Molecular recognition of bioreceptors and enzymes relies on orthogonal interactions with small molecules within their cavity. To date, Chinese scientists have developed three types of strategies for introducing active...Molecular recognition of bioreceptors and enzymes relies on orthogonal interactions with small molecules within their cavity. To date, Chinese scientists have developed three types of strategies for introducing active sites inside the cavity of macrocyclic arenes to better mimic molecular recognition of bioreceptors and enzymes.The editorial aims to enlighten scientists in this field when they develop novel macrocycles for molecular recognition, supramolecular assembly, and applications.展开更多
This study proposes a method for analyzing the security distance of an Active Distribution Network(ADN)by incorporating the demand response of an Energy Hub(EH).Taking into account the impact of stochastic wind-solar ...This study proposes a method for analyzing the security distance of an Active Distribution Network(ADN)by incorporating the demand response of an Energy Hub(EH).Taking into account the impact of stochastic wind-solar power and flexible loads on the EH,an interactive power model was developed to represent the EH’s operation under these influences.Additionally,an ADN security distance model,integrating an EH with flexible loads,was constructed to evaluate the effect of flexible load variations on the ADN’s security distance.By considering scenarios such as air conditioning(AC)load reduction and base station(BS)load transfer,the security distances of phases A,B,and C increased by 17.1%,17.2%,and 17.7%,respectively.Furthermore,a multi-objective optimal power flow model was formulated and solved using the Forward-Backward Power Flow Algorithm,the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algo-rithm,and the maximum satisfaction method.The simulation results of the IEEE33 node system example demonstrate that after opti-mization,the total energy cost for one day is reduced by 0.026%,and the total security distance limit of the ADN’s three phases is improved by 0.1 MVA.This method effectively enhances the security distance,facilitates BS load transfer and AC load reduction,and contributes to the energy-saving,economical,and safe operation of the power system.展开更多
This paper provides a systematic review on the resilience analysis of active distribution networks(ADNs)against hazardous weather events,considering the underlying cyber-physical interdependencies.As cyber-physical sy...This paper provides a systematic review on the resilience analysis of active distribution networks(ADNs)against hazardous weather events,considering the underlying cyber-physical interdependencies.As cyber-physical systems,ADNs are characterized by widespread structural and functional interdependen-cies between cyber(communication,computing,and control)and physical(electric power)subsystems and thus present complex hazardous-weather-related resilience issues.To bridge current research gaps,this paper first classifies diverse hazardous weather events for ADNs according to different time spans and degrees of hazard,with model-based and data-driven methods being utilized to characterize weather evolutions.Then,the adverse impacts of hazardous weather on all aspects of ADNs’sources,physical/cyber networks,and loads are analyzed.This paper further emphasizes the importance of situational awareness and cyber-physical collaboration throughout hazardous weather events,as these enhance the implementation of preventive dispatches,corrective actions,and coordinated restorations.In addition,a generalized quantitative resilience evaluation process is proposed regarding additional considerations about cyber subsystems and cyber-physical connections.Finally,potential hazardous-weather-related resilience challenges for both physical and cyber subsystems are discussed.展开更多
This study investigates prescribed-time position tracking control for electromagnetic satellite formations subject to model uncertainties and external disturbances.Using the Clohessy-Wiltshire equations as the relativ...This study investigates prescribed-time position tracking control for electromagnetic satellite formations subject to model uncertainties and external disturbances.Using the Clohessy-Wiltshire equations as the relative motion dynamics model,a prescribed time output feedback control strategy is proposed.A prescribed-time extended state observer is designed to estimate the relative velocity and external disturbances.The disturbance estimates are then used as the feedforward component of the controller.Building on this framework,a novel prescribed-time active disturbance rejection control strategy for position tracking is developed via a backstepping control design.The convergence of the extended state observer and the stability of the closed-loop system are rigorously analyzed using Lyapunov stability theory.Numerical simulations are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Hemiplegia,a prevalent stroke-related condition,is often studied for motor dysfunction;however,spasticity remains under-researched.Abnormal muscle tone significantly hinders hemiplegic patients’walking rec...BACKGROUND:Hemiplegia,a prevalent stroke-related condition,is often studied for motor dysfunction;however,spasticity remains under-researched.Abnormal muscle tone significantly hinders hemiplegic patients’walking recovery.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether early suspension-protected training with a personal assistant machine for stroke patients enhances walking ability and prevents muscle spasms.METHODS:Thirty-two early-stage stroke patients from Shenzhen University General Hospital and the China Rehabilitation Research Center were randomly assigned to the experimental group(n=16)and the control group(n=16).Both groups underwent 4 weeks of gait training under the suspension protection system for 30 minutes daily,5 days a week.The experimental group used the personal assistant machine during training.Three-dimensional gait analysis(using the Cortex motion capture system),Brunnstrom staging,Fugl-Meyer Assessment for lower limb motor function,Fugl-Meyer balance function,and the modified Ashworth Scale were evaluated within 1 week before the intervention and after 4 weeks of intervention.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After the 4-week intervention,all outcome measures showed significant changes in each group.The experimental group had a small but significant increase in the modified Ashworth Scale score(P<0.05,d=|0.15|),while the control group had a large significant increase(P<0.05,d=|1.48|).The experimental group demonstrated greater improvements in walking speed(16.5 to 38.44 cm/s,P<0.05,d=|4.01|),step frequency(46.44 to 64.94 steps/min,P<0.05,d=|2.32|),stride length(15.50 to 29.81 cm,P<0.05,d=|3.44|),and peak hip and knee flexion(d=|1.82|to|2.17|).After treatment,the experimental group showed significantly greater improvements than the control group in walking speed(38.44 vs.26.63 cm/s,P<0.05,d=|2.75|),stride length,peak hip and knee flexion(d=|1.31|to|1.45|),step frequency(64.94 vs.59.38 steps/min,P<0.05,d=|0.85|),and a reduced support phase(bilateral:24.31%vs.28.38%,P<0.05,d=|0.88|;non-paretic:66.19%vs.70.13%,P<0.05,d=|0.94|).For early hemiplegia,personal assistant machine-assisted gait training under the suspension protection system helps establish a correct gait pattern,prevents muscle spasms,and improves motor function.展开更多
The soft actuator is characterized by high safety,flexibility,and adaptability.It is capable of both active and passive defor-mations.This paper presents a discrete degree of freedom(DOF)method for soft actuators to r...The soft actuator is characterized by high safety,flexibility,and adaptability.It is capable of both active and passive defor-mations.This paper presents a discrete degree of freedom(DOF)method for soft actuators to reveal DOF characteristics.The method draws on the superposition mechanism of the deformation characteristics of the sarcomere in the skeletal muscles of living organisms.Firstly,the multi-DOF deformation characteristics of the soft actuator are discretized into superimposed combinations of single-DOF micro-units.Then,the soft actuator was determined to contain deformation characteristics such as extension-contraction,bending,and twisting.Eighteen types of micro-units with basic deforma-tion characteristics were obtained depending on the axis and orientation.Further,the mapping relationship between the combination of micro-units and the motion characteristics of the soft actuator based on the GF set theory was established.Finally,an active-passive DOF co-structured soft actuator(APCSA)was developed.The graphical approach analyzes the experimental results,and it can be concluded that active and passive DOFs can coexist in the composite deformation of the soft actuator.展开更多
Population aging is one of the common challenges in the current world.As people age,the body’s tissues including cells,and molecules inevitably degrade,and their functions gradually decline,causing various age-relate...Population aging is one of the common challenges in the current world.As people age,the body’s tissues including cells,and molecules inevitably degrade,and their functions gradually decline,causing various age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s disease,osteoporosis,low immunity,glucose and lipid metabolism disorders,and cardiovascular diseases.With the continuous increase of the elderly population,the pressure on the medical industry is increasing.To lower the burden on the medical industry and increase the average age of the elderly,it is vital to explore effective anti-aging materials.Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma(Renshen),as a traditional and precious Chinese medicinal herb,is known as the“king of all herbs”.It is famous for its effects of“tonifying Qi,restoring pulse”(helping with the generation of Qi(the fundamental,vital energy that continuously flows within the body)and the circulation of blood)and strengthening the body,nourishing the spleen and lungs,generating fluids and nourishing blood,calming the mind and improving intelligence.Recently,its anti-aging effect has received increasing attention from modern scientific research.This study summarizes the pharmacological effects of the main active ingredients of Renshen(ginsenosides,polysaccharides,etc.)on resisting aging,including preventing neuroaging,suppressing skin aging,mitigating ovarian aging,inhibiting osteoporosis and arthritis,enhancing the immune system of the elderly,protecting the cardiovascular system,resisting aging-induced fatigue and exerting the anti-tumor effects.Through network pharmacology and molecular docking,the anti-aging active ingredients of Renshen were screened,and the key targets and pathways of anti-aging active ingredients in Renshen were determined.Using network pharmacology,totally 106 drug targets and 3,479 disease targets were screened,and 79 common targets between aging and Renshen were identified.Three core targets were identified in the PPI network,including TNF,AKT1,and IL-1β.Molecular docking was used to obtain further verification.This study emphasizes the potential of Renshen as a source of anti-aging activity,which can be developed into a novel drug for the treatment of age-related diseases.展开更多
Objective Stroke is the third leading cause of death worldwide,with the highest incidence in Asia,particularly in China,where smoking remains a major risk factor.The smoking prevalence in China is similar to that in A...Objective Stroke is the third leading cause of death worldwide,with the highest incidence in Asia,particularly in China,where smoking remains a major risk factor.The smoking prevalence in China is similar to that in Asia.Whether the risk estimates for smoking-related stroke in China and all Asian countries are still unknown which is worth evaluating.Thus,this study aims to compare the Relative Risk(RR)of smoking-attributed stroke among the Chinese and Asian populations.Methods A literature search was conducted from the inception to September 10,2022.Studies meeting the criteria were included.The articles were screened,and related information was extracted.Pooled RRs stratified by smoking status and sex were analyzed,including subgroup analyses for China,other Asian countries,and Asia overall.Finally,publication bias and sensitivity analyses were conducted.Results Thirty-seven articles on the Chinese population and 15 on other Asian populations were included,with a mean Newcastle-Ottawa scale(NOS)score of 7.25.About ever smokers,there had no statistical difference existed in both sexes and females between China and other Asian countries,while the RR of males in other Asian countries[2.31(1.38,3.86)]was higher than that in China[1.21(1.15,1.26)];further subgroup analysis indicated that other Asian countries had higher RR[3.76(3.02,4.67)]in the morbidity subgroup.The RRs of both sexes,males and females,between China and the whole of Asia were not statistically different.As for current and former smokers,no meaningful statistical difference was observed in the pooled RRs of both sexes,males and females,in China,other Asian countries,and all of Asia.Conclusion The RR of males ever smokers in China was smaller than that in other Asian countries due to the few articles of morbidity subgroup,but had no statistical difference with the whole of Asia;other groups of ever smokers,current smokers,and former smokers were not statistically significant with other Asian countries or the whole of Asia.展开更多
The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerge...The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.展开更多
This study extends the self-propelled particle(SPP)model by incorporating a limited vision cone and local density sensing.The results reveal that clusters can simultaneously exhibit velocity polarization and spatial c...This study extends the self-propelled particle(SPP)model by incorporating a limited vision cone and local density sensing.The results reveal that clusters can simultaneously exhibit velocity polarization and spatial cohesion within specific ranges of vision angle and density threshold.The dependence of the dynamical features,including the order parameter and density variation,on the threshold and visual cone is investigated.Furthermore,a critical threshold is identified,which governs the transition between ordered and disordered states and is closely linked to density fluctuations and noise intensity.The clustering results show that the model is explained by the chasing mechanism responsible for cluster formation,density,and shape.These results may stimulate practical applications in swarm maneuvering.展开更多
Under the condition of frequent replacement of wind tunnel models,multiple types of wind tunnel models are fixed by a slender support sting with low stiffness damping.When excited by wind load,various models produce r...Under the condition of frequent replacement of wind tunnel models,multiple types of wind tunnel models are fixed by a slender support sting with low stiffness damping.When excited by wind load,various models produce random multi-dimensional vibration with different characteristics,which makes it impossible to obtain accurate and efficient aerodynamic data.Therefore,in order to ensure the reliable and efficient conduction of wind tunnel test,a wind-tunnel-modeladaptive vibration control method is proposed in this paper.First,the split type adaptive vibration suppression structure is designed.Second,the multi-dimensional vibration characteristic characterization method is derived and the vibration characteristic identification method of the system is designed.Then,a vibration state estimation model is established according to the identification results of vibration characteristics,and a multi-actuator cooperative control method based on vibration state estimation is constructed.Finally,a model-adaptive vibration control system is built,and vibration characteristics identification and hammer experiments are carried out for two types of typical models.The results show that the proposed model-adaptive vibration control method increases the equivalent damping ratio of pitch and yaw dimensions of the high-aspect-ratio class model by 8.19 times and 48.81 times,respectively.The equivalent damping ratio of pitch and yaw dimensions of the highslenderness-ratio class model is increased by 16.44 and 5.43 times,respectively.It provides a strong guarantee for the reliable and efficient development of multi-type wind tunnel test tasks.展开更多
In this study,the mechanism and characteristics of the responseαparticles and the damage caused by them in CMOS active pixel(APS)sensors were investigated.A detection and compensation algorithm for dead pixels caused...In this study,the mechanism and characteristics of the responseαparticles and the damage caused by them in CMOS active pixel(APS)sensors were investigated.A detection and compensation algorithm for dead pixels caused byαparticle ionizing radiation was proposed,and the effects of dead-pixel compensation algorithms were compared and analyzed under different parameter conditions.The experimental results show thatαparticle response signal has highest accuracy at 9 dB gain,with an obvious“target-ring”distribution.With increasing cumulative dose,the CMOS APS pedestal tends to saturation while dead pixels continue increasing.Though some pixel damage recovers through natural annealing,the dead-to-noise ratio increases with irradiation time,reaching 32.54%after 72 h.A hierarchical clustering dead-pixel detection method is proposed,categorizing pixels into two types:those within and outside the response event.A classification compensation strategy combining mean and majority filtering is proposed.This compensation algorithm can address dead-pixel interference without affectingαparticle radiation response data.When iterated multiple times and with integration time exceeding 6.31 ms,the number of dead pixels can be effectively reduced.展开更多
Background:Prostate cancer is a common malignancy,with many men on active surveillance for localized,low-risk disease also experiencing lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS)from benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Water Va...Background:Prostate cancer is a common malignancy,with many men on active surveillance for localized,low-risk disease also experiencing lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS)from benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Water Vapor Thermal Therapy(WVTT)is a minimally invasive BPH treatment,but its safety and efficacy in this setting are unclear.Case Description:We report three men with localized PCa on active surveillance who underwent WVTT for LUTS.Conclusions:WVTT appears safe and potentially effective in treating LUTS,especially in those with lower-risk disease and smaller prostate volumes.Further research is needed to confirm safety,efficacy,and optimal patient selection.展开更多
Thermal storage electric heating(TSEH),as a prevalent variable load resource,offers significant potential for enhancing system flexibility when aggregated into a cluster.To address the uncertainties of renewable energ...Thermal storage electric heating(TSEH),as a prevalent variable load resource,offers significant potential for enhancing system flexibility when aggregated into a cluster.To address the uncertainties of renewable energy and load forecasting in active distribution networks(ADN),this paper proposes a multi-timescale coordinated optimal dispatch strategy that incorporates TSEH clusters.It utilizes the thermal storage characteristics and short-term regulation capabilities of TSEH,along with the rapid and gradual response characteristics of resources in active distribution grids,to develop a coordinated optimization dispatch mechanism for day-ahead,intraday,and real-time stages.It provides a coordinated optimized dispatch technique across several timescales for active distribution grids,taking into account the integration of TSEH clusters.The proposed method is validated on a modified IEEE 33-node system.Simulation results demonstrate that the participation of TSEH in collaborative optimization significantly reduces the total system operating cost by 8.71%compared to the scenario without TSEH.This cost reduction is attributed to a 10.84%decrease in interaction costs with the main grid and a 47.41%reduction in network loss costs,validating effective peak shaving and valley filling.The multi-timescale framework further enhances economic efficiency,with overall operating costs progressively decreasing by 3.91%(intraday)and 4.59%(real-time),and interaction costs further reduced by 5.34%and 9.25%,respectively.Moreover,the approach enhances system stability by effectively suppressing node voltage fluctuations and ensuring all voltages remain within safe operating limits during real-time operation.Therefore,the proposed approach achieves rational coordination of diverse resources,significantly improving the economic efficiency and stability of ADNs.展开更多
In this paper,a practical method named linear active disturbance rejection control(LADRC)with adaptive tuning is proposed for attitude control of small-scale unmanned helicopter.The proposed method accounts for both e...In this paper,a practical method named linear active disturbance rejection control(LADRC)with adaptive tuning is proposed for attitude control of small-scale unmanned helicopter.The proposed method accounts for both external disturbances and internal dynamic uncertainties,as well as parameter deviations arising from parameter uncertainty,while maintaining a relatively small number of adjustable parameters.Furthermore,it addresses the limitation that conventional active disturbance rejection control methods cannot be rigorously analyzed for stability.The total disturbance of unmanned helicopter is estimated and compensated by designed LADRC.The introduction of adaptive control realizes online parameter tuning,which eliminates parameter deviation and further improves control precision.Moreover,it also provides a novel idea to prove the stability of controller,so that it can be analyzed by Lyapunov function.Finally,the anti-disturbance performance and effectiveness of proposed method are verified by numerical simulation.展开更多
The January 2022 eruption of Hunga injected unprecedented volumes of water vapor(150 Tg)and modest sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))into the stratosphere,producing accelerated sulfate aerosol formation in the early plume.As the ...The January 2022 eruption of Hunga injected unprecedented volumes of water vapor(150 Tg)and modest sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))into the stratosphere,producing accelerated sulfate aerosol formation in the early plume.As the aerosols gradually spread into the global stratosphere,the role of water vapor,among other factors in the spread and residence time of the sulfate aerosols,remained unclear.We used multisatellite observations to better understand the role of water vapor in the spread and lifetime of Hunga volcanic aerosols.Stratospheric circulation transported the plumes to~26 km within the polar vortices-the Antarctic by August 2022 and the Arctic by January 2023-with the arrival of aerosols lagging behind that of water vapor by months.Even though high injection altitudes(58 km)and strong Brewer-Dobson circulation contributed to prolonging the residence time of aerosols,the water vapor enhanced particle growth and thus accelerated gravitational settling,with the half lifetime of aerosols being 14 months.Our analysis revealed a critical trade-off:after the eruption of the Hunga volcano,an extremely high injection height and strong upward motion slowed the removal of aerosols,but extreme water vapor loading still had a certain impact on the half lifetime of the aerosols.These findings highlight the role of water vapor in the persistence of aerosols from submarine eruptions.展开更多
The integration of the intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)has emerged as a cost-effective and efficient solution to enhance the performance of informatio...The integration of the intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)has emerged as a cost-effective and efficient solution to enhance the performance of information and energy transfer.In this research,a hybrid active/passive IRS-assisted SWIPT system is proposed.Specifically,an active IRS(AIRS)and a passive IRS(PIRS)are deployed in the SWIPT system to facilitate a multiantenna base station(BS)in simultaneously delivering information and energy to multiple information users(IUs)and energy users(EUs).The objective is to maximize the sum throughput by jointly optimizing the transmitter beamforming and the reflection coefficient matrices of the AIRS and the PIRS while satisfying the transmitter power constraints,the energy harvesting(EH)requirements of EUs,and the AIRS amplification power limitations.However,the optimization variables are highly coupled and cannot be solved directly.To tackle this complex problem,we propose an efficient algorithm based on alternating optimization(AO)and semi-definite relaxation(SDR)techniques to obtain high-quality solutions.Simulation results demonstrate that the hybrid active/passive IRSassisted SWIPT system significantly enhances throughput performance and outperforms benchmark systems.展开更多
This study was conducted to investigate the chemical constituents of Piper wallichii （Miq.） Hand.-Mazz. and evaluate their biological activity. Compounds were isolated by various column chromatographic methods, and ...This study was conducted to investigate the chemical constituents of Piper wallichii （Miq.） Hand.-Mazz. and evaluate their biological activity. Compounds were isolated by various column chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physical characteristics and spectral data. The 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH）-scavenging activity and acetylcholinesterase （AChE）-inhibitory activity of the compounds were evaluated. Five compounds were obtained and identified as 8-C-β-D-glucopyranosylkaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （1）, 1, 2-dihydro-6,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxy-l-（3, 5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl）-N^1, N^2-bis-[2-（4-hydroxyphenyl）ethyl]-2, 3-naphthalene dicarboxamide （2）, goniothalactam （3）, aristololactam A IIla （4） and piperlonguminine （5）. Compound 1 was a new flavonol C-glycoside, 2 was a rare lignanamide, which was isolated from the family Piperaceae for the first time, and compound 3 was isolated from this plant for the first time. Among them, 2 showed potent DPPH-scavenging activity, with IC50 of 31.38 ± 0.97 μmol·L^-1; Compounds 2, 3, and 4 showed AChE inhibitory activity at 100 μmol·L^-1, with inhibition rates of 28.57% ± 1.47%, 18.48% ± 2.41% and 17.4% ±3.03%, respectively.展开更多
Two new flavonoid glycosides, named viscumneoside XⅡ(1), and viscumneoside XⅢ(2);a new dihydrogen flavonoid glycoside product named viscumneoside XⅣ(3), were isolated from the aerial part of Viscum album, along wit...Two new flavonoid glycosides, named viscumneoside XⅡ(1), and viscumneoside XⅢ(2);a new dihydrogen flavonoid glycoside product named viscumneoside XⅣ(3), were isolated from the aerial part of Viscum album, along with seven known compounds(4-10). Their structures were identified by analysis of spectroscopic data. In addition, cytotoxicity assay showed that 1, 2 and 3 possessed significant inhibitory activities against C6, A549 and MDA-MB-231(the inhibition rate arrived about 50%, 70% and74% respectively with IC50 ≤ 60.00 μmol·L^-1), while the inhibition of TF-1 and Hela was not significant.展开更多
To determine the distribution of active earth pressure on retaining walls, a series of model tests with the horizontally translating rigid walls are designed. Particle image velocimetry is used to study the movement a...To determine the distribution of active earth pressure on retaining walls, a series of model tests with the horizontally translating rigid walls are designed. Particle image velocimetry is used to study the movement and shear strain during the active failure of soil with height H and friction angle φ. The test results show that there are 3 stages of soil deformation under retaining wall translation: the initial stage, the expansion stage and the stability stage. The stable sliding surface in the model tests can be considered to be composed of two parts. Within the height range of 0.82 H-1.0 H, it is a plane at an angle of π/4+φ/2 to the horizontal plane. In the height range of 0-0.82 H, it is a curve between a logarithmic spiral and a plane at an angle of π/4+φ/2 to the horizontal. A new method applicable to any sliding surface is proposed for active earth pressure with the consideration of arching effect. The active earth pressure is computed with the actual shape of the slip surface and compared with model test data and with predictions obtained by existing methods. The comparison shows that predictions from the newly proposed method are more consistent with the measured data than the predictions from the other methods.展开更多
文摘Molecular recognition of bioreceptors and enzymes relies on orthogonal interactions with small molecules within their cavity. To date, Chinese scientists have developed three types of strategies for introducing active sites inside the cavity of macrocyclic arenes to better mimic molecular recognition of bioreceptors and enzymes.The editorial aims to enlighten scientists in this field when they develop novel macrocycles for molecular recognition, supramolecular assembly, and applications.
基金supported in part by the National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(No.51977012,No.52307080).
文摘This study proposes a method for analyzing the security distance of an Active Distribution Network(ADN)by incorporating the demand response of an Energy Hub(EH).Taking into account the impact of stochastic wind-solar power and flexible loads on the EH,an interactive power model was developed to represent the EH’s operation under these influences.Additionally,an ADN security distance model,integrating an EH with flexible loads,was constructed to evaluate the effect of flexible load variations on the ADN’s security distance.By considering scenarios such as air conditioning(AC)load reduction and base station(BS)load transfer,the security distances of phases A,B,and C increased by 17.1%,17.2%,and 17.7%,respectively.Furthermore,a multi-objective optimal power flow model was formulated and solved using the Forward-Backward Power Flow Algorithm,the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algo-rithm,and the maximum satisfaction method.The simulation results of the IEEE33 node system example demonstrate that after opti-mization,the total energy cost for one day is reduced by 0.026%,and the total security distance limit of the ADN’s three phases is improved by 0.1 MVA.This method effectively enhances the security distance,facilitates BS load transfer and AC load reduction,and contributes to the energy-saving,economical,and safe operation of the power system.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52477132 and U2066601).
文摘This paper provides a systematic review on the resilience analysis of active distribution networks(ADNs)against hazardous weather events,considering the underlying cyber-physical interdependencies.As cyber-physical systems,ADNs are characterized by widespread structural and functional interdependen-cies between cyber(communication,computing,and control)and physical(electric power)subsystems and thus present complex hazardous-weather-related resilience issues.To bridge current research gaps,this paper first classifies diverse hazardous weather events for ADNs according to different time spans and degrees of hazard,with model-based and data-driven methods being utilized to characterize weather evolutions.Then,the adverse impacts of hazardous weather on all aspects of ADNs’sources,physical/cyber networks,and loads are analyzed.This paper further emphasizes the importance of situational awareness and cyber-physical collaboration throughout hazardous weather events,as these enhance the implementation of preventive dispatches,corrective actions,and coordinated restorations.In addition,a generalized quantitative resilience evaluation process is proposed regarding additional considerations about cyber subsystems and cyber-physical connections.Finally,potential hazardous-weather-related resilience challenges for both physical and cyber subsystems are discussed.
文摘This study investigates prescribed-time position tracking control for electromagnetic satellite formations subject to model uncertainties and external disturbances.Using the Clohessy-Wiltshire equations as the relative motion dynamics model,a prescribed time output feedback control strategy is proposed.A prescribed-time extended state observer is designed to estimate the relative velocity and external disturbances.The disturbance estimates are then used as the feedforward component of the controller.Building on this framework,a novel prescribed-time active disturbance rejection control strategy for position tracking is developed via a backstepping control design.The convergence of the extended state observer and the stability of the closed-loop system are rigorously analyzed using Lyapunov stability theory.Numerical simulations are performed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
文摘BACKGROUND:Hemiplegia,a prevalent stroke-related condition,is often studied for motor dysfunction;however,spasticity remains under-researched.Abnormal muscle tone significantly hinders hemiplegic patients’walking recovery.OBJECTIVE:To determine whether early suspension-protected training with a personal assistant machine for stroke patients enhances walking ability and prevents muscle spasms.METHODS:Thirty-two early-stage stroke patients from Shenzhen University General Hospital and the China Rehabilitation Research Center were randomly assigned to the experimental group(n=16)and the control group(n=16).Both groups underwent 4 weeks of gait training under the suspension protection system for 30 minutes daily,5 days a week.The experimental group used the personal assistant machine during training.Three-dimensional gait analysis(using the Cortex motion capture system),Brunnstrom staging,Fugl-Meyer Assessment for lower limb motor function,Fugl-Meyer balance function,and the modified Ashworth Scale were evaluated within 1 week before the intervention and after 4 weeks of intervention.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After the 4-week intervention,all outcome measures showed significant changes in each group.The experimental group had a small but significant increase in the modified Ashworth Scale score(P<0.05,d=|0.15|),while the control group had a large significant increase(P<0.05,d=|1.48|).The experimental group demonstrated greater improvements in walking speed(16.5 to 38.44 cm/s,P<0.05,d=|4.01|),step frequency(46.44 to 64.94 steps/min,P<0.05,d=|2.32|),stride length(15.50 to 29.81 cm,P<0.05,d=|3.44|),and peak hip and knee flexion(d=|1.82|to|2.17|).After treatment,the experimental group showed significantly greater improvements than the control group in walking speed(38.44 vs.26.63 cm/s,P<0.05,d=|2.75|),stride length,peak hip and knee flexion(d=|1.31|to|1.45|),step frequency(64.94 vs.59.38 steps/min,P<0.05,d=|0.85|),and a reduced support phase(bilateral:24.31%vs.28.38%,P<0.05,d=|0.88|;non-paretic:66.19%vs.70.13%,P<0.05,d=|0.94|).For early hemiplegia,personal assistant machine-assisted gait training under the suspension protection system helps establish a correct gait pattern,prevents muscle spasms,and improves motor function.
基金The Central Government Guides Local Foundation for Science and Technology Development(Grant No.YDZJSX2024B004).
文摘The soft actuator is characterized by high safety,flexibility,and adaptability.It is capable of both active and passive defor-mations.This paper presents a discrete degree of freedom(DOF)method for soft actuators to reveal DOF characteristics.The method draws on the superposition mechanism of the deformation characteristics of the sarcomere in the skeletal muscles of living organisms.Firstly,the multi-DOF deformation characteristics of the soft actuator are discretized into superimposed combinations of single-DOF micro-units.Then,the soft actuator was determined to contain deformation characteristics such as extension-contraction,bending,and twisting.Eighteen types of micro-units with basic deforma-tion characteristics were obtained depending on the axis and orientation.Further,the mapping relationship between the combination of micro-units and the motion characteristics of the soft actuator based on the GF set theory was established.Finally,an active-passive DOF co-structured soft actuator(APCSA)was developed.The graphical approach analyzes the experimental results,and it can be concluded that active and passive DOFs can coexist in the composite deformation of the soft actuator.
基金supported by the Jilin Science and Technology Development Talent Special Project,Nos.20240601086RC,23JQ08(all to ZH)YDZJ202502CXJD077+1 种基金JLARS-2025-0802-09YDZJ202501ZYTS706.
文摘Population aging is one of the common challenges in the current world.As people age,the body’s tissues including cells,and molecules inevitably degrade,and their functions gradually decline,causing various age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s disease,osteoporosis,low immunity,glucose and lipid metabolism disorders,and cardiovascular diseases.With the continuous increase of the elderly population,the pressure on the medical industry is increasing.To lower the burden on the medical industry and increase the average age of the elderly,it is vital to explore effective anti-aging materials.Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma(Renshen),as a traditional and precious Chinese medicinal herb,is known as the“king of all herbs”.It is famous for its effects of“tonifying Qi,restoring pulse”(helping with the generation of Qi(the fundamental,vital energy that continuously flows within the body)and the circulation of blood)and strengthening the body,nourishing the spleen and lungs,generating fluids and nourishing blood,calming the mind and improving intelligence.Recently,its anti-aging effect has received increasing attention from modern scientific research.This study summarizes the pharmacological effects of the main active ingredients of Renshen(ginsenosides,polysaccharides,etc.)on resisting aging,including preventing neuroaging,suppressing skin aging,mitigating ovarian aging,inhibiting osteoporosis and arthritis,enhancing the immune system of the elderly,protecting the cardiovascular system,resisting aging-induced fatigue and exerting the anti-tumor effects.Through network pharmacology and molecular docking,the anti-aging active ingredients of Renshen were screened,and the key targets and pathways of anti-aging active ingredients in Renshen were determined.Using network pharmacology,totally 106 drug targets and 3,479 disease targets were screened,and 79 common targets between aging and Renshen were identified.Three core targets were identified in the PPI network,including TNF,AKT1,and IL-1β.Molecular docking was used to obtain further verification.This study emphasizes the potential of Renshen as a source of anti-aging activity,which can be developed into a novel drug for the treatment of age-related diseases.
基金funded by the State Key Laboratory Special Fund(2060204)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2023-I2M-2-001)Strengthen Capacity of Study and Application on the Burden of Disease in Health Care Systems in China:Establishment and Development of Chinese Burden of Disease Research and Dissemination Center(15-208)supported by the China Medical Board(CMB)。
文摘Objective Stroke is the third leading cause of death worldwide,with the highest incidence in Asia,particularly in China,where smoking remains a major risk factor.The smoking prevalence in China is similar to that in Asia.Whether the risk estimates for smoking-related stroke in China and all Asian countries are still unknown which is worth evaluating.Thus,this study aims to compare the Relative Risk(RR)of smoking-attributed stroke among the Chinese and Asian populations.Methods A literature search was conducted from the inception to September 10,2022.Studies meeting the criteria were included.The articles were screened,and related information was extracted.Pooled RRs stratified by smoking status and sex were analyzed,including subgroup analyses for China,other Asian countries,and Asia overall.Finally,publication bias and sensitivity analyses were conducted.Results Thirty-seven articles on the Chinese population and 15 on other Asian populations were included,with a mean Newcastle-Ottawa scale(NOS)score of 7.25.About ever smokers,there had no statistical difference existed in both sexes and females between China and other Asian countries,while the RR of males in other Asian countries[2.31(1.38,3.86)]was higher than that in China[1.21(1.15,1.26)];further subgroup analysis indicated that other Asian countries had higher RR[3.76(3.02,4.67)]in the morbidity subgroup.The RRs of both sexes,males and females,between China and the whole of Asia were not statistically different.As for current and former smokers,no meaningful statistical difference was observed in the pooled RRs of both sexes,males and females,in China,other Asian countries,and all of Asia.Conclusion The RR of males ever smokers in China was smaller than that in other Asian countries due to the few articles of morbidity subgroup,but had no statistical difference with the whole of Asia;other groups of ever smokers,current smokers,and former smokers were not statistically significant with other Asian countries or the whole of Asia.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52100076)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2023MS064)。
文摘The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.
基金Project supported by the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.KYCX240139)funded by the Youth Independent Innovation Fund of PLA Army Engineering University(Grant No.KYJBJKQTZQ23006)。
文摘This study extends the self-propelled particle(SPP)model by incorporating a limited vision cone and local density sensing.The results reveal that clusters can simultaneously exhibit velocity polarization and spatial cohesion within specific ranges of vision angle and density threshold.The dependence of the dynamical features,including the order parameter and density variation,on the threshold and visual cone is investigated.Furthermore,a critical threshold is identified,which governs the transition between ordered and disordered states and is closely linked to density fluctuations and noise intensity.The clustering results show that the model is explained by the chasing mechanism responsible for cluster formation,density,and shape.These results may stimulate practical applications in swarm maneuvering.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52475550,52305095)in part by the Key R&D Project of Liaoning Province,China(No.2023JH2/101800026)。
文摘Under the condition of frequent replacement of wind tunnel models,multiple types of wind tunnel models are fixed by a slender support sting with low stiffness damping.When excited by wind load,various models produce random multi-dimensional vibration with different characteristics,which makes it impossible to obtain accurate and efficient aerodynamic data.Therefore,in order to ensure the reliable and efficient conduction of wind tunnel test,a wind-tunnel-modeladaptive vibration control method is proposed in this paper.First,the split type adaptive vibration suppression structure is designed.Second,the multi-dimensional vibration characteristic characterization method is derived and the vibration characteristic identification method of the system is designed.Then,a vibration state estimation model is established according to the identification results of vibration characteristics,and a multi-actuator cooperative control method based on vibration state estimation is constructed.Finally,a model-adaptive vibration control system is built,and vibration characteristics identification and hammer experiments are carried out for two types of typical models.The results show that the proposed model-adaptive vibration control method increases the equivalent damping ratio of pitch and yaw dimensions of the high-aspect-ratio class model by 8.19 times and 48.81 times,respectively.The equivalent damping ratio of pitch and yaw dimensions of the highslenderness-ratio class model is increased by 16.44 and 5.43 times,respectively.It provides a strong guarantee for the reliable and efficient development of multi-type wind tunnel test tasks.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11905102)Hunan Provincial Postgraduate Research and Innovation Project(No.QL20230234)。
文摘In this study,the mechanism and characteristics of the responseαparticles and the damage caused by them in CMOS active pixel(APS)sensors were investigated.A detection and compensation algorithm for dead pixels caused byαparticle ionizing radiation was proposed,and the effects of dead-pixel compensation algorithms were compared and analyzed under different parameter conditions.The experimental results show thatαparticle response signal has highest accuracy at 9 dB gain,with an obvious“target-ring”distribution.With increasing cumulative dose,the CMOS APS pedestal tends to saturation while dead pixels continue increasing.Though some pixel damage recovers through natural annealing,the dead-to-noise ratio increases with irradiation time,reaching 32.54%after 72 h.A hierarchical clustering dead-pixel detection method is proposed,categorizing pixels into two types:those within and outside the response event.A classification compensation strategy combining mean and majority filtering is proposed.This compensation algorithm can address dead-pixel interference without affectingαparticle radiation response data.When iterated multiple times and with integration time exceeding 6.31 ms,the number of dead pixels can be effectively reduced.
文摘Background:Prostate cancer is a common malignancy,with many men on active surveillance for localized,low-risk disease also experiencing lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS)from benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Water Vapor Thermal Therapy(WVTT)is a minimally invasive BPH treatment,but its safety and efficacy in this setting are unclear.Case Description:We report three men with localized PCa on active surveillance who underwent WVTT for LUTS.Conclusions:WVTT appears safe and potentially effective in treating LUTS,especially in those with lower-risk disease and smaller prostate volumes.Further research is needed to confirm safety,efficacy,and optimal patient selection.
基金supported by Integrated Distribution Network Planning and Operational Enhancement Using Flexibility Domains Under Deep Human-Vehicle-Charger-Road-Grid Coupling(U22B20105).
文摘Thermal storage electric heating(TSEH),as a prevalent variable load resource,offers significant potential for enhancing system flexibility when aggregated into a cluster.To address the uncertainties of renewable energy and load forecasting in active distribution networks(ADN),this paper proposes a multi-timescale coordinated optimal dispatch strategy that incorporates TSEH clusters.It utilizes the thermal storage characteristics and short-term regulation capabilities of TSEH,along with the rapid and gradual response characteristics of resources in active distribution grids,to develop a coordinated optimization dispatch mechanism for day-ahead,intraday,and real-time stages.It provides a coordinated optimized dispatch technique across several timescales for active distribution grids,taking into account the integration of TSEH clusters.The proposed method is validated on a modified IEEE 33-node system.Simulation results demonstrate that the participation of TSEH in collaborative optimization significantly reduces the total system operating cost by 8.71%compared to the scenario without TSEH.This cost reduction is attributed to a 10.84%decrease in interaction costs with the main grid and a 47.41%reduction in network loss costs,validating effective peak shaving and valley filling.The multi-timescale framework further enhances economic efficiency,with overall operating costs progressively decreasing by 3.91%(intraday)and 4.59%(real-time),and interaction costs further reduced by 5.34%and 9.25%,respectively.Moreover,the approach enhances system stability by effectively suppressing node voltage fluctuations and ensuring all voltages remain within safe operating limits during real-time operation.Therefore,the proposed approach achieves rational coordination of diverse resources,significantly improving the economic efficiency and stability of ADNs.
基金supported by the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(Nos.20220058052002,20240007052001)。
文摘In this paper,a practical method named linear active disturbance rejection control(LADRC)with adaptive tuning is proposed for attitude control of small-scale unmanned helicopter.The proposed method accounts for both external disturbances and internal dynamic uncertainties,as well as parameter deviations arising from parameter uncertainty,while maintaining a relatively small number of adjustable parameters.Furthermore,it addresses the limitation that conventional active disturbance rejection control methods cannot be rigorously analyzed for stability.The total disturbance of unmanned helicopter is estimated and compensated by designed LADRC.The introduction of adaptive control realizes online parameter tuning,which eliminates parameter deviation and further improves control precision.Moreover,it also provides a novel idea to prove the stability of controller,so that it can be analyzed by Lyapunov function.Finally,the anti-disturbance performance and effectiveness of proposed method are verified by numerical simulation.
基金funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2442210 and 42275059)supported by funding from Chengdu University of Information Technology(Grant No.X202310621039).
文摘The January 2022 eruption of Hunga injected unprecedented volumes of water vapor(150 Tg)and modest sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))into the stratosphere,producing accelerated sulfate aerosol formation in the early plume.As the aerosols gradually spread into the global stratosphere,the role of water vapor,among other factors in the spread and residence time of the sulfate aerosols,remained unclear.We used multisatellite observations to better understand the role of water vapor in the spread and lifetime of Hunga volcanic aerosols.Stratospheric circulation transported the plumes to~26 km within the polar vortices-the Antarctic by August 2022 and the Arctic by January 2023-with the arrival of aerosols lagging behind that of water vapor by months.Even though high injection altitudes(58 km)and strong Brewer-Dobson circulation contributed to prolonging the residence time of aerosols,the water vapor enhanced particle growth and thus accelerated gravitational settling,with the half lifetime of aerosols being 14 months.Our analysis revealed a critical trade-off:after the eruption of the Hunga volcano,an extremely high injection height and strong upward motion slowed the removal of aerosols,but extreme water vapor loading still had a certain impact on the half lifetime of the aerosols.These findings highlight the role of water vapor in the persistence of aerosols from submarine eruptions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62301141)。
文摘The integration of the intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)has emerged as a cost-effective and efficient solution to enhance the performance of information and energy transfer.In this research,a hybrid active/passive IRS-assisted SWIPT system is proposed.Specifically,an active IRS(AIRS)and a passive IRS(PIRS)are deployed in the SWIPT system to facilitate a multiantenna base station(BS)in simultaneously delivering information and energy to multiple information users(IUs)and energy users(EUs).The objective is to maximize the sum throughput by jointly optimizing the transmitter beamforming and the reflection coefficient matrices of the AIRS and the PIRS while satisfying the transmitter power constraints,the energy harvesting(EH)requirements of EUs,and the AIRS amplification power limitations.However,the optimization variables are highly coupled and cannot be solved directly.To tackle this complex problem,we propose an efficient algorithm based on alternating optimization(AO)and semi-definite relaxation(SDR)techniques to obtain high-quality solutions.Simulation results demonstrate that the hybrid active/passive IRSassisted SWIPT system significantly enhances throughput performance and outperforms benchmark systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30271647,81073005)Shandong Province Young and Middle-Aged Scientists Research Awards Fund(No.BS2010YY032)Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry in China(No.42)
文摘This study was conducted to investigate the chemical constituents of Piper wallichii （Miq.） Hand.-Mazz. and evaluate their biological activity. Compounds were isolated by various column chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physical characteristics and spectral data. The 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH）-scavenging activity and acetylcholinesterase （AChE）-inhibitory activity of the compounds were evaluated. Five compounds were obtained and identified as 8-C-β-D-glucopyranosylkaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （1）, 1, 2-dihydro-6,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxy-l-（3, 5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl）-N^1, N^2-bis-[2-（4-hydroxyphenyl）ethyl]-2, 3-naphthalene dicarboxamide （2）, goniothalactam （3）, aristololactam A IIla （4） and piperlonguminine （5）. Compound 1 was a new flavonol C-glycoside, 2 was a rare lignanamide, which was isolated from the family Piperaceae for the first time, and compound 3 was isolated from this plant for the first time. Among them, 2 showed potent DPPH-scavenging activity, with IC50 of 31.38 ± 0.97 μmol·L^-1; Compounds 2, 3, and 4 showed AChE inhibitory activity at 100 μmol·L^-1, with inhibition rates of 28.57% ± 1.47%, 18.48% ± 2.41% and 17.4% ±3.03%, respectively.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Development Fund(No.2009ZX09301-007)the Scientific Research Projects of Shannxi Academy of Sciences(No.2016K-17)+4 种基金the Projects of Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department(No.2016SF-264)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in The Public Interest(Grant 389,No.201203062)Support Plan for Young 392 Talents of Science and Technology Association of Colleges and Universities in Shaanxi Province 393(No.20150105)Key Research and Development Plan Project of Shaanxi Province(No.2018SF-034)Scientific Research from Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education(Nos.14JS100 and 17JK0243)
文摘Two new flavonoid glycosides, named viscumneoside XⅡ(1), and viscumneoside XⅢ(2);a new dihydrogen flavonoid glycoside product named viscumneoside XⅣ(3), were isolated from the aerial part of Viscum album, along with seven known compounds(4-10). Their structures were identified by analysis of spectroscopic data. In addition, cytotoxicity assay showed that 1, 2 and 3 possessed significant inhibitory activities against C6, A549 and MDA-MB-231(the inhibition rate arrived about 50%, 70% and74% respectively with IC50 ≤ 60.00 μmol·L^-1), while the inhibition of TF-1 and Hela was not significant.
基金Projects(51978084, 51678073) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2020JJ4605) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, ChinaProject(2019IC13) supported by the International Cooperation and Development Project of Double First-Class Scientific Research in Changsha University of Science & Technology, China。
文摘To determine the distribution of active earth pressure on retaining walls, a series of model tests with the horizontally translating rigid walls are designed. Particle image velocimetry is used to study the movement and shear strain during the active failure of soil with height H and friction angle φ. The test results show that there are 3 stages of soil deformation under retaining wall translation: the initial stage, the expansion stage and the stability stage. The stable sliding surface in the model tests can be considered to be composed of two parts. Within the height range of 0.82 H-1.0 H, it is a plane at an angle of π/4+φ/2 to the horizontal plane. In the height range of 0-0.82 H, it is a curve between a logarithmic spiral and a plane at an angle of π/4+φ/2 to the horizontal. A new method applicable to any sliding surface is proposed for active earth pressure with the consideration of arching effect. The active earth pressure is computed with the actual shape of the slip surface and compared with model test data and with predictions obtained by existing methods. The comparison shows that predictions from the newly proposed method are more consistent with the measured data than the predictions from the other methods.
