Spinal cord injury represents a severe form of central nervous system trauma for which effective treatments remain limited.Microglia is the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,play a critical role in s...Spinal cord injury represents a severe form of central nervous system trauma for which effective treatments remain limited.Microglia is the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,play a critical role in spinal cord injury.Previous studies have shown that microglia can promote neuronal survival by phagocytosing dead cells and debris and by releasing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory factors.However,excessive activation of microglia can lead to persistent inflammation and contribute to the formation of glial scars,which hinder axonal regeneration.Despite this,the precise role and mechanisms of microglia during the acute phase of spinal cord injury remain controversial and poorly understood.To elucidate the role of microglia in spinal cord injury,we employed the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX5622 to deplete microglia.We observed that sustained depletion of microglia resulted in an expansion of the lesion area,downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor,and impaired functional recovery after spinal cord injury.Next,we generated a transgenic mouse line with conditional overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor specifically in microglia.We found that brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia increased angiogenesis and blood flow following spinal cord injury and facilitated the recovery of hindlimb motor function.Additionally,brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia reduced inflammation and neuronal apoptosis during the acute phase of spinal cord injury.Furthermore,through using specific transgenic mouse lines,TMEM119,and the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX73086,we demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects were predominantly due to brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia rather than macrophages.In conclusion,our findings suggest the critical role of microglia in the formation of protective glial scars.Depleting microglia is detrimental to recovery of spinal cord injury,whereas targeting brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia represents a promising and novel therapeutic strategy to enhance motor function recovery in patients with spinal cord injury.展开更多
The image of China in The Painted Veil by Maugham is complicated and diversified.On the one hand,it predicts numerous representative sceneries of the Chinese village,unveiling the exotic natural sceneries of China.Mor...The image of China in The Painted Veil by Maugham is complicated and diversified.On the one hand,it predicts numerous representative sceneries of the Chinese village,unveiling the exotic natural sceneries of China.Moreover,the spirit of Taoism is stated in the novel,unveiling the mysterious culture of Chinese’concern about the harmony of man and nature,which displays Maugham’s admiration for Chinese exotic flavors.On the other hand,China is depicted as poor and undeveloped,a country stricken by epidemic diseases and opium smokers.This article aims to analyze the factors affecting Maugham’s images of China from the subjective and objective perspectives.Chapter two profoundly explores the significant influence of Maugham’s life experience,religious belief and personal values on his individual images of China.Chapter three expounds the effective factors of social thoughts and economy.From the exploration,it is apparent that the formation of the image of China in The Painted Veil is firstly influenced by the life experience,individual values and religious belief of Maugham.Literary writing is actually a miniature and indirect representation of the author’s life experience.展开更多
Among the four basic skills in language learning,listening seems to present more difficulties for the students in their college English study.This paper tries to examine various obstacles affecting college students’E...Among the four basic skills in language learning,listening seems to present more difficulties for the students in their college English study.This paper tries to examine various obstacles affecting college students’English listening comprehension based on the author’s 20 years of teaching experience.Through systematic analysis of both linguistic and non-linguistic factors,the study proposes targeted teaching methodologies to enhance students’listening proficiency.The research highlights the importance of integrated skill development,psychological factors in language acquisition,and effective listening strategies.Practical classroom techniques are suggested,including the combination of listening and speaking practice,motivation enhancement approaches,and systematic training in listening strategies.The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive solutions addressing multiple dimensions of listening comprehension difficulties in Chinese EFL learners.展开更多
Recrystallization stands as an essential process that influences the microstructure and properties of magnesium(Mg)alloys,yet its mechanisms remain complex and multifaceted.This review explores the key factors affecti...Recrystallization stands as an essential process that influences the microstructure and properties of magnesium(Mg)alloys,yet its mechanisms remain complex and multifaceted.This review explores the key factors affecting the recrystallization behavior of Mg alloys,emphasizing how their unique structural characteristics impact the driving forces and dynamics of recrystallization.Unlike conventional alloys,Mg alloys exhibit distinctive recrystallization kinetics,which is significantly affected by deformation conditions,such as strain rate,temperature,and processing methods(e.g.,rolling,forging,and extrusion).The process is also influenced by material characteristics,including initial grain size,texture,dislocation density,solute clustering,and stacking fault energy.Additionally,uneven strain distribution,stress concentrations,and stored energy play crucial roles in shaping the formation of recrystallized grains,particularly near grain boundaries.Notably,recrystallization is driven by dislocation accumulation and the availability of slip systems,with new strain-free grains typically forming in regions of high dislocation density.This paper synthesizes the existing literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics of recrystallization in Mg alloys,highlighting the influence of microstructural features such as second-phase particles and grain boundary characteristics.It also identifies key challenges and suggests promising directions for future research,including optimizing material compositions and the interaction between deformation conditions via machine learning.展开更多
The duration of the extratropical transition(ET)of tropical cyclones(TCs)is often closely associated with disaster intensity.Therefore,it is essential to understand the key factors that influence ET duration.Using the...The duration of the extratropical transition(ET)of tropical cyclones(TCs)is often closely associated with disaster intensity.Therefore,it is essential to understand the key factors that influence ET duration.Using the TC best-track data and reanalysis data,this study investigates the structural characteristics and key influencing factors of ET duration in the western North Pacific(WNP)during 1981–2022.Results show that,compared to TCs that undergo ET rapidly(≤12 h),TCs that experience ET slowly(≥24 h)undergo a more prolonged and complex ET process,maintaining a warm core and an upright structure for extended periods.By contrast,TCs undergoing rapid transition experience structural disintegration within 6–12 h after ET onset.Further analysis reveals that TCs with longer ET durations are characterized by stronger warm cores,more abundant moisture,weaker environmental vertical wind shear,slower translation speeds,and a longer residence time over warmer sea surface temperatures(SSTs),all of which support the maintenance of axisymmetric structures with strong warm cores.Environmental and structural factors,including cold-air intensity,vertical wind shear,TC translation speed,SST,relative humidity,TC intensity,the radius of 17 m s^(-1)wind,mean sea level pressure,and the radius of maximum wind,are found to exist significant correlation with ET duration.Cold-air intensity exhibited the highest correlation(r=–0.35),followed by TC translation speed and SST.A relative importance analysis shows that the environmental factors play a more substantial role than the internal TC structure,accounting for about 19.23%of the variance,with TC translation speed and cold-air effects explaining 11.68%.Based on the nine factors,a statistical forecasting model was developed,which shows considerable skill in predicting ET duration.展开更多
Strokes include both ischemic stroke,which is mediated by a blockade or reduction in the blood supply to the brain,and hemorrhagic stroke,which comprises intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage and is cha...Strokes include both ischemic stroke,which is mediated by a blockade or reduction in the blood supply to the brain,and hemorrhagic stroke,which comprises intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage and is characterized by bleeding within the brain.Stroke is a lifethreatening cerebrovascular condition characterized by intricate pathophysiological mechanisms,including oxidative stress,inflammation,mitochondrial dysfunction,and neuronal injury.Critical transcription factors,such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor kappa B,play central roles in the progression of stroke.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is sensitive to changes in the cellular redox status and is crucial in protecting cells against oxidative damage,inflammatory responses,and cytotoxic agents.It plays a significant role in post-stroke neuroprotection and repair by influencing mitochondrial function,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and lysosomal activity and regulating metabolic pathways and cytokine expression.Conversely,nuclear factor-kappa B is closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction,the generation of reactive oxygen species,oxidative stress exacerbation,and inflammation.Nuclear factor-kappa B contributes to neuronal injury,apoptosis,and immune responses following stroke by modulating cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators.The interplay between these pathways,potentially involving crosstalk among various organelles,significantly influences stroke pathophysiology.Advancements in single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics have greatly improved our understanding of stroke pathogenesis and offer new opportunities for the development of targeted,individualized,cell typespecific treatments.In this review,we discuss the mechanisms underlying the involvement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappa B in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke,with an emphasis on their roles in oxidative stress,inflammation,and neuroprotection.展开更多
Nerve trauma commonly results in chronic neuropathic pain. This is by triggering the release of proinflammatory mediators from local and invading cells that induce inflammation and nociceptive neuron hyperexcitability...Nerve trauma commonly results in chronic neuropathic pain. This is by triggering the release of proinflammatory mediators from local and invading cells that induce inflammation and nociceptive neuron hyperexcitability. Even without apparent inflammation, injury sites are associated with increased inflammatory markers. This review focuses on how it might be possible to reduce neuropathic pain by reducing inflammation. Physiologically, pain is resolved by a combination of the out-migration of pro-inflammatory cells from the injury site, the down-regulation of the genes underlying the inflammation, up-regulating genes for anti-inflammatory mediators, and reducing nociceptive neuron hyperexcitability. While various techniques reduce chronic neuropathic pain, the best are effective on < 50% of patients, no technique reliably or permanently eliminates neuropathic pain. This is because most techniques are predominantly aimed at reducing pain, not inflammation. In addition, while single factors reduce pain, increasing evidence indicates significant and longer-lasting pain relief requires multiple factors acting simultaneously. Therefore, it is not surprising that extensive data indicate that the application of platelet-rich plasma provides more significant and longer-lasting pain suppression than other techniques, although its analgesia is neither complete nor permanent. However, several case reports indicate that platelet-rich plasma can induce permanent neuropathic pain elimination when the platelet concentration is significantly increased and is applied to longer nerve lengths. This review examines the primary triggers of the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain and techniques that reduce chronic neuropathic pain. The application of plateletrich plasma holds great promise for providing complete and permanent chronic neuropathic pain elimination.展开更多
The aging process is an inexorable fact throughout our lives and is considered a major factor in develo ping neurological dysfunctions associated with cognitive,emotional,and motor impairments.Aging-associated neurode...The aging process is an inexorable fact throughout our lives and is considered a major factor in develo ping neurological dysfunctions associated with cognitive,emotional,and motor impairments.Aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function.展开更多
Based on the assay of the total content and available content of the trace nutrient elements and the soil pH and organic matter of the soil samples,the characteristic of the available content of the trace nutrient ele...Based on the assay of the total content and available content of the trace nutrient elements and the soil pH and organic matter of the soil samples,the characteristic of the available content of the trace nutrient elements and their affecting factors are studied. The results show that the available B in western Jilin is in a middle level,the content in Nong'an is higher than that in the others; the available Mn is extremely abundant; the available Cu in Nong'an is obviously higher than other areas,and the content in Da'an differs greatly; the available Zn is in a middle level; the severe shortage of available Mo differs between different areas; and the available Fe is extremely abundant. The available Mn,Cu and Fe have significantly positive correlation with their total content; the available B has significantly positive correlation with pH,and Zn has obviously negative correlation with pH; the available Mn and Fe had significantly positive correlation with soil organic matter.展开更多
In English teaching and learning,listening ability is an important part of communicative competence,is a very practical integrated skill.It has been a difficult skill in second language acquisition for many students.M...In English teaching and learning,listening ability is an important part of communicative competence,is a very practical integrated skill.It has been a difficult skill in second language acquisition for many students.Many Chinese students are skilled in reading,but often they tend to neglect the listening.However,owing to the higher requirements of many English tests and the great importance in communication,students begin to pay attention to develop their English listening skills.But there are many factors affecting listening,the paper mainly focuses on linguistic factors and non-linguistic factors that affect listening,to provide a theoretical basis to help exploring ways of improving listening and comprehension skills.展开更多
To change the undesirable present situation of recovering and using converter gas in steel plants in China, the basic approaches to improving the converter gas recovery rate were analyzed theoretically along with the ...To change the undesirable present situation of recovering and using converter gas in steel plants in China, the basic approaches to improving the converter gas recovery rate were analyzed theoretically along with the change curves of the converter gas component content, based on the converter gas recovery system of Baosteel No. 2 steel- making plant. The effects of converter device, raw material, air imbibed quantity, recovery restricted condition, and intensity of oxygen blowing on the converter gas recovery rate were studied. Among these, the effects of the air im bibed quantity, recovery restricted condition, and intensity of oxygen blowing are remarkable. Comprehensive measures were put forward for improving the converter gas recovery from the point of devices, etc. , and good results were achieved.展开更多
This research examines the distribution features of 4960 caves across Guizhou Province, while probing the relationship between the caves＇ spatial patterns and geographic elements. This study is based on hydrogeologic...This research examines the distribution features of 4960 caves across Guizhou Province, while probing the relationship between the caves＇ spatial patterns and geographic elements. This study is based on hydrogeological and topographic maps of Guizhou. ArcGIS software was used to process the adjacent index, spatial analysis, and coupling analysis of the caves altitude and longitude, as well as the rock properties, lithology, drainage and tec- tonic division of almost 5000 caves. Based on a point pattern analysis of Guizhou caves, the adjacent index is 0.53, and the coefficient of variation verified by Tyson polygon reached 72.469%. This figure reflects the clustered distribution pattern of the caves. Across the entire province, caves are divided into four concentrated areas and one weakly affected area. The four concentrated areas are Zunyi-Tongren, Bijie, Qianxinan-Liupanshui, and Gui- yang-Anshun-Qinan. The one weakly affected zone is Qiandongnan. The most concentrated among them is the Guiyang-Anshun-Qiannan area, which covers 24.67% of the total province area, and accounts for 36.63% of the total province＇s caves. Cave distribution in Guizhou is characterized as dense in the western part and sparse in the eastern part. Under this study background, the natural elements of formation, including lithology, structure, climate, hydrol- ogy, and altitude, and their effects on the distribution, number, and spatial pattern of cave development is analyzed.展开更多
Based on field survey, the thesis analyzes the key factors affecting development of rural tourism systematically, taking Chengdu as an example. These factors include regional e-conomic development level & leisure ...Based on field survey, the thesis analyzes the key factors affecting development of rural tourism systematically, taking Chengdu as an example. These factors include regional e-conomic development level & leisure tradition, tourist market & traffic, tourist resource, spatial agglomeration and competition of rural tourism, and decision-making behavior. Among them, regional economic development level & leisure tradition and tourist market & traffic are prerequisites for the development of rural tourism which have an impact on tourist' s consumption level, consumption custom, operator's investment ability, tourist destination distribution and scale; Tourist resource, spatial agglomeration and competition of rural tourism are restrictive conditions affecting character and distribution of rural tourism; Government's decision-making behavior is of importance for expansion of scale and popularity of regional rural tourism, meanwhile, operators' decision-making behavior includes investment scale and operational strategies, and for operators from the outside, location selection is included additionally. All these decision-making behaviors are subjective conditions for the development of rural tourism.展开更多
Effects of pressure and temperature in the chamber during vacuum drying on the relative humidity and evaporation of wood surface were investigated by using the vacuum chamber. The setting temperature during vacuum dry...Effects of pressure and temperature in the chamber during vacuum drying on the relative humidity and evaporation of wood surface were investigated by using the vacuum chamber. The setting temperature during vacuum drying included dry-bulb temperature ta, the wet-bulb temperature tw and the temperature difference between the air in the vacuum chamber and the cooling water in the condenser. Results indicated that relative humidity during vacuum drying was affected by the dry-bulb temperature td, the wet-bulb temperature tw and the temperature difference between the air in the vacuum chamber and the water in the condenser. Relative humidity of wood decreased with the increase in temperature at the given temperature of the water in the condenser. The relative humidity was affected slightly by pressure in the vacuum chamber pA, and it decreased from 70% to 65% with pA increased from 50 kPa to 101 kPa. Moreover, there was nearly no evaporation under the vacuum without external heating.展开更多
In order to examine the factors which affect the range of heat transfer in earth surrounding subways, FLAC3D was adopted in this study to analyze these factors, under different conditions, in a systematic manner. When...In order to examine the factors which affect the range of heat transfer in earth surrounding subways, FLAC3D was adopted in this study to analyze these factors, under different conditions, in a systematic manner. When we compare these numerical tests, the results show that the main factors, affecting the heat transfer range are the thermal properties of the surrounding earth, the initial ground temperature and the temperature in the tunnel. The heat transfer coefficient between air and linings has little effect on the temperature distribution around the tunnel. The current results can provide a reference for improving the thermal environment in subways and optimizing the design of subwav ventilation and air conditioning.展开更多
The gatekeeper policy has been implemented for approximately ten years on a pilot population in China. It is necessary to assess the satisfaction of patients utilizing community health service（CHS） under the gatekee...The gatekeeper policy has been implemented for approximately ten years on a pilot population in China. It is necessary to assess the satisfaction of patients utilizing community health service（CHS） under the gatekeeper system. Our study showed that the cognition of gatekeeper policy was associated with four dimensions including doctor‐patient relationships, information and support, organization of care, and accessibility（P 〈 0.001）. One or more factors such as gender and self‐perceived health scores also affected their satisfaction. General practitioners must be prepared to focus on these aspects of information and support, organization of care, and accessibility as indicators of potential opportunities for improvement. Additionally, policymakers can improve patients＇ satisfaction with CHS by strengthening their awareness of the gatekeeper policy.展开更多
In this paper, we first evaluated the distribution of blood pressure (BP) using a dataset containing 113,979 measurements in 48,022 individuals with the cooperation of one health insurance society in Japan from April,...In this paper, we first evaluated the distribution of blood pressure (BP) using a dataset containing 113,979 measurements in 48,022 individuals with the cooperation of one health insurance society in Japan from April, 2013 to March, 2016. The means of the systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were 125.4 and 77.6 mmHg with standard deviations of 16.5 and 11.7 mmHg, respectively. Under the 140/90 criterion, 21.6% of the measurements showed hypertension. According to the World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension criterion, 16.4%, 4.2% and 0.96% were classified as grades 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The factors affecting BP were evaluated by a regression analysis and were found to include age, gender, some eating habits, daily activities, smoking, drinking alcohol, sleeping and wages. Age was a very important factor, and the age cohorts from the previous study might be revised based on these findings. Among factors that individuals can control, the influence of drinking alcohol is very large. Comparing to an individual who does not drink, SBP and DBP of a heavy drinker are more than 5.0 mmHg higher on the average.展开更多
The nano intercalation compounding of wood and MMT has important implications for the modification of wood and for the development of new materials. With water-soluble phenol formaldehyde resin as an intermediary, the...The nano intercalation compounding of wood and MMT has important implications for the modification of wood and for the development of new materials. With water-soluble phenol formaldehyde resin as an intermediary, the nanocomposites of Chinese fir （Cunningharnia lanceolata） wood and montmorillonite （MMT） were prepared via three impregnation methods, i.e. normal pressure, once and twice vacuum methods. Based on the weight percent gain （WPG） of impregnated wood, the effects of compounding wood and MMT in terms of concentration, impregnating temperature and time, wood moisture content and wood extraction treatments, on sapwood and heartwood are discussed. Results show that： 1） the optimum MMT concentration in the impregnation solution is 3% for sapwood and 5% for heartwood; 2） room temperature is suitable in practice; 3） treatment pressure should be set at a high enough value in order to ensure sufficient permeation; 4） the effects of different impregnation methods on sapwood and heartwood are different, the heartwood extractives affect WPG significantly; cell wall permeability of sapwood is better than that of heartwood; 5） the cold water, hot water and benzene-ethanol solution extractions can all greatly improve the permeability of heartwood, hot water can dissolve some hemicellulose of low aggregation and hot water extraction improves wood cell wall permeability; 6） with an increase in wood moisture content, the permeable space in wood is reduced, but with a certain amount of water, instantaneous spaces are created and the permeation dynamic increases. This effect is especially apparent for difficult impregnating situations in heartwood and impregnation under normal pressure.展开更多
The effects of prestrain and annealing temperature on phase transformation temperatures in Fel4Mn5Si8Cr4Ni shape memory alloy have been studied. The results showed that when the annealing temperature was 673 K, both t...The effects of prestrain and annealing temperature on phase transformation temperatures in Fel4Mn5Si8Cr4Ni shape memory alloy have been studied. The results showed that when the annealing temperature was 673 K, both the At and the Ms temperatures increased appreciably as the prestrain increased, the As temperature increased slightly with increasing prestrain; the resistivity difference at 303 K between the heating and cooling curve also increased with increasing prestrain, which agreed with the recovery strain. The shape memory effect in Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni shape memory alloy is caused by the stress-induced γ→ε martensite transformation and its reverse transformation. When the prestrain was 10%, the Ms temperature decreased remarkably as the annealing temperature increased.展开更多
Background: The cost and economic burden of diabetes are a serious worldwide issue. In this study, we evaluated medical payments for persons diagnosed with diabetes and the factors that led to a person having diabetes...Background: The cost and economic burden of diabetes are a serious worldwide issue. In this study, we evaluated medical payments for persons diagnosed with diabetes and the factors that led to a person having diabetes to reduce its prevalence. Methods: A dataset containing 113,979 medical checkups and 3,671,783 monthly medical, dental, care-giving and pharmacy payment records of one health insurance society was used. The dataset contains information of normal and healthy persons. The sample period ran from April, 2013 to March, 2016. The medical payments for persons diagnosed with diabetes were calculated. The regression analysis was used to remove the effects of age and gender. The probit analysis was used to analyze the factors that led to a person having diabetes. Results: In 2.9% of cases, the person undergoing the checkup was diagnosed with diabetes, and the medical payments for these patients were 2.7 times as much as the average medical payment per person. This result did not change significantly even if age and gender were considered. The results of the probit analysis suggested that body mass index, high systolic blood pressure, low diastolic blood pressure, eating habits, physical activities, smoking, drinking alcohol and sleeping were important factors for diabetes. Conclusion: The diabetes might be a costlier disease than previously thought in Japan. By the estimation, 8% of all medical payments were made for these persons with diabetes, which is much higher than the result shown by national survey data. However, overall prevalence could be recused by efforts such as prevention of overweight and obesity.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82072165 and 82272256(both to XM)the Key Project of Xiangyang Central Hospital,No.2023YZ03(to RM)。
文摘Spinal cord injury represents a severe form of central nervous system trauma for which effective treatments remain limited.Microglia is the resident immune cells of the central nervous system,play a critical role in spinal cord injury.Previous studies have shown that microglia can promote neuronal survival by phagocytosing dead cells and debris and by releasing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory factors.However,excessive activation of microglia can lead to persistent inflammation and contribute to the formation of glial scars,which hinder axonal regeneration.Despite this,the precise role and mechanisms of microglia during the acute phase of spinal cord injury remain controversial and poorly understood.To elucidate the role of microglia in spinal cord injury,we employed the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX5622 to deplete microglia.We observed that sustained depletion of microglia resulted in an expansion of the lesion area,downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor,and impaired functional recovery after spinal cord injury.Next,we generated a transgenic mouse line with conditional overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor specifically in microglia.We found that brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia increased angiogenesis and blood flow following spinal cord injury and facilitated the recovery of hindlimb motor function.Additionally,brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia reduced inflammation and neuronal apoptosis during the acute phase of spinal cord injury.Furthermore,through using specific transgenic mouse lines,TMEM119,and the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX73086,we demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects were predominantly due to brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia rather than macrophages.In conclusion,our findings suggest the critical role of microglia in the formation of protective glial scars.Depleting microglia is detrimental to recovery of spinal cord injury,whereas targeting brain-derived neurotrophic factor overexpression in microglia represents a promising and novel therapeutic strategy to enhance motor function recovery in patients with spinal cord injury.
文摘The image of China in The Painted Veil by Maugham is complicated and diversified.On the one hand,it predicts numerous representative sceneries of the Chinese village,unveiling the exotic natural sceneries of China.Moreover,the spirit of Taoism is stated in the novel,unveiling the mysterious culture of Chinese’concern about the harmony of man and nature,which displays Maugham’s admiration for Chinese exotic flavors.On the other hand,China is depicted as poor and undeveloped,a country stricken by epidemic diseases and opium smokers.This article aims to analyze the factors affecting Maugham’s images of China from the subjective and objective perspectives.Chapter two profoundly explores the significant influence of Maugham’s life experience,religious belief and personal values on his individual images of China.Chapter three expounds the effective factors of social thoughts and economy.From the exploration,it is apparent that the formation of the image of China in The Painted Veil is firstly influenced by the life experience,individual values and religious belief of Maugham.Literary writing is actually a miniature and indirect representation of the author’s life experience.
文摘Among the four basic skills in language learning,listening seems to present more difficulties for the students in their college English study.This paper tries to examine various obstacles affecting college students’English listening comprehension based on the author’s 20 years of teaching experience.Through systematic analysis of both linguistic and non-linguistic factors,the study proposes targeted teaching methodologies to enhance students’listening proficiency.The research highlights the importance of integrated skill development,psychological factors in language acquisition,and effective listening strategies.Practical classroom techniques are suggested,including the combination of listening and speaking practice,motivation enhancement approaches,and systematic training in listening strategies.The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive solutions addressing multiple dimensions of listening comprehension difficulties in Chinese EFL learners.
基金funding by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant number U22A20187)(Grant No.52271147,No.52471175)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant number 2024M751172)。
文摘Recrystallization stands as an essential process that influences the microstructure and properties of magnesium(Mg)alloys,yet its mechanisms remain complex and multifaceted.This review explores the key factors affecting the recrystallization behavior of Mg alloys,emphasizing how their unique structural characteristics impact the driving forces and dynamics of recrystallization.Unlike conventional alloys,Mg alloys exhibit distinctive recrystallization kinetics,which is significantly affected by deformation conditions,such as strain rate,temperature,and processing methods(e.g.,rolling,forging,and extrusion).The process is also influenced by material characteristics,including initial grain size,texture,dislocation density,solute clustering,and stacking fault energy.Additionally,uneven strain distribution,stress concentrations,and stored energy play crucial roles in shaping the formation of recrystallized grains,particularly near grain boundaries.Notably,recrystallization is driven by dislocation accumulation and the availability of slip systems,with new strain-free grains typically forming in regions of high dislocation density.This paper synthesizes the existing literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics of recrystallization in Mg alloys,highlighting the influence of microstructural features such as second-phase particles and grain boundary characteristics.It also identifies key challenges and suggests promising directions for future research,including optimizing material compositions and the interaction between deformation conditions via machine learning.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3004200)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China(23DZ1204703)。
文摘The duration of the extratropical transition(ET)of tropical cyclones(TCs)is often closely associated with disaster intensity.Therefore,it is essential to understand the key factors that influence ET duration.Using the TC best-track data and reanalysis data,this study investigates the structural characteristics and key influencing factors of ET duration in the western North Pacific(WNP)during 1981–2022.Results show that,compared to TCs that undergo ET rapidly(≤12 h),TCs that experience ET slowly(≥24 h)undergo a more prolonged and complex ET process,maintaining a warm core and an upright structure for extended periods.By contrast,TCs undergoing rapid transition experience structural disintegration within 6–12 h after ET onset.Further analysis reveals that TCs with longer ET durations are characterized by stronger warm cores,more abundant moisture,weaker environmental vertical wind shear,slower translation speeds,and a longer residence time over warmer sea surface temperatures(SSTs),all of which support the maintenance of axisymmetric structures with strong warm cores.Environmental and structural factors,including cold-air intensity,vertical wind shear,TC translation speed,SST,relative humidity,TC intensity,the radius of 17 m s^(-1)wind,mean sea level pressure,and the radius of maximum wind,are found to exist significant correlation with ET duration.Cold-air intensity exhibited the highest correlation(r=–0.35),followed by TC translation speed and SST.A relative importance analysis shows that the environmental factors play a more substantial role than the internal TC structure,accounting for about 19.23%of the variance,with TC translation speed and cold-air effects explaining 11.68%.Based on the nine factors,a statistical forecasting model was developed,which shows considerable skill in predicting ET duration.
基金supported by grants from the Zhejiang Provincial TCM Science and Technology Plan Project,No.2023ZL156(to YH)Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program,No.2022020304(to XG)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo,No.2023J019(to YH)Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Atherosclerotic Diseases of Zhejiang Province,No.2022E10026(to YH)。
文摘Strokes include both ischemic stroke,which is mediated by a blockade or reduction in the blood supply to the brain,and hemorrhagic stroke,which comprises intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage and is characterized by bleeding within the brain.Stroke is a lifethreatening cerebrovascular condition characterized by intricate pathophysiological mechanisms,including oxidative stress,inflammation,mitochondrial dysfunction,and neuronal injury.Critical transcription factors,such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor kappa B,play central roles in the progression of stroke.Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is sensitive to changes in the cellular redox status and is crucial in protecting cells against oxidative damage,inflammatory responses,and cytotoxic agents.It plays a significant role in post-stroke neuroprotection and repair by influencing mitochondrial function,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and lysosomal activity and regulating metabolic pathways and cytokine expression.Conversely,nuclear factor-kappa B is closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction,the generation of reactive oxygen species,oxidative stress exacerbation,and inflammation.Nuclear factor-kappa B contributes to neuronal injury,apoptosis,and immune responses following stroke by modulating cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators.The interplay between these pathways,potentially involving crosstalk among various organelles,significantly influences stroke pathophysiology.Advancements in single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics have greatly improved our understanding of stroke pathogenesis and offer new opportunities for the development of targeted,individualized,cell typespecific treatments.In this review,we discuss the mechanisms underlying the involvement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappa B in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke,with an emphasis on their roles in oxidative stress,inflammation,and neuroprotection.
文摘Nerve trauma commonly results in chronic neuropathic pain. This is by triggering the release of proinflammatory mediators from local and invading cells that induce inflammation and nociceptive neuron hyperexcitability. Even without apparent inflammation, injury sites are associated with increased inflammatory markers. This review focuses on how it might be possible to reduce neuropathic pain by reducing inflammation. Physiologically, pain is resolved by a combination of the out-migration of pro-inflammatory cells from the injury site, the down-regulation of the genes underlying the inflammation, up-regulating genes for anti-inflammatory mediators, and reducing nociceptive neuron hyperexcitability. While various techniques reduce chronic neuropathic pain, the best are effective on < 50% of patients, no technique reliably or permanently eliminates neuropathic pain. This is because most techniques are predominantly aimed at reducing pain, not inflammation. In addition, while single factors reduce pain, increasing evidence indicates significant and longer-lasting pain relief requires multiple factors acting simultaneously. Therefore, it is not surprising that extensive data indicate that the application of platelet-rich plasma provides more significant and longer-lasting pain suppression than other techniques, although its analgesia is neither complete nor permanent. However, several case reports indicate that platelet-rich plasma can induce permanent neuropathic pain elimination when the platelet concentration is significantly increased and is applied to longer nerve lengths. This review examines the primary triggers of the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain and techniques that reduce chronic neuropathic pain. The application of plateletrich plasma holds great promise for providing complete and permanent chronic neuropathic pain elimination.
文摘The aging process is an inexorable fact throughout our lives and is considered a major factor in develo ping neurological dysfunctions associated with cognitive,emotional,and motor impairments.Aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function.
基金Supported by a Sub-project "Ecological Geochemical Survey of Oil Crop (sunflower) Producing Area in Western Jilin" of the Project of China Geological Survey and Jilin Provincial Government " Agricul-tural Geological Survey of Jilin Province"~~
文摘Based on the assay of the total content and available content of the trace nutrient elements and the soil pH and organic matter of the soil samples,the characteristic of the available content of the trace nutrient elements and their affecting factors are studied. The results show that the available B in western Jilin is in a middle level,the content in Nong'an is higher than that in the others; the available Mn is extremely abundant; the available Cu in Nong'an is obviously higher than other areas,and the content in Da'an differs greatly; the available Zn is in a middle level; the severe shortage of available Mo differs between different areas; and the available Fe is extremely abundant. The available Mn,Cu and Fe have significantly positive correlation with their total content; the available B has significantly positive correlation with pH,and Zn has obviously negative correlation with pH; the available Mn and Fe had significantly positive correlation with soil organic matter.
文摘In English teaching and learning,listening ability is an important part of communicative competence,is a very practical integrated skill.It has been a difficult skill in second language acquisition for many students.Many Chinese students are skilled in reading,but often they tend to neglect the listening.However,owing to the higher requirements of many English tests and the great importance in communication,students begin to pay attention to develop their English listening skills.But there are many factors affecting listening,the paper mainly focuses on linguistic factors and non-linguistic factors that affect listening,to provide a theoretical basis to help exploring ways of improving listening and comprehension skills.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50334020)
文摘To change the undesirable present situation of recovering and using converter gas in steel plants in China, the basic approaches to improving the converter gas recovery rate were analyzed theoretically along with the change curves of the converter gas component content, based on the converter gas recovery system of Baosteel No. 2 steel- making plant. The effects of converter device, raw material, air imbibed quantity, recovery restricted condition, and intensity of oxygen blowing on the converter gas recovery rate were studied. Among these, the effects of the air im bibed quantity, recovery restricted condition, and intensity of oxygen blowing are remarkable. Comprehensive measures were put forward for improving the converter gas recovery from the point of devices, etc. , and good results were achieved.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41361081 High-level Innovative Talents Cultivation Program of Guizhou Province （Qian Ke He SY [201615674） Project of Innovation Program for Postgraduate Education of Guizhou Province, No.[2016]04
文摘This research examines the distribution features of 4960 caves across Guizhou Province, while probing the relationship between the caves＇ spatial patterns and geographic elements. This study is based on hydrogeological and topographic maps of Guizhou. ArcGIS software was used to process the adjacent index, spatial analysis, and coupling analysis of the caves altitude and longitude, as well as the rock properties, lithology, drainage and tec- tonic division of almost 5000 caves. Based on a point pattern analysis of Guizhou caves, the adjacent index is 0.53, and the coefficient of variation verified by Tyson polygon reached 72.469%. This figure reflects the clustered distribution pattern of the caves. Across the entire province, caves are divided into four concentrated areas and one weakly affected area. The four concentrated areas are Zunyi-Tongren, Bijie, Qianxinan-Liupanshui, and Gui- yang-Anshun-Qinan. The one weakly affected zone is Qiandongnan. The most concentrated among them is the Guiyang-Anshun-Qiannan area, which covers 24.67% of the total province area, and accounts for 36.63% of the total province＇s caves. Cave distribution in Guizhou is characterized as dense in the western part and sparse in the eastern part. Under this study background, the natural elements of formation, including lithology, structure, climate, hydrol- ogy, and altitude, and their effects on the distribution, number, and spatial pattern of cave development is analyzed.
基金Supported by the 10th Five-Year Plan Programme Item of Chengdu Philosophy and Social Science Research and the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-SW-319-4)
文摘Based on field survey, the thesis analyzes the key factors affecting development of rural tourism systematically, taking Chengdu as an example. These factors include regional e-conomic development level & leisure tradition, tourist market & traffic, tourist resource, spatial agglomeration and competition of rural tourism, and decision-making behavior. Among them, regional economic development level & leisure tradition and tourist market & traffic are prerequisites for the development of rural tourism which have an impact on tourist' s consumption level, consumption custom, operator's investment ability, tourist destination distribution and scale; Tourist resource, spatial agglomeration and competition of rural tourism are restrictive conditions affecting character and distribution of rural tourism; Government's decision-making behavior is of importance for expansion of scale and popularity of regional rural tourism, meanwhile, operators' decision-making behavior includes investment scale and operational strategies, and for operators from the outside, location selection is included additionally. All these decision-making behaviors are subjective conditions for the development of rural tourism.
文摘Effects of pressure and temperature in the chamber during vacuum drying on the relative humidity and evaporation of wood surface were investigated by using the vacuum chamber. The setting temperature during vacuum drying included dry-bulb temperature ta, the wet-bulb temperature tw and the temperature difference between the air in the vacuum chamber and the cooling water in the condenser. Results indicated that relative humidity during vacuum drying was affected by the dry-bulb temperature td, the wet-bulb temperature tw and the temperature difference between the air in the vacuum chamber and the water in the condenser. Relative humidity of wood decreased with the increase in temperature at the given temperature of the water in the condenser. The relative humidity was affected slightly by pressure in the vacuum chamber pA, and it decreased from 70% to 65% with pA increased from 50 kPa to 101 kPa. Moreover, there was nearly no evaporation under the vacuum without external heating.
基金Projects BK2007145 supported by the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation of China NCET-04-0454 by the Program for New Century Excellent Talentsin Universities
文摘In order to examine the factors which affect the range of heat transfer in earth surrounding subways, FLAC3D was adopted in this study to analyze these factors, under different conditions, in a systematic manner. When we compare these numerical tests, the results show that the main factors, affecting the heat transfer range are the thermal properties of the surrounding earth, the initial ground temperature and the temperature in the tunnel. The heat transfer coefficient between air and linings has little effect on the temperature distribution around the tunnel. The current results can provide a reference for improving the thermal environment in subways and optimizing the design of subwav ventilation and air conditioning.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.(NSFC,71373090,‘Study on the gatekeeper policy of CHS’)
文摘The gatekeeper policy has been implemented for approximately ten years on a pilot population in China. It is necessary to assess the satisfaction of patients utilizing community health service（CHS） under the gatekeeper system. Our study showed that the cognition of gatekeeper policy was associated with four dimensions including doctor‐patient relationships, information and support, organization of care, and accessibility（P 〈 0.001）. One or more factors such as gender and self‐perceived health scores also affected their satisfaction. General practitioners must be prepared to focus on these aspects of information and support, organization of care, and accessibility as indicators of potential opportunities for improvement. Additionally, policymakers can improve patients＇ satisfaction with CHS by strengthening their awareness of the gatekeeper policy.
文摘In this paper, we first evaluated the distribution of blood pressure (BP) using a dataset containing 113,979 measurements in 48,022 individuals with the cooperation of one health insurance society in Japan from April, 2013 to March, 2016. The means of the systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were 125.4 and 77.6 mmHg with standard deviations of 16.5 and 11.7 mmHg, respectively. Under the 140/90 criterion, 21.6% of the measurements showed hypertension. According to the World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension criterion, 16.4%, 4.2% and 0.96% were classified as grades 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The factors affecting BP were evaluated by a regression analysis and were found to include age, gender, some eating habits, daily activities, smoking, drinking alcohol, sleeping and wages. Age was a very important factor, and the age cohorts from the previous study might be revised based on these findings. Among factors that individuals can control, the influence of drinking alcohol is very large. Comparing to an individual who does not drink, SBP and DBP of a heavy drinker are more than 5.0 mmHg higher on the average.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 30271055）.
文摘The nano intercalation compounding of wood and MMT has important implications for the modification of wood and for the development of new materials. With water-soluble phenol formaldehyde resin as an intermediary, the nanocomposites of Chinese fir （Cunningharnia lanceolata） wood and montmorillonite （MMT） were prepared via three impregnation methods, i.e. normal pressure, once and twice vacuum methods. Based on the weight percent gain （WPG） of impregnated wood, the effects of compounding wood and MMT in terms of concentration, impregnating temperature and time, wood moisture content and wood extraction treatments, on sapwood and heartwood are discussed. Results show that： 1） the optimum MMT concentration in the impregnation solution is 3% for sapwood and 5% for heartwood; 2） room temperature is suitable in practice; 3） treatment pressure should be set at a high enough value in order to ensure sufficient permeation; 4） the effects of different impregnation methods on sapwood and heartwood are different, the heartwood extractives affect WPG significantly; cell wall permeability of sapwood is better than that of heartwood; 5） the cold water, hot water and benzene-ethanol solution extractions can all greatly improve the permeability of heartwood, hot water can dissolve some hemicellulose of low aggregation and hot water extraction improves wood cell wall permeability; 6） with an increase in wood moisture content, the permeable space in wood is reduced, but with a certain amount of water, instantaneous spaces are created and the permeation dynamic increases. This effect is especially apparent for difficult impregnating situations in heartwood and impregnation under normal pressure.
文摘The effects of prestrain and annealing temperature on phase transformation temperatures in Fel4Mn5Si8Cr4Ni shape memory alloy have been studied. The results showed that when the annealing temperature was 673 K, both the At and the Ms temperatures increased appreciably as the prestrain increased, the As temperature increased slightly with increasing prestrain; the resistivity difference at 303 K between the heating and cooling curve also increased with increasing prestrain, which agreed with the recovery strain. The shape memory effect in Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni shape memory alloy is caused by the stress-induced γ→ε martensite transformation and its reverse transformation. When the prestrain was 10%, the Ms temperature decreased remarkably as the annealing temperature increased.
文摘Background: The cost and economic burden of diabetes are a serious worldwide issue. In this study, we evaluated medical payments for persons diagnosed with diabetes and the factors that led to a person having diabetes to reduce its prevalence. Methods: A dataset containing 113,979 medical checkups and 3,671,783 monthly medical, dental, care-giving and pharmacy payment records of one health insurance society was used. The dataset contains information of normal and healthy persons. The sample period ran from April, 2013 to March, 2016. The medical payments for persons diagnosed with diabetes were calculated. The regression analysis was used to remove the effects of age and gender. The probit analysis was used to analyze the factors that led to a person having diabetes. Results: In 2.9% of cases, the person undergoing the checkup was diagnosed with diabetes, and the medical payments for these patients were 2.7 times as much as the average medical payment per person. This result did not change significantly even if age and gender were considered. The results of the probit analysis suggested that body mass index, high systolic blood pressure, low diastolic blood pressure, eating habits, physical activities, smoking, drinking alcohol and sleeping were important factors for diabetes. Conclusion: The diabetes might be a costlier disease than previously thought in Japan. By the estimation, 8% of all medical payments were made for these persons with diabetes, which is much higher than the result shown by national survey data. However, overall prevalence could be recused by efforts such as prevention of overweight and obesity.
