methods,to minimize ecological impacts.This research provides a transferable tool for incorporating ecological metrics into FPV planning and regulatory review,particularly in freshwater ecosystems.It contributes to the development of risk-informed deployment guidelines and emphasizes the need for long-term ecological monitoring in FPV expansion.展开更多
The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators...The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators were assessed against their corresponding erosion intensity through a correlation analysis. Eight highly correlated indicators were then chosen for the soil erosion assessment. In addition, threshold limits to delineate the class size for these indicators and weights to rank them were determined. Next, a grading model incorporating the selected indicators class rating and their associated weights was developed and verified by an on site evaluation of the soil erosion intensity in the study area. Results of the verification showed that the overall accuracy of the indicator system for assessing soil erosion in the Loess Plateau gully regions could reach 85%.展开更多
In this article,an approach for economic performance assessment of model predictive control(MPC) system is presented.The method builds on steady-state economic optimization techniques and uses the linear quadratic Gau...In this article,an approach for economic performance assessment of model predictive control(MPC) system is presented.The method builds on steady-state economic optimization techniques and uses the linear quadratic Gaussian(LQG) benchmark other than conventional minimum variance control(MVC) to estimate the potential of reduction in variance.The LQG control is a more practical performance benchmark compared to MVC for performance assessment since it considers input variance and output variance,and it thus provides a desired basis for determining the theoretical maximum economic benefit potential arising from variability reduction.Combining the LQG benchmark directly with benefit potential of MPC control system,both the economic benefit and the optimal operation condition can be obtained by solving the economic optimization problem.The proposed algorithm is illustrated by simulated example as well as application to economic performance assessment of an industrial model predictive control system.展开更多
Advanced driver-assistance systems such as Honda’s collision mitigation brake system(CMBS)can help achieve traffic safety.In this paper,the naturalistic driving study and a series of simulations are combined to bette...Advanced driver-assistance systems such as Honda’s collision mitigation brake system(CMBS)can help achieve traffic safety.In this paper,the naturalistic driving study and a series of simulations are combined to better evaluate the performance of the CMBS in the Chinese traffic environment.First,because safety-critical situations can be diverse especially in the Chinese environment,the Chinese traffic-accident characteristics are analyzed according to accident statistics over the past 17 years.Next,10 Chinese traffic-accident scenarios accounting for more than 80%of traffic accidents are selected.For each typical scenario,353 representative cases are collected from the traffic-management department of Beijing.These real-world accident cases are then reconstructed by the traffic-accident-reconstruction software PC-Crash on the basis of accident-scene diagrams.This study also proposes a systematic analytical process for estimating the effectiveness of the technology using the co-simulation platform of PC-Crash and rateEFFECT,in which 176 simulations are analyzed in detail to assess the accident-avoidance performance of the CMBS.The overall collision-avoidance effectiveness reaches 82.4%,showing that the proposed approach is efficient for avoiding collisions,thereby enhancing traffic safety and improving traffic management.展开更多
To investigate shoulder scoring systems used in Europe and North America and how outcomes might be classified after shoulder joint replacement. All research papers published in four major journals in 2012 and 2013 wer...To investigate shoulder scoring systems used in Europe and North America and how outcomes might be classified after shoulder joint replacement. All research papers published in four major journals in 2012 and 2013 were reviewed for the shoulder scoring systems used in their published papers. A method of identifying how outcomes after shoulder arthroplasty might be used to categorize patients into fair, good, very good and excellent outcomes was explored using the outcome evaluations from patients treated in our own unit. A total of 174 research articles that were published in the four journals used some form of shoulder scoring system. The outcome from shoulder arthroplasty in our unit has been evaluated using the constant score(CS) and the oxford shoulder score and these scores have been used to evaluate individual patient outcomes. CSs of < 30 = unsatisfactory; 30-39 = fair; 40-59 = good; 60-69 = very good; and 70 and over = excellent. The most popular shoulder scoring systems in North America were Simple Shoulder Test and American shoulder and elbow surgeons standard shoulder assessment form score and in Europe CS, Oxford Shoulder Score and DASH score.展开更多
The authors developed a prototype of a warship maintenance system. The process started by defining the maintenance requirements of warship equipment. Next, a planning scheme was development for a maintenance network. ...The authors developed a prototype of a warship maintenance system. The process started by defining the maintenance requirements of warship equipment. Next, a planning scheme was development for a maintenance network. An optimization target for the plan and indexes for assessment were established. Based on the above work, a simulation model was proposed with two layers: a base and a workshop. Dispatching rules were then formulated for the simulation. Experimental results proved the validity of the model and the dispatching algorithm. It was found that the model can solve the capacity evaluation problem for maintenance systems and provides a scientific basis for decision-maker to make decisions regarding equipment maintenance.展开更多
Concussion and other forms of brain injury are not always detectable with conventional means such as radiographic imaging.The lack of accurate diagnostics,biomarkers,and outcome measures has a devastating impact.Indiv...Concussion and other forms of brain injury are not always detectable with conventional means such as radiographic imaging.The lack of accurate diagnostics,biomarkers,and outcome measures has a devastating impact.Individual patients may suffer in obscurity,self-medicate into an addictive spiral,have impaired professional activity,and develop failed interpersonal relationships.展开更多
A healthy ecosystem depends on the coordination of ecosystem structure and function.The coordination among ecosystem components,however,is seldom taken into account in current ecosystem health assessments(EHA).Neglect...A healthy ecosystem depends on the coordination of ecosystem structure and function.The coordination among ecosystem components,however,is seldom taken into account in current ecosystem health assessments(EHA).Neglect of such coordination may lead to large degrees of uncertainty in EHA and fail to support ecosystem management.We propose an approach to quantify the level of dynamic mismatching between ecosystem structure and function and the impact on ecosystem health by incorporating the ecosystem coordination index into EHA.The coordination degree is calculated using variation coefficient of six proxies for ecosystem structure and functions.The ecosystem at Jiaozhou Bay,as a microcosm of China's coast,has been documented to fluctuate from healthy to unhealthy status over the past three decades.The results indicate that there is a 3%-17% lower health level than that calculated by common methods used in the literature,indicating that the health of Jiaozhou Bay has become worse than expected.Habitat change contributes 20%-52% to ecosystem mismatches and is the most uncoordinated factor.Mismatch-related declines account for approximately one-fourth of the total ecological declines.Restoration scenarios that aim to resolve ecosystem mismatches could increase efficiency by about 50% compared to restoration scenarios that do not consider mismatches.This study investigates ecological declines in a coastal bay due to 30 years of rapid economic development.In doing so,this study provides novel insights and enhances our understanding of the reasons for failure in ecological restoration.展开更多
The synthetic fuzzy assessing method is usually applied to sensory evaluation. The method has simple and reliable virtue, and it is consistent with objective evaluation results. Using this method, system status of pla...The synthetic fuzzy assessing method is usually applied to sensory evaluation. The method has simple and reliable virtue, and it is consistent with objective evaluation results. Using this method, system status of plating solution evaporator is evaluated, and the result is applied to compensate a fuzzy controller. Experimental results have shown the correctness and the validity of the proposed approach.展开更多
Due to the endocrine toxicity,neurotoxic,and reproductive toxicity to organisms,the sources and risks of brominated organic pollutants have attracted widespread attention.However,knowledge gaps remain in the brominati...Due to the endocrine toxicity,neurotoxic,and reproductive toxicity to organisms,the sources and risks of brominated organic pollutants have attracted widespread attention.However,knowledge gaps remain in the bromination processes of emerging phenolic pollutants in plants,whichmay increase the potential health risk associated with food exposure.Our study discovered that light induced generation and accumulation of more toxic brominated organic compounds(Br-org)in lettuce leaves under the stress of acetaminophen(ACE)than that without light,as evidenced by an increase in C-Br bond intensity in FTIR analysis.This result can be explained by the oxidation of bromide ions(Br^(-))by reactive species(ROS and ^(3)Chl*)of chloroplast into reactive bromine species(RBS).The main mechanism is that the redox of Br^(-)reduced the oxidative damage of ACE to the structure and function of chloroplasts,providing good conditions for light energy uptake and utilization and promoting the increase of pigments and active species.Compared with the dark group exposed to 5 mg/L Br^(-),the pigment content,H_(2)O_(2) and ^(1)O_(2) level of the light group increased by 56%,84% and 69%,respectively.On the other hand,RBS attacks certain electrophilic organic compounds in leaves to generate Br^(-)org.Triple excited state of chlorophyll(^(3)Chl^(*))was the dominant species for the transformation of ACE,while RBS is a key factor in the generation of Br-org in the Br^(-)/light/chlorophyll system.A total of six transformation products were identified by HPLC-MS/MS,which were involved in three transformation pathways:methylation,hydroxyl oxidation and hydroxylation followed by bromination.This is the first report that Br^(-)could enter the chloroplast and improved chloroplast structure under ACE stress,and elucidated the bromination mechanism of organics in terrestrial plant involving of biophotochemical bromination in chloroplast besides enzyme-catalyzed bromination.This study is beneficial for risk assessment and prevention of emerging phenolic pollutants.展开更多
This research pioneers the integration of geographic information systems(GIS)and 3D modeling within a virtual reality(VR)framework to assess the viability and planning of a 20 MW hybrid wind-solarphotovoltaic(PV)syste...This research pioneers the integration of geographic information systems(GIS)and 3D modeling within a virtual reality(VR)framework to assess the viability and planning of a 20 MW hybrid wind-solarphotovoltaic(PV)system connected to the local grid.The study focuses on Dakhla,Morocco,a region with vast untapped renewable energy potential.By leveraging GIS,we are innovatively analyzing geographical and environmental factors that influence optimal site selection and system design.The incorporation of VR technologies offers an unprecedented level of realism and immersion,allowing stakeholders to virtually experience the project's impact and design in a dynamic,interactive environment.This novel methodology includes extensive data collection,advanced modeling,and simulations,ensuring that the hybrid system is precisely tailored to the unique climatic and environmental conditions of Dakhla.Our analysis reveals that the region possesses a photovoltaic solar potential of approximately2400 k Wh/m^(2) per year,with an average annual wind power density of about 434 W/m^(2) at an 80-meter hub height.Productivity simulations indicate that the 20 MW hybrid system could generate approximately 60 GWh of energy per year and 1369 GWh over its 25-year lifespan.To validate these findings,we employed the System Advisor Model(SAM)software and the Global Solar Photovoltaic Atlas platform.This comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach not only provides a robust assessment of the system's feasibility but also offers valuable insights into its potential socio-economic and environmental impact.展开更多
Refugee settlements face several challenges in transitioning from a temporary planning approach to more sustainable settlements. This is mainly due to an increase in the number of forcibly displaced people over the la...Refugee settlements face several challenges in transitioning from a temporary planning approach to more sustainable settlements. This is mainly due to an increase in the number of forcibly displaced people over the last few decades, and the difficulties of sustainably providing social services that meet the required standards. The development of refugee settlements assumed that forcibly displaced people would return to their places or countries of origin. Unfortunately, displacement situations are prolonged indefinitely, forcing these people to spend most of their lives in conditions that are often deplorable and substandard, and therefore unsustainable. In most cases, the establishment of refugee settlements is triggered by an emergency caused by an influx of forcibly displaced people, who need to be accommodated urgently and provided with some form of international assistance and protection. This leaves little or no time for proper planning for long-term development as required. In addition, the current approach to temporary settlement harms the environment and can strain limited resources with ad hoc development models that have exacerbated difficulties. As a result, living conditions in refugee settlements have deteriorated over the last few decades and continue to pose challenges as to how best to design, plan, and sustain settlements over time. To contribute to addressing these challenges, this study proposes a new methodology supported by Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and a Systems Modeling Language (SysML) to develop a typical sustainable human settlement system model, which has functionally and operationally executed using a Systems Engineering (SE) approach. To assess the sustainability capacity of the proposed system, this work applies a matrix of crossed impact multiplication through a case study by conducting a system capacity interdependence analysis (SCIA) using the MICMAC methodology (Cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification) to assess the interdependency that exist between the sub-systems categories to deliver services at the system level. The sustainability analysis results based on capacity variables influence and dependency models shows that development activities in the settlement are unstable and, therefore, unsustainable since there is no apparent difference between the influential and dependent data used for the assessment. These results illustrate that an integrated system could improve human settlements’ sustainability and that capacity building in service delivery is beneficial and necessary.展开更多
Practical activities are an indispensable piece of science education.As such,assessment of these practical activities is vital for continually enhancing the quality of science instruction.This article presents a tenta...Practical activities are an indispensable piece of science education.As such,assessment of these practical activities is vital for continually enhancing the quality of science instruction.This article presents a tentative framework structured for assessing practical activities in science education.The proposed framework is built upon seven components:engagement and participation,relational thinking,stepwise mastery,contextualization,multidimensional integration,empowerment,and scientific articulacy.The framework might provide science educators with an alternative lens through which to enhance the effectiveness of practical activities,promote student engagement,and better prepare learners for the future.This framework is designed to be additive and complementary to existing assessment approaches and can be adapted and customized to suit specific local contexts and varying grade levels by science educators in the pursuit of excellence in an ever-evolving science education landscape.展开更多
Virtual reality(VR)technology revitalises rehabilitation training by creating rich,interactive virtual rehabilitation scenes and tasks that deeply engage patients.Robotics with immersive VR environments have the poten...Virtual reality(VR)technology revitalises rehabilitation training by creating rich,interactive virtual rehabilitation scenes and tasks that deeply engage patients.Robotics with immersive VR environments have the potential to significantly enhance the sense of immersion for patients during training.This paper proposes a rehabilitation robot system.The system integrates a VR environment,the exoskeleton entity,and research on rehabilitation assessment metrics derived from surface electromyographic signal(sEMG).Employing more realistic and engaging virtual stimuli,this method guides patients to actively participate,thereby enhancing the effectiveness of neural connection reconstruction—an essential aspect of rehabilitation.Furthermore,this study introduces a muscle activation model that merges linear and non-linear states of muscle,avoiding the impact of non-linear shape factors on model accuracy present in traditional models.A muscle strength assessment model based on optimised generalised regression(WOAGRNN)is also proposed,with a root mean square error of 0.017,347 and a mean absolute percentage error of 1.2461%,serving as critical assessment indicators for the effectiveness of rehabilitation.Finally,the system is preliminarily applied in human movement experiments,validating the practicality and potential effectiveness of VRcentred rehabilitation strategies in medical recovery.展开更多
Before nationwide implementation of waste classification programs in rural areas,identifying suitable pilot regions is crucial.This study develops a comprehensive framework for assessing and selecting these pilot regi...Before nationwide implementation of waste classification programs in rural areas,identifying suitable pilot regions is crucial.This study develops a comprehensive framework for assessing and selecting these pilot regions.Data were collected through 654 valid questionnaires and interviews with respondents from rural areas in six provinces across China.Primary assessment criteria included disposal methods for kitchen waste,recyclables,hazardous waste,and residual waste,as well as farmers’willingness to separate hazardous waste when offered compensation and the impact of centralized waste treatment in villages.Secondary criteria focused on disposal methods for agrochemical packages and other hazardous waste.Using the weighted sum of squares method,the study evaluated the suitability of six regions as pilot areas for waste classification.The results identified villages in Jiangsu province and Hebei province as the most suitable pilot regions.Based on the findings,the study provides recommendations to address weaknesses in these regions to enhance the effectiveness of future trials and offers tailored suggestions for other regions to improve their waste classification initiatives.展开更多
Overall bank performance in a particular year or period is important to all banking industry stakeholders,as it indicates their success or failure relative to predetermined targets.Due to conflicting criteria and unce...Overall bank performance in a particular year or period is important to all banking industry stakeholders,as it indicates their success or failure relative to predetermined targets.Due to conflicting criteria and uncertainties,assessing bank performance is a complicated decision-making problem.The current paper proposes the Fuzzy Level Based Weight Assessment(F-LBWA),the Fuzzy Logarithm Methodology of Additive Weights(F-LMAW),and the Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to the Compromise Solution(MARCOS)combination as a practical and robust decisionmaking tool to cope with many complex ambiguities.In the first phase,the suggested hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making(MCDM)approach estimates the weight coefficients of the performance criteria with the aid of a combined version of the F-LBWA and F-LMAW methods.In the second phase,the MARCOS method determines the ranking performance of the decision alternatives.The introduced model is tested and validated on a case study assessing publicly traded bank performance in Pakistan.The findings obtained from the sensitivity analysis revealed that the presented F-LBWAF-LMAW-MARCOS approach produces consistent solutions and is a reliable and effective procedure in rational decision-making.展开更多
The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires,driven by climate change and human activities,pose a significant threat to vital forest ecosystems,particularly where fire is not a natural element in the regener...The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires,driven by climate change and human activities,pose a significant threat to vital forest ecosystems,particularly where fire is not a natural element in the regeneration cycle.This study aims to identify the indicators influencing forest fire vulnerability and compare maps of forest fire susceptibility that are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tripartite model,with a focus on the vulnerable Hyrcanian forest region in Golestan Province,northern Iran,where forest fires have caused considerable economic losses.On the basis of expert opinions and a literature review,we used geographic information systems,remote sensing and machine learning techniques to select and weigh 30 biophysical,environmental and socioeconomic indicators that affect forest fire vulnerability in the study area.These indicators were rigorously normalized,weighted and amalgamated into a comprehensive forest fire vulnerability index to analyze forest exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity.We thus identified and mapped areas with very high forest fire exposure,high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity for urgent targeted intervention and strategic planning to mitigate the impacts of forest fires.The results also revealed a set of critical indicators that contribute more significantly to forest fire vulnerability(e.g.,precipitation,elevation and factors related to biodiversity,human activity and economic reliance on forest resources).Our results provide insights that can inform policy-making,community engagement and environmental management strategies to mitigate the vulnerabilities associated with forest fires in the Hyrcanian forest.展开更多
Background:Cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)is a powerful health marker recommended by the American Heart Association as a clinical vital sign.Comparing the predictive validity of objectively measured CRF(the"gold s...Background:Cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)is a powerful health marker recommended by the American Heart Association as a clinical vital sign.Comparing the predictive validity of objectively measured CRF(the"gold standara")and estimated CRF is clinically relevant because estimated CRF is more feasible.Our objective was to meta-analyze cohort studies to compare the associations of objectively measured,exerciseestimated,and non-exercise-estimated CRF with all-cause and cardiovascular disease(CVD)mortality in adults.Methods:Systematic searches were conducted in 9 databases(MEDLINE,SPORTDiscus,Embase,Scopus,PsycINFO,Web of Science,PubMed,CINAHL,and the Cochrane Library)up to April 11,2024.We included full-text refereed cohort studies published in English that quantified the association(using risk estimates with 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs))of objectively measured,exercise-estimated,and non-exercise-estimated CRF with all-cause and CVD mortality in adults.CRF was expressed as metabolic equivalents(METs)of task.Pooled relative risks(RR)for all-cause and CVD mortality per 1-MET(3.5 mL/kg/min)higher level of CRF were quantified using random-effects models.Results:Forty-two studies representing 35 cohorts and 3,813,484 observations(81%male)(362,771 all-cause and 56,471 CVD deaths)were included.The pooled RRs for all-cause and CVD mortality per higher MET were 0.86(95%CI:0.83-0.88)and 0.84(95%CI:0.80-0.87),respectively.For both all-cause and CVD mortality,there were no statistically significant differences in RR per higher MET between objectively measured(RR range:0.86-0.90)and maximal exercise-estimated(RR range:0.85-0.86),submaximal exercise-estimated(RR range:0.91-0.94),and non-exercise-estimated CRF(RR range:0.81-0.85).Conclusion:Objectively measured and estimated CRF showed similar dose-response associations for all-cause and CVD mortality in adults.Estimated CRF could provide a practical and robust alternative to objectively measured CRF for assessing mortality risk across diverse populations.Our findings underscore the health-related benefits of higher CRF and advocate for its integration into clinical practice to enhance risk stratification.展开更多
Background:QiShenYiQi(QSYQ)is commonly accepted to treat ischemic stroke(IS)in clinical settings,yet the underlying mechanism of action of QSYQ is largely unknown.Methods:By combining systems pharmacology with experim...Background:QiShenYiQi(QSYQ)is commonly accepted to treat ischemic stroke(IS)in clinical settings,yet the underlying mechanism of action of QSYQ is largely unknown.Methods:By combining systems pharmacology with experimental assessment,we examined the key targets,bioactive components,and mechanisms of QSYQ against IS.Results:Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform predicted a total number of 254 targets that were potentially related to QSYQ,whereas 699 targets associated with IS were gathered from Therapeutic Target Database,Comparative Toxicogenomics Database,Gene Cards,Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man,and National Center for Biotechnology Information databases,and 83 of these targets overlap with QSYQ-related targets.Importantly,through the analysis of Gene Ontology functional annotation,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment,and protein-protein interaction network,we identified 20 related signaling pathways along with 4 hub genes.Subsequently,our molecular docking results revealed that QSYQ might interact with PTGS2,PTGS1,SCN5A,and HSP90AB1.We observed dose-dependent beneficial effects of QSYQ in significantly improving neurological function and alleviating histopathological damage in middle cerebral artery occlusion model,while decreasing infarct volume.Notablely,QSYQ markedly downregulates tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,and interleukin-1 beta.Overall,this study demonstrates the synergetic effects of QSYQ on regulating multi-targets in IS through inhibiting inflammatory processes and neuronal apoptosis,these findings may expand the understanding of QSYQ and provide guidance for its clinical application in treating IS.Conclusion:Current study reveals the protective roles of QSYQ against IS through modulating PTGS2/PTGS1/SCN5A/HSP90AB1 and TNF signaling pathways.展开更多
Background and Objective Patients with glioma experience a high symptom burden and have diverse palliative care needs.However,the assessment scales used in palliative care remain non-standardized and highly heterogene...Background and Objective Patients with glioma experience a high symptom burden and have diverse palliative care needs.However,the assessment scales used in palliative care remain non-standardized and highly heterogeneous.To evaluate the application patterns of the current scales used in palliative care for glioma,we aim to identify gaps and assess the need for disease-specific scales in glioma palliative care.Methods We conducted a systematic search of five databases including PubMed,Web of Science,Medline,EMBASE,and CINAHL for quantitative studies that reported scale-based assessments in glioma palliative care.We extracted data on scale characteristics,domains,frequency,and psychometric properties.Quality assessments were performed using the Cochrane ROB 2.0 and ROBINS-I tools.Results Of the 3,405 records initially identified,72 studies were included.These studies contained 75 distinct scales that were used 193 times.Mood(21.7%),quality of life(24.4%),and supportive care needs(5.2%)assessments were the most frequently assessed items,exceeding half of all scale applications.Among the various assessment dimensions,the Distress Thermometer(DT)was the most frequently used tool for assessing mood,while the Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire(SF-36)was the most frequently used tool for assessing quality of life.The Mini Mental Status Examination(MMSE)was the most common tool for cognitive assessment.Performance status(5.2%)and social support(6.8%)were underrepresented.Only three brain tumor-specific scales were identified.Caregiver-focused scales were limited and predominantly burden-oriented.Conclusions There are significant heterogeneity,domain imbalances,and validation gaps in the current use of assessment scales for patients with glioma receiving palliative care.The scale selected for use should be comprehensive and user-friendly.展开更多
基金supported by the Key Project of Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation,China(No.2023-JC-ZD-28)the Shaanxi Key Research and Development Program,China(No.2023GXLH-056).
文摘Floating photovoltaic(FPV)systems provide dual benefits in renewable energy generation and water resource utilization,supporting global decarbonization efforts.This study conducts a full life cycle assessment(LCA)of FPV systems,covering material production,construction,operation,and decommissioning stages.Particular attention was given to ecological risks,an often overlooked aspect in previous environmental evaluations.A structured ecological risk matrix is developed integrating physical,chemical,and biological indicators to evaluate environmental disturbances caused by FPV systems.The framework was applied to eight representative water bodies in China,including Taihu Lake(characterized by high nutrient loading),Danjiangkou Reservoir(a major drinking water source),and Poyang Lake(an ecologically sensitive wetland).Each site is evaluted using a semi-quantitative scoring system based on ecological sensitivity and FPV disturbance potential.Risk levels were classified to guide deployment suitability(0-6),identify high-risk areas,and support mitigation strategies.The findings revealed significant spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem vulnerability and highlighted the lack of standardized protocols for ecological risk assessment in FPV projects.In response,this study proposed context-specific design recommendations,including adjustments to module density,transparency,and anchoring methods,to minimize ecological impacts.This research provides a transferable tool for incorporating ecological metrics into FPV planning and regulatory review,particularly in freshwater ecosystems.It contributes to the development of risk-informed deployment guidelines and emphasizes the need for long-term ecological monitoring in FPV expansion.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, China (No. 10501-88) the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. 2001AA245041).
文摘The Wangdonggou Watershed on the Loess Plateau in China was selected as the study area to develop a model for soil erosion assessments. Using the data collected at 20 sampling sites all tentatively selected indicators were assessed against their corresponding erosion intensity through a correlation analysis. Eight highly correlated indicators were then chosen for the soil erosion assessment. In addition, threshold limits to delineate the class size for these indicators and weights to rank them were determined. Next, a grading model incorporating the selected indicators class rating and their associated weights was developed and verified by an on site evaluation of the soil erosion intensity in the study area. Results of the verification showed that the overall accuracy of the indicator system for assessing soil erosion in the Loess Plateau gully regions could reach 85%.
基金Supported by the National Creative Research Groups Science Foundation of China （60421002） and National Basic Research Program of China （2007CB714000）.
文摘In this article,an approach for economic performance assessment of model predictive control(MPC) system is presented.The method builds on steady-state economic optimization techniques and uses the linear quadratic Gaussian(LQG) benchmark other than conventional minimum variance control(MVC) to estimate the potential of reduction in variance.The LQG control is a more practical performance benchmark compared to MVC for performance assessment since it considers input variance and output variance,and it thus provides a desired basis for determining the theoretical maximum economic benefit potential arising from variability reduction.Combining the LQG benchmark directly with benefit potential of MPC control system,both the economic benefit and the optimal operation condition can be obtained by solving the economic optimization problem.The proposed algorithm is illustrated by simulated example as well as application to economic performance assessment of an industrial model predictive control system.
基金Project(51625503) supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars,ChinaProject(61790561) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project(20163000124) supported by Tsinghua-Honda Joint Research,ChinaProject(TTS2017-02) supported by the Open Fund for Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Traffic and Transportation Security,China
文摘Advanced driver-assistance systems such as Honda’s collision mitigation brake system(CMBS)can help achieve traffic safety.In this paper,the naturalistic driving study and a series of simulations are combined to better evaluate the performance of the CMBS in the Chinese traffic environment.First,because safety-critical situations can be diverse especially in the Chinese environment,the Chinese traffic-accident characteristics are analyzed according to accident statistics over the past 17 years.Next,10 Chinese traffic-accident scenarios accounting for more than 80%of traffic accidents are selected.For each typical scenario,353 representative cases are collected from the traffic-management department of Beijing.These real-world accident cases are then reconstructed by the traffic-accident-reconstruction software PC-Crash on the basis of accident-scene diagrams.This study also proposes a systematic analytical process for estimating the effectiveness of the technology using the co-simulation platform of PC-Crash and rateEFFECT,in which 176 simulations are analyzed in detail to assess the accident-avoidance performance of the CMBS.The overall collision-avoidance effectiveness reaches 82.4%,showing that the proposed approach is efficient for avoiding collisions,thereby enhancing traffic safety and improving traffic management.
文摘To investigate shoulder scoring systems used in Europe and North America and how outcomes might be classified after shoulder joint replacement. All research papers published in four major journals in 2012 and 2013 were reviewed for the shoulder scoring systems used in their published papers. A method of identifying how outcomes after shoulder arthroplasty might be used to categorize patients into fair, good, very good and excellent outcomes was explored using the outcome evaluations from patients treated in our own unit. A total of 174 research articles that were published in the four journals used some form of shoulder scoring system. The outcome from shoulder arthroplasty in our unit has been evaluated using the constant score(CS) and the oxford shoulder score and these scores have been used to evaluate individual patient outcomes. CSs of < 30 = unsatisfactory; 30-39 = fair; 40-59 = good; 60-69 = very good; and 70 and over = excellent. The most popular shoulder scoring systems in North America were Simple Shoulder Test and American shoulder and elbow surgeons standard shoulder assessment form score and in Europe CS, Oxford Shoulder Score and DASH score.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.60774036
文摘The authors developed a prototype of a warship maintenance system. The process started by defining the maintenance requirements of warship equipment. Next, a planning scheme was development for a maintenance network. An optimization target for the plan and indexes for assessment were established. Based on the above work, a simulation model was proposed with two layers: a base and a workshop. Dispatching rules were then formulated for the simulation. Experimental results proved the validity of the model and the dispatching algorithm. It was found that the model can solve the capacity evaluation problem for maintenance systems and provides a scientific basis for decision-maker to make decisions regarding equipment maintenance.
文摘Concussion and other forms of brain injury are not always detectable with conventional means such as radiographic imaging.The lack of accurate diagnostics,biomarkers,and outcome measures has a devastating impact.Individual patients may suffer in obscurity,self-medicate into an addictive spiral,have impaired professional activity,and develop failed interpersonal relationships.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China–Shandong Joint Fund of Marine Science Research Centers of China(No.U1406403)the NSFC(No.41306100)the Scientific Research Foundation of Guangxi University(No.XGZ 160281)
文摘A healthy ecosystem depends on the coordination of ecosystem structure and function.The coordination among ecosystem components,however,is seldom taken into account in current ecosystem health assessments(EHA).Neglect of such coordination may lead to large degrees of uncertainty in EHA and fail to support ecosystem management.We propose an approach to quantify the level of dynamic mismatching between ecosystem structure and function and the impact on ecosystem health by incorporating the ecosystem coordination index into EHA.The coordination degree is calculated using variation coefficient of six proxies for ecosystem structure and functions.The ecosystem at Jiaozhou Bay,as a microcosm of China's coast,has been documented to fluctuate from healthy to unhealthy status over the past three decades.The results indicate that there is a 3%-17% lower health level than that calculated by common methods used in the literature,indicating that the health of Jiaozhou Bay has become worse than expected.Habitat change contributes 20%-52% to ecosystem mismatches and is the most uncoordinated factor.Mismatch-related declines account for approximately one-fourth of the total ecological declines.Restoration scenarios that aim to resolve ecosystem mismatches could increase efficiency by about 50% compared to restoration scenarios that do not consider mismatches.This study investigates ecological declines in a coastal bay due to 30 years of rapid economic development.In doing so,this study provides novel insights and enhances our understanding of the reasons for failure in ecological restoration.
文摘The synthetic fuzzy assessing method is usually applied to sensory evaluation. The method has simple and reliable virtue, and it is consistent with objective evaluation results. Using this method, system status of plating solution evaporator is evaluated, and the result is applied to compensate a fuzzy controller. Experimental results have shown the correctness and the validity of the proposed approach.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42377428 and 42077391)the National Key Research&Developmental Program of China(No.2022YFC3701301)+1 种基金the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Nos.ZR2020ZD34 and ZR2023YQ031)the Instrument Improvement Funds of Shandong University Public Technology Platform(No.ts20230108).
文摘Due to the endocrine toxicity,neurotoxic,and reproductive toxicity to organisms,the sources and risks of brominated organic pollutants have attracted widespread attention.However,knowledge gaps remain in the bromination processes of emerging phenolic pollutants in plants,whichmay increase the potential health risk associated with food exposure.Our study discovered that light induced generation and accumulation of more toxic brominated organic compounds(Br-org)in lettuce leaves under the stress of acetaminophen(ACE)than that without light,as evidenced by an increase in C-Br bond intensity in FTIR analysis.This result can be explained by the oxidation of bromide ions(Br^(-))by reactive species(ROS and ^(3)Chl*)of chloroplast into reactive bromine species(RBS).The main mechanism is that the redox of Br^(-)reduced the oxidative damage of ACE to the structure and function of chloroplasts,providing good conditions for light energy uptake and utilization and promoting the increase of pigments and active species.Compared with the dark group exposed to 5 mg/L Br^(-),the pigment content,H_(2)O_(2) and ^(1)O_(2) level of the light group increased by 56%,84% and 69%,respectively.On the other hand,RBS attacks certain electrophilic organic compounds in leaves to generate Br^(-)org.Triple excited state of chlorophyll(^(3)Chl^(*))was the dominant species for the transformation of ACE,while RBS is a key factor in the generation of Br-org in the Br^(-)/light/chlorophyll system.A total of six transformation products were identified by HPLC-MS/MS,which were involved in three transformation pathways:methylation,hydroxyl oxidation and hydroxylation followed by bromination.This is the first report that Br^(-)could enter the chloroplast and improved chloroplast structure under ACE stress,and elucidated the bromination mechanism of organics in terrestrial plant involving of biophotochemical bromination in chloroplast besides enzyme-catalyzed bromination.This study is beneficial for risk assessment and prevention of emerging phenolic pollutants.
文摘This research pioneers the integration of geographic information systems(GIS)and 3D modeling within a virtual reality(VR)framework to assess the viability and planning of a 20 MW hybrid wind-solarphotovoltaic(PV)system connected to the local grid.The study focuses on Dakhla,Morocco,a region with vast untapped renewable energy potential.By leveraging GIS,we are innovatively analyzing geographical and environmental factors that influence optimal site selection and system design.The incorporation of VR technologies offers an unprecedented level of realism and immersion,allowing stakeholders to virtually experience the project's impact and design in a dynamic,interactive environment.This novel methodology includes extensive data collection,advanced modeling,and simulations,ensuring that the hybrid system is precisely tailored to the unique climatic and environmental conditions of Dakhla.Our analysis reveals that the region possesses a photovoltaic solar potential of approximately2400 k Wh/m^(2) per year,with an average annual wind power density of about 434 W/m^(2) at an 80-meter hub height.Productivity simulations indicate that the 20 MW hybrid system could generate approximately 60 GWh of energy per year and 1369 GWh over its 25-year lifespan.To validate these findings,we employed the System Advisor Model(SAM)software and the Global Solar Photovoltaic Atlas platform.This comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach not only provides a robust assessment of the system's feasibility but also offers valuable insights into its potential socio-economic and environmental impact.
文摘Refugee settlements face several challenges in transitioning from a temporary planning approach to more sustainable settlements. This is mainly due to an increase in the number of forcibly displaced people over the last few decades, and the difficulties of sustainably providing social services that meet the required standards. The development of refugee settlements assumed that forcibly displaced people would return to their places or countries of origin. Unfortunately, displacement situations are prolonged indefinitely, forcing these people to spend most of their lives in conditions that are often deplorable and substandard, and therefore unsustainable. In most cases, the establishment of refugee settlements is triggered by an emergency caused by an influx of forcibly displaced people, who need to be accommodated urgently and provided with some form of international assistance and protection. This leaves little or no time for proper planning for long-term development as required. In addition, the current approach to temporary settlement harms the environment and can strain limited resources with ad hoc development models that have exacerbated difficulties. As a result, living conditions in refugee settlements have deteriorated over the last few decades and continue to pose challenges as to how best to design, plan, and sustain settlements over time. To contribute to addressing these challenges, this study proposes a new methodology supported by Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and a Systems Modeling Language (SysML) to develop a typical sustainable human settlement system model, which has functionally and operationally executed using a Systems Engineering (SE) approach. To assess the sustainability capacity of the proposed system, this work applies a matrix of crossed impact multiplication through a case study by conducting a system capacity interdependence analysis (SCIA) using the MICMAC methodology (Cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification) to assess the interdependency that exist between the sub-systems categories to deliver services at the system level. The sustainability analysis results based on capacity variables influence and dependency models shows that development activities in the settlement are unstable and, therefore, unsustainable since there is no apparent difference between the influential and dependent data used for the assessment. These results illustrate that an integrated system could improve human settlements’ sustainability and that capacity building in service delivery is beneficial and necessary.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Program of Hefei Normal University(2024KY71)the Partnership Program of Hefei Normal University(HXXM2022094).
文摘Practical activities are an indispensable piece of science education.As such,assessment of these practical activities is vital for continually enhancing the quality of science instruction.This article presents a tentative framework structured for assessing practical activities in science education.The proposed framework is built upon seven components:engagement and participation,relational thinking,stepwise mastery,contextualization,multidimensional integration,empowerment,and scientific articulacy.The framework might provide science educators with an alternative lens through which to enhance the effectiveness of practical activities,promote student engagement,and better prepare learners for the future.This framework is designed to be additive and complementary to existing assessment approaches and can be adapted and customized to suit specific local contexts and varying grade levels by science educators in the pursuit of excellence in an ever-evolving science education landscape.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China,Grant/Award Number:2022YFB4700701National Outstanding Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52025054。
文摘Virtual reality(VR)technology revitalises rehabilitation training by creating rich,interactive virtual rehabilitation scenes and tasks that deeply engage patients.Robotics with immersive VR environments have the potential to significantly enhance the sense of immersion for patients during training.This paper proposes a rehabilitation robot system.The system integrates a VR environment,the exoskeleton entity,and research on rehabilitation assessment metrics derived from surface electromyographic signal(sEMG).Employing more realistic and engaging virtual stimuli,this method guides patients to actively participate,thereby enhancing the effectiveness of neural connection reconstruction—an essential aspect of rehabilitation.Furthermore,this study introduces a muscle activation model that merges linear and non-linear states of muscle,avoiding the impact of non-linear shape factors on model accuracy present in traditional models.A muscle strength assessment model based on optimised generalised regression(WOAGRNN)is also proposed,with a root mean square error of 0.017,347 and a mean absolute percentage error of 1.2461%,serving as critical assessment indicators for the effectiveness of rehabilitation.Finally,the system is preliminarily applied in human movement experiments,validating the practicality and potential effectiveness of VRcentred rehabilitation strategies in medical recovery.
基金supported by the Yunnan Provincial Education Department Scientific Research Fund Project(Grant No.2022J0525).
文摘Before nationwide implementation of waste classification programs in rural areas,identifying suitable pilot regions is crucial.This study develops a comprehensive framework for assessing and selecting these pilot regions.Data were collected through 654 valid questionnaires and interviews with respondents from rural areas in six provinces across China.Primary assessment criteria included disposal methods for kitchen waste,recyclables,hazardous waste,and residual waste,as well as farmers’willingness to separate hazardous waste when offered compensation and the impact of centralized waste treatment in villages.Secondary criteria focused on disposal methods for agrochemical packages and other hazardous waste.Using the weighted sum of squares method,the study evaluated the suitability of six regions as pilot areas for waste classification.The results identified villages in Jiangsu province and Hebei province as the most suitable pilot regions.Based on the findings,the study provides recommendations to address weaknesses in these regions to enhance the effectiveness of future trials and offers tailored suggestions for other regions to improve their waste classification initiatives.
文摘Overall bank performance in a particular year or period is important to all banking industry stakeholders,as it indicates their success or failure relative to predetermined targets.Due to conflicting criteria and uncertainties,assessing bank performance is a complicated decision-making problem.The current paper proposes the Fuzzy Level Based Weight Assessment(F-LBWA),the Fuzzy Logarithm Methodology of Additive Weights(F-LMAW),and the Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to the Compromise Solution(MARCOS)combination as a practical and robust decisionmaking tool to cope with many complex ambiguities.In the first phase,the suggested hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making(MCDM)approach estimates the weight coefficients of the performance criteria with the aid of a combined version of the F-LBWA and F-LMAW methods.In the second phase,the MARCOS method determines the ranking performance of the decision alternatives.The introduced model is tested and validated on a case study assessing publicly traded bank performance in Pakistan.The findings obtained from the sensitivity analysis revealed that the presented F-LBWAF-LMAW-MARCOS approach produces consistent solutions and is a reliable and effective procedure in rational decision-making.
基金funding provided by University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna(BOKU).
文摘The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires,driven by climate change and human activities,pose a significant threat to vital forest ecosystems,particularly where fire is not a natural element in the regeneration cycle.This study aims to identify the indicators influencing forest fire vulnerability and compare maps of forest fire susceptibility that are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tripartite model,with a focus on the vulnerable Hyrcanian forest region in Golestan Province,northern Iran,where forest fires have caused considerable economic losses.On the basis of expert opinions and a literature review,we used geographic information systems,remote sensing and machine learning techniques to select and weigh 30 biophysical,environmental and socioeconomic indicators that affect forest fire vulnerability in the study area.These indicators were rigorously normalized,weighted and amalgamated into a comprehensive forest fire vulnerability index to analyze forest exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity.We thus identified and mapped areas with very high forest fire exposure,high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity for urgent targeted intervention and strategic planning to mitigate the impacts of forest fires.The results also revealed a set of critical indicators that contribute more significantly to forest fire vulnerability(e.g.,precipitation,elevation and factors related to biodiversity,human activity and economic reliance on forest resources).Our results provide insights that can inform policy-making,community engagement and environmental management strategies to mitigate the vulnerabilities associated with forest fires in the Hyrcanian forest.
基金supported by a grant from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie(Grant agreement No.101028929)supported by an Investigator Grant from the Medical Research Future Fund(MRF1193862)supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship.
文摘Background:Cardiorespiratory fitness(CRF)is a powerful health marker recommended by the American Heart Association as a clinical vital sign.Comparing the predictive validity of objectively measured CRF(the"gold standara")and estimated CRF is clinically relevant because estimated CRF is more feasible.Our objective was to meta-analyze cohort studies to compare the associations of objectively measured,exerciseestimated,and non-exercise-estimated CRF with all-cause and cardiovascular disease(CVD)mortality in adults.Methods:Systematic searches were conducted in 9 databases(MEDLINE,SPORTDiscus,Embase,Scopus,PsycINFO,Web of Science,PubMed,CINAHL,and the Cochrane Library)up to April 11,2024.We included full-text refereed cohort studies published in English that quantified the association(using risk estimates with 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs))of objectively measured,exercise-estimated,and non-exercise-estimated CRF with all-cause and CVD mortality in adults.CRF was expressed as metabolic equivalents(METs)of task.Pooled relative risks(RR)for all-cause and CVD mortality per 1-MET(3.5 mL/kg/min)higher level of CRF were quantified using random-effects models.Results:Forty-two studies representing 35 cohorts and 3,813,484 observations(81%male)(362,771 all-cause and 56,471 CVD deaths)were included.The pooled RRs for all-cause and CVD mortality per higher MET were 0.86(95%CI:0.83-0.88)and 0.84(95%CI:0.80-0.87),respectively.For both all-cause and CVD mortality,there were no statistically significant differences in RR per higher MET between objectively measured(RR range:0.86-0.90)and maximal exercise-estimated(RR range:0.85-0.86),submaximal exercise-estimated(RR range:0.91-0.94),and non-exercise-estimated CRF(RR range:0.81-0.85).Conclusion:Objectively measured and estimated CRF showed similar dose-response associations for all-cause and CVD mortality in adults.Estimated CRF could provide a practical and robust alternative to objectively measured CRF for assessing mortality risk across diverse populations.Our findings underscore the health-related benefits of higher CRF and advocate for its integration into clinical practice to enhance risk stratification.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82274313)Projects of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2022-SLRH-YQ-010)Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology.
文摘Background:QiShenYiQi(QSYQ)is commonly accepted to treat ischemic stroke(IS)in clinical settings,yet the underlying mechanism of action of QSYQ is largely unknown.Methods:By combining systems pharmacology with experimental assessment,we examined the key targets,bioactive components,and mechanisms of QSYQ against IS.Results:Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform predicted a total number of 254 targets that were potentially related to QSYQ,whereas 699 targets associated with IS were gathered from Therapeutic Target Database,Comparative Toxicogenomics Database,Gene Cards,Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man,and National Center for Biotechnology Information databases,and 83 of these targets overlap with QSYQ-related targets.Importantly,through the analysis of Gene Ontology functional annotation,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment,and protein-protein interaction network,we identified 20 related signaling pathways along with 4 hub genes.Subsequently,our molecular docking results revealed that QSYQ might interact with PTGS2,PTGS1,SCN5A,and HSP90AB1.We observed dose-dependent beneficial effects of QSYQ in significantly improving neurological function and alleviating histopathological damage in middle cerebral artery occlusion model,while decreasing infarct volume.Notablely,QSYQ markedly downregulates tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,and interleukin-1 beta.Overall,this study demonstrates the synergetic effects of QSYQ on regulating multi-targets in IS through inhibiting inflammatory processes and neuronal apoptosis,these findings may expand the understanding of QSYQ and provide guidance for its clinical application in treating IS.Conclusion:Current study reveals the protective roles of QSYQ against IS through modulating PTGS2/PTGS1/SCN5A/HSP90AB1 and TNF signaling pathways.
文摘Background and Objective Patients with glioma experience a high symptom burden and have diverse palliative care needs.However,the assessment scales used in palliative care remain non-standardized and highly heterogeneous.To evaluate the application patterns of the current scales used in palliative care for glioma,we aim to identify gaps and assess the need for disease-specific scales in glioma palliative care.Methods We conducted a systematic search of five databases including PubMed,Web of Science,Medline,EMBASE,and CINAHL for quantitative studies that reported scale-based assessments in glioma palliative care.We extracted data on scale characteristics,domains,frequency,and psychometric properties.Quality assessments were performed using the Cochrane ROB 2.0 and ROBINS-I tools.Results Of the 3,405 records initially identified,72 studies were included.These studies contained 75 distinct scales that were used 193 times.Mood(21.7%),quality of life(24.4%),and supportive care needs(5.2%)assessments were the most frequently assessed items,exceeding half of all scale applications.Among the various assessment dimensions,the Distress Thermometer(DT)was the most frequently used tool for assessing mood,while the Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire(SF-36)was the most frequently used tool for assessing quality of life.The Mini Mental Status Examination(MMSE)was the most common tool for cognitive assessment.Performance status(5.2%)and social support(6.8%)were underrepresented.Only three brain tumor-specific scales were identified.Caregiver-focused scales were limited and predominantly burden-oriented.Conclusions There are significant heterogeneity,domain imbalances,and validation gaps in the current use of assessment scales for patients with glioma receiving palliative care.The scale selected for use should be comprehensive and user-friendly.
