This work uses advanced remote sensing to precisely extract hydrological information,supporting transmission network planning.High-resolution water body mapping lets designers optimize routes to avoid ecologically sen...This work uses advanced remote sensing to precisely extract hydrological information,supporting transmission network planning.High-resolution water body mapping lets designers optimize routes to avoid ecologically sensitive areas,achieving environmental protection,cost efficiency,and enhanced operational safety.The methodology provides a scalable,replicable framework for intelligent obstacle avoidance in power grid development,applicable to other regions and sectors with similar planning needs.展开更多
In this study, the effects of hot water temperature on clarity, total soluble solids, polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and color of banana juice during hot water ex-traction were discussed based on the theory in which heat ...In this study, the effects of hot water temperature on clarity, total soluble solids, polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and color of banana juice during hot water ex-traction were discussed based on the theory in which heat treatment might induce the pectin and protein in banana pulp to form insoluble products. The results showed the hot water temperature had a significant effect on the formation of insol-uble polymers in banana pulp from pectin and protein. In 75 ℃ water, the pectin and protein in banana pulp were most inclined to form insoluble products. Under this condition, the clarity of banana juice was also highest. The light transmittance at 660 nm was close to 90%. In the banana juice, extracted by 75 ℃ water, the pectin and protein contents were lowest, and they were lower than 7.3 mg/100 ml and 12.9 mg/100 ml respectively. The 75 ℃ water could not inactivate completely the pectin in banana pulp due to its high heat resistance, Therefore, 0.05% L-cys-teine or ascorbic acid needed to be added into banana pulp to inhibit the browning of juice induced by residual PPO.展开更多
Mechanisms that control the extraction rate of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Z. multiflora) with subcritical water (SW) were studied. The extraction curves at different solvent flow rates were used to ...Mechanisms that control the extraction rate of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Z. multiflora) with subcritical water (SW) were studied. The extraction curves at different solvent flow rates were used to deter-mine whether the extractions were limited primarily by the near equilibrium partitioning of the analyte between the matrix and solvent (i.e. partitioning thermodynamics) or by the rates of analyte desorption from the matrix (i.e. ki-netics). Four simple models have been applied to describe the extraction profiles obtained with SW: (1) a model based solely on the thermodynamic distribution coefficient KD, which assumes that analyte desorption from the ma-trix is rapid compared to elution; (2) one-site kinetic model, which assumes that the extraction rate is limited by the analyte desorption rate from the matrix, and is not limited by the thermodynamic (KD) partitioning that occurs dur-ing elution; (3) two-site kinetic model and (4) external mass transfer resistance model. For SW extraction, the thermodynamic elution of analytes from the matrix was the prevailing mechanism as evidenced by the fact that ex-traction rates increased proportionally with the SW flow rate. This was also confirmed by the fact that simple re-moval calculations based on determined KD (for major essential oil compounds) gave good fits to experimental data for flow rates from 1 to 4 ml·min-1. The results suggested that the overall extraction mechanism was influenced by solute partitioning equilibrium with external mass transfer through liquid film.展开更多
In industrial areas, tree leaves contaminated by metals and metalloids could constitute a secondary source of pollutants. In the present study, water extraction kinetics of inorganic elements （IE： Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe...In industrial areas, tree leaves contaminated by metals and metalloids could constitute a secondary source of pollutants. In the present study, water extraction kinetics of inorganic elements （IE： Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe and Mn）, dissolved organic carbon, pH and biological activity were studied for industrial contaminated poplar leaves. Moreover, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the associated top soil was measured. High quantities ofMn, Zn and As and polysaccharides were released in the solution from the strongly contaminated leaves. The kinetic of release varied with time and metal type. The solution pH decreased while dissolved organic contents increased with time after 30 days. Therefore, these contaminated leaves could constitute a source of more available organic metals and metalloids than the initial inorganic process particles. However, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the top soil suggested that a great part of the released IE was adsorbed, reducing in consequence their transfers and bioavailability. It＇s concluded that mobility/boioavailability and speciation of metals and metalloids released from the decomposition of polluted tree leaves depends on soil characteristics, pollutant type and litter composition, with consequences for environmental risk assessment.展开更多
The extraction of water bodies is essential for monitoring water resources,ecosystem services and the hydrological cycle,so analyzing water bodies from remote sensing images is necessary.The water index is designed to...The extraction of water bodies is essential for monitoring water resources,ecosystem services and the hydrological cycle,so analyzing water bodies from remote sensing images is necessary.The water index is designed to highlight water bodies in remote sensing images.We employ a new water index and digital image processing technology to extract water bodies automatically and accurately from Landsat 8 OLI images.Firstly,we preprocess Landsat 8 OLI images with radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction.Subsequently,we apply KT transformation,LBV transformation,AWEI nsh,and HIS transformation to the preprocessed image to calculate a new water index.Then,we perform linear feature enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract small water bodies accurately.Meanwhile,we employ morphological enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract large water bodies.Finally,we combine small and large water bodies to get complete water bodies.Compared with other traditional methods,our method has apparent advantages in water extraction,particularly in the extraction of small water bodies.展开更多
The effect of sonication pretreatment condition on Eucheuma cottonii and Gelidium amansii seaweed towards agar extraction wae studied.Four parameters were changed during sonication to investigate the effects on agar y...The effect of sonication pretreatment condition on Eucheuma cottonii and Gelidium amansii seaweed towards agar extraction wae studied.Four parameters were changed during sonication to investigate the effects on agar yield and quality.These parameters include the time interval,concentration ratio,frequency,and intensity.The highest amount of agar extracted from Eucheuma cottonii species could be obtained from the time interval of 30min,seaweed weight to solvent volume ratio of 1:20,the frequency of 35Hz,and the sonication power intensity of 30%.For Gelidium amansii species,the best agar yield also could be obtained from the time interval of 30 min,1:20 of seaweed weight to water volume ratio,the frequency of 35Hz,and power intensity of 30%.From the experiment,sonication pretreatment signifi cantly influenced the yield and properties of extracted agar.The sonication with autoclaved seaweed produced agar containing less sulfate content,which is an excellent chemical property for gel electrophoresis applications.The gelstrength of sonication with autoclaving for both seaweeds,Eucheuma and Gelidium species was the highest among those by sonication with direct heating,which proved that sonication pretreatment with autoclaving could enhance the physical properties of the agar.展开更多
Recently,water extraction based on the indices method has been documented in many studies using various remote sensing data sources.Among them,Landsat satellites data have certain advantages in spatial resolution and ...Recently,water extraction based on the indices method has been documented in many studies using various remote sensing data sources.Among them,Landsat satellites data have certain advantages in spatial resolution and cost.After the successful launch of Landsat 8,the Operational Land Imager(OLI)data from the satellite are getting more and more attention because of its new improvements.In this study,we used the OLI imagery data source to study the water extraction performance based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,Normalized Difference Water Index,Modified Normalized Water Index(MNDWI),and Automated Water Extraction Index(AWEI)and compared the results with the Thematic Mapper(TM)imagery data.Two test sites in Tianjin City of north China were selected as the study area to verify the applicability of OLI data and demonstrate its advantages over TM data.We found that the results of surface water extraction based on OLI data are slightly better than that based on TM in the two test sites,especially in the city site.The AWEI and MNDWI indices performs better than the other two indices,and the thresholds of water indices show more stability when using the OLI data.So,it is suitable to combine OLI imagery with other Landsat sensor data to study water changes for long periods of time.展开更多
Level set method has been extensively used for image segmentation,which is a key technology of water extraction.However,one of the problems of the level-set method is how to find the appropriate initial surface parame...Level set method has been extensively used for image segmentation,which is a key technology of water extraction.However,one of the problems of the level-set method is how to find the appropriate initial surface parameters,which will affect the accuracy and speed of level set evolution.Recently,the semantic segmentation based on deep learning has opened the exciting research possibilities.In addition,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)has shown a strong feature representation capability.Therefore,in this paper,the CNN method is used to obtain the initial SAR image segmentation map to provide deep a priori information for the zero-level set curve,which only needs to describe the general outline of the water body,rather than the accurate edges.Compared with the traditional circular and rectangular zero-level set initialization method,this method can converge to the edge of the water body faster and more precisely;it will not fall into the local minimum value and be able to obtain accurate segmentation results.The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the experimental results of flood disaster monitoring in South China in 2020.展开更多
[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the optimal process conditions for hot water extraction of polysaccharides from Yingshan cloud tea. [Methods] Based on single factor experiments, with the extraction ra...[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the optimal process conditions for hot water extraction of polysaccharides from Yingshan cloud tea. [Methods] Based on single factor experiments, with the extraction rate of polysaccharides as the response value and liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time as investigation factors, the optimum extraction process for tea polysaccharides from Yingshan cloud tea was determined by Box-Behnken central componse design and response surface analysis method. [Results] Under the conditions of the liquid-to-solid ratio of 50∶1(ml/g), the extraction temperature at 94 ℃ and the extraction time of 210 min, the extraction rate of polysaccharides from Yingshan cloud tea reached 2.16%. [Conclusions] This study will provide theoretical basis and reference for subsequent related research.展开更多
To establish an analytical method for determination of four bisphenols （BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS） and two alkylphenols （4-n-OP, 4-n-NP） in water by ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry ...To establish an analytical method for determination of four bisphenols （BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS） and two alkylphenols （4-n-OP, 4-n-NP） in water by ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC/MS/MS）. The water samples were extracted and condensed with solid-phase extraction （SPE） using C18 cartridges and eluted by acetonitrile. Separation was carried out with Acquity BEH C8 column and detection were performed by UPLC/MS/MS. Quantification was calculated by using the internal standard BPA-d16 and 4-n-NP-d8. The linear correlation coefficients of these compounds in the range of 1.0-100.0μg/L were all over 0.999. The minimum detectable concentrations were 0.75-1.0 ng/L, and the recoveries ranged from 87.0% to 106.9%.展开更多
With rutin standard sample as the comparison, flavonoid extraction rate as an indicator, UV-2450 ultraviolet visible light spectrophotometer to measure flavonoid content in planted Trollius chinensis through orthogona...With rutin standard sample as the comparison, flavonoid extraction rate as an indicator, UV-2450 ultraviolet visible light spectrophotometer to measure flavonoid content in planted Trollius chinensis through orthogonal experiment, this experiment optimizes process condition of flavonoid in Trollius chinensis through water extraction and ethanol extraction. The result shows that flavonoid extraction rate of Trollius chinensis through ethanol extraction method is obviously higher than water extraction, and the optimal extraction process condition is： ethanol concentration is 75%, extraction time is 90min, extraction times are 3, and fluid material ratio is 20：1.展开更多
An improved method for trace level quantification of dicyandiamide in stream water has been developed. This method includes sample pretreatment using solid phase extraction.The extraction procedure（including loading,...An improved method for trace level quantification of dicyandiamide in stream water has been developed. This method includes sample pretreatment using solid phase extraction.The extraction procedure（including loading, washing, and eluting） used a flow rate of1.0 m L/min, and dicyandiamide was eluted with 20 m L of a methanol/acetonitrile mixture（V/V = 2：3）, followed by pre-concentration using nitrogen evaporation and analysis with high performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet spectroscopy（HPLC–UV）. Sample extraction was carried out using a Waters Sep-Pak AC-2 Cartridge（with activated carbon）.Separation was achieved on a ZIC-Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography（ZIC-HILIC）（50 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm） chromatography column and quantification was accomplished based on UV absorbance. A reliable linear relationship was obtained for the calibration curve using standard solutions（R^2〉 0.999）. Recoveries for dicyandiamide ranged from 84.6% to 96.8%, and the relative standard deviations（RSDs, n = 3） were below 6.1% with a detection limit of 5.0 ng/m L for stream water samples.展开更多
[ Objective] The differences in effective components contents of Lysimachia clethroides Duby were compared using three extraction methods. [ Method] L. clethroides was extracted by three methods, including water extra...[ Objective] The differences in effective components contents of Lysimachia clethroides Duby were compared using three extraction methods. [ Method] L. clethroides was extracted by three methods, including water extraction, water extraction-alcohol precipitation and 75% ethanol extraction, to determine the effec- tive components of extracts, and contents of calcium, phosphorus and Vc were calculated. [ Result] L. clezhreides contained calcium salt, chlorine, VB1, VB2, Vc and phosphate, but did not contain citrate, sulfate, carbonate or bicarbonate, acetate, lactate, VA , VD and Vs ; the contents of calcium and phosphorus in water extract were 150 and 3.34 mg/g, respectively, greatly exceeding their contents in water extraction-alcohol precipitation and ethanol extraction, while the difference in Vc content was not significant. [ CondusionJ The paper provides a reference for practical application of L. clethroides as an additive.展开更多
Objective:To optimize the technological conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides and increase the yield of polysaccharides.Methods:The polysaccharide was prepared by ...Objective:To optimize the technological conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides and increase the yield of polysaccharides.Methods:The polysaccharide was prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method,and the yield of polysaccharide was taken as an index.The effects of ultrasonic time,extraction times,ultrasonic temperature,and water-to-material ratio on polysaccharide yield were investigated through a single factor experiment.Combined experimental design and response surface analysis were used to optimize the extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides.Results:The optimum conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction were determined as follows:extraction time of 29 min,three extraction times,water bath extraction temperature of 68℃,water-to-material ratio of 15:1;under these conditions,the polysaccharide yield was 10.69%.Conclusion:The results are close to the predicted values of the model.This optimization test is effective and feasible,and provides a reference for the related research of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu.展开更多
Aiming at the problems of high time-consuming, low accuracy and weak versatility of the existing methods of wa- ter extraction based on TM image, this paper combines principal component analysis （PCA） with the modif...Aiming at the problems of high time-consuming, low accuracy and weak versatility of the existing methods of wa- ter extraction based on TM image, this paper combines principal component analysis （PCA） with the modified normalized difference water index （MNDWI） which was improved by XU Han-qiu to construct a false color composite image that could separate water from others easily. This method can realize the water extraction based on TM image by analyzing the spectral characteristics of water in this false color image and establishing a water extraction model. This paper also compares the effi- ciency of this method with MNDWI, （TM2 ＋ TM3） - （TM4 ＋ TM5） and new water index （NWI）, which were applied in the city and mountain of Taiyuan, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can extract water body from TM im- age more rapidly and efficiently and its accuracy is up to 94.03 %. In addition, this method does not require a manual selec- tion threshold, which meets the research reuuirement of high automaticm.展开更多
The effects of drying temperature and extraction methods on α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp （Garcinia mangostana L.） powder were investigated. In the first part of experiment suitable drying temperature ...The effects of drying temperature and extraction methods on α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp （Garcinia mangostana L.） powder were investigated. In the first part of experiment suitable drying temperature for retention α-mangostin content was determined. Three levels of drying temperatures （55, 65 and 75 ℃） were used in this study. The drying rates were increased with drying temperature. Room temperature extraction method was performed to investigate the effect of drying temperature on retention α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp. The α-mangostin content extracted at three different drying temperatures （55, 65 and 75 ℃） was 35.98 ± 0.49%, 40.32 ± 0.24%, and 37.79±0.34% w/w, respectively. The results showed that the suitable temperature for drying mangosteen pericarp was 65 ℃ that gave the highest of α-mangostin content. The second part of experiment was the comparison between extraction methods, such as shaking water bath extraction （SWE）, soxhlet extraction （SE） and microwave-assisted extraction （MAE）. The results show that MAE gave the highest extraction rate and α-mangostin content as compare to SWE and SE. The α-mangostin content extraction from SWE, SE and MAE are 45.83 ± 0.02, 34.82± 0.17 and 49.79 ± 0.15% w/w of crude extract, respectively.展开更多
Glycerol-assisted instant catapult steam explosion(ICSE)of lignocellulose is an effective pretreatment method for enhancing sugar production compared to glycerol-free ICSE.In this study,glycerol-assisted ICSE of corn ...Glycerol-assisted instant catapult steam explosion(ICSE)of lignocellulose is an effective pretreatment method for enhancing sugar production compared to glycerol-free ICSE.In this study,glycerol-assisted ICSE of corn stover was studied in order to understand the reaction mechanisms and further optimize the process.Results showed that water extraction of corn stover prior to ICSE reduced pseudo-lignin formation.The combination of water extraction and glycerol-assisted ICSE led to the formation of lignin with a lower molecular weight(Mw)of 2851 g/mol than 3521 g/mole of that from the combination of water extraction and glycerol-free ICSE.1H-13C NMR analysis revealed that glycerol likely reacted with lignin carboxylic OHs through esterification while etherification of aliphatic OHs was not observed in ICSE.These lignin analyses indicated that glycerol protected lignin from condensation/repolymerization during glycerol-assisted ICSE.Enzymatic hydrolysis results showed that without water extraction increasing glycerol usage from 0.2 kg/kg stover to 0.4 kg/kg stover improved glucan digestibility to 78%but further increase to 0.5 kg/kg stover reduced glucan digestibility.In addition,at the glycerol usage of 0.2-0.4 kg/kg stover,washing of pretreated stover for removal of glycerol and other biomass-derived compounds did not improve glucan digestibility compared to unwashed ones.Combination of water extraction and glycerol-assisted ICSE led to a high glucan digestibility of 89.7%and a total glucose yield of 25.5 g glucose/100 g stover,which were 30.1%and 7.5 g/100 g stover higher than those derived from glycerol-free ICSE of stover,respectively.Since glycerol is a low-cost carbon source,the resulting enzymatic hydrolysate that contained both glucose and glycerol may be directly used to produce bioproducts by microbial fermentation.展开更多
Four peptides PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3 and PSPP4 were purified from the water-extract of Papaver somniferum pollen.Their sequences,with 21,17,13 and 16 amino acid residues respectively,have been determined by Edman degradati...Four peptides PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3 and PSPP4 were purified from the water-extract of Papaver somniferum pollen.Their sequences,with 21,17,13 and 16 amino acid residues respectively,have been determined by Edman degradation-N-terminal dansylation.PSPP2, PSPP3 and PSPP4 were synthesized using solid phase method.The immunopromotive activities of PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3,PSPP4 and the initially separated sample PSPP have been also observed by the methods of counting erythrocyte rosette forming cells(ERFC) and T-lymphocyte transformation test in vitro.展开更多
Water-soluble organic matter(WSOM)significantly influences the transport of metals and organic contaminants in soils,yet the interaction specifics with antimony(Sb)remain largely unexplored.Antimony is of particular e...Water-soluble organic matter(WSOM)significantly influences the transport of metals and organic contaminants in soils,yet the interaction specifics with antimony(Sb)remain largely unexplored.Antimony is of particular environmental concern due to its toxic properties and harmful effects on ecosystems and human health.Employing a three-step fractionation method with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),this study aimed to isolate and analyze humic acids(HA),PVP-non adsorbed fulvic acids(FAA),and PVP-adsorbed fulvic acids(FAB)from WSOM in soil spiked with Sb and incubated for 18 months.These fractions underwent chemical analysis for carbon(C),nitrogen(N),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb,complemented by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization.The study revealed that HA wasmore aliphatic,with Sb predominantly associating with the fulvic acid(FA)fraction,accounting for 97%of Sb in extracts.Specifically,the FAA subfraction held substantial portions of total carbon(TC),total nitrogen(TN),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb.Correlations between Sb concentrations and TN,TC,and TOC were significant.Extraction methods showed NaOH and Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) outperformed HCl and deionised water in extracting TC,TN,and TOC,with higher Sb concentrations found in Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) and NaOH extracts.This underscores the role of Fe/Al-SOM complexes in Sb soil availability.The results revealed that FAA subfraction accounted for 76%,64%and 94%of TN,TOC and Sb,respectively.Therefore,this research highlights the FAA fraction’s central role,predominantly comprising non-humic substances like amines,in the availability of C,N,and Sb in Sb-impacted soils.The findings offer insights for environmental management and remediation strategies.展开更多
Wolfberry(Lycium barbarum L.)is a medicinal herb with anti-aging and neuroprotective effects.The purpose of this study was to explore the enhanced neuroprotective effects of red wolfberry water extract(RW),and brown w...Wolfberry(Lycium barbarum L.)is a medicinal herb with anti-aging and neuroprotective effects.The purpose of this study was to explore the enhanced neuroprotective effects of red wolfberry water extract(RW),and brown wolfberry water extract(BBW).The reduced percentage of reducing sugar in BBW was shown to be 62.8%,64.3%,39.8%,and 11.6%for glucose,fructose,maltose,and lactose compared to those of RW,as well as free amino acids.And the contents of total phenols and total flavonoids were increased by 62.0%and 51.0%.Melanoidins(1.00%)were first isolated from BBW.RW and BBW increased anti-stress abilities(oxidative stress:24.2%vs.35.7%,and heat stress:17.78%vs.57.57%)while decreasing the reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in vivo.RW and BBW reduced the rate of paralysis and odor cognitive deficits.At the same time,RW and BBW reduced the number of fluorescent spots of Aβ::GFP.The RW and BBW activated autophagy by upregulating the gene levels(bec-1,lgg-1,lgg-2,unc-51,vps-34,atg-5,atg-18,and sqst-1).Additionally,BBW promoted the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of DAF-16::GFP and fluorescence intensity of SOD-3::GFP by 39.4 and 1.16 fold.This study laid a new insight for exploring the Maillard reaction in improving the anti-Alzheimer’s disease(AD)activity of wolfberry.展开更多
基金The State Grid Independent Research and Development Project(Project No.:CY1124SHF02)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.:52320105003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Project No.:E3ET1803)。
文摘This work uses advanced remote sensing to precisely extract hydrological information,supporting transmission network planning.High-resolution water body mapping lets designers optimize routes to avoid ecologically sensitive areas,achieving environmental protection,cost efficiency,and enhanced operational safety.The methodology provides a scalable,replicable framework for intelligent obstacle avoidance in power grid development,applicable to other regions and sectors with similar planning needs.
基金Supported by the Key Project of the National Twelfth-Five Year Research Program of China(2012BAD31B03)Guangdong Province Science and Technology Project(2011B010100041)~~
文摘In this study, the effects of hot water temperature on clarity, total soluble solids, polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and color of banana juice during hot water ex-traction were discussed based on the theory in which heat treatment might induce the pectin and protein in banana pulp to form insoluble products. The results showed the hot water temperature had a significant effect on the formation of insol-uble polymers in banana pulp from pectin and protein. In 75 ℃ water, the pectin and protein in banana pulp were most inclined to form insoluble products. Under this condition, the clarity of banana juice was also highest. The light transmittance at 660 nm was close to 90%. In the banana juice, extracted by 75 ℃ water, the pectin and protein contents were lowest, and they were lower than 7.3 mg/100 ml and 12.9 mg/100 ml respectively. The 75 ℃ water could not inactivate completely the pectin in banana pulp due to its high heat resistance, Therefore, 0.05% L-cys-teine or ascorbic acid needed to be added into banana pulp to inhibit the browning of juice induced by residual PPO.
基金support is gratefully acknowledged to the Semnan University and the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST)
文摘Mechanisms that control the extraction rate of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Z. multiflora) with subcritical water (SW) were studied. The extraction curves at different solvent flow rates were used to deter-mine whether the extractions were limited primarily by the near equilibrium partitioning of the analyte between the matrix and solvent (i.e. partitioning thermodynamics) or by the rates of analyte desorption from the matrix (i.e. ki-netics). Four simple models have been applied to describe the extraction profiles obtained with SW: (1) a model based solely on the thermodynamic distribution coefficient KD, which assumes that analyte desorption from the ma-trix is rapid compared to elution; (2) one-site kinetic model, which assumes that the extraction rate is limited by the analyte desorption rate from the matrix, and is not limited by the thermodynamic (KD) partitioning that occurs dur-ing elution; (3) two-site kinetic model and (4) external mass transfer resistance model. For SW extraction, the thermodynamic elution of analytes from the matrix was the prevailing mechanism as evidenced by the fact that ex-traction rates increased proportionally with the SW flow rate. This was also confirmed by the fact that simple re-moval calculations based on determined KD (for major essential oil compounds) gave good fits to experimental data for flow rates from 1 to 4 ml·min-1. The results suggested that the overall extraction mechanism was influenced by solute partitioning equilibrium with external mass transfer through liquid film.
文摘In industrial areas, tree leaves contaminated by metals and metalloids could constitute a secondary source of pollutants. In the present study, water extraction kinetics of inorganic elements （IE： Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Fe and Mn）, dissolved organic carbon, pH and biological activity were studied for industrial contaminated poplar leaves. Moreover, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the associated top soil was measured. High quantities ofMn, Zn and As and polysaccharides were released in the solution from the strongly contaminated leaves. The kinetic of release varied with time and metal type. The solution pH decreased while dissolved organic contents increased with time after 30 days. Therefore, these contaminated leaves could constitute a source of more available organic metals and metalloids than the initial inorganic process particles. However, the distribution of the IE through the size fractions of the top soil suggested that a great part of the released IE was adsorbed, reducing in consequence their transfers and bioavailability. It＇s concluded that mobility/boioavailability and speciation of metals and metalloids released from the decomposition of polluted tree leaves depends on soil characteristics, pollutant type and litter composition, with consequences for environmental risk assessment.
基金Auhui Provincial Key Research and Development Project(No.202004a07020050)National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Program(No.61901006)。
文摘The extraction of water bodies is essential for monitoring water resources,ecosystem services and the hydrological cycle,so analyzing water bodies from remote sensing images is necessary.The water index is designed to highlight water bodies in remote sensing images.We employ a new water index and digital image processing technology to extract water bodies automatically and accurately from Landsat 8 OLI images.Firstly,we preprocess Landsat 8 OLI images with radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction.Subsequently,we apply KT transformation,LBV transformation,AWEI nsh,and HIS transformation to the preprocessed image to calculate a new water index.Then,we perform linear feature enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract small water bodies accurately.Meanwhile,we employ morphological enhancement and improve the local adaptive threshold segmentation method to extract large water bodies.Finally,we combine small and large water bodies to get complete water bodies.Compared with other traditional methods,our method has apparent advantages in water extraction,particularly in the extraction of small water bodies.
基金Supported by the University of Malaya under Equitable Society Research Cluster(ESRC)(No.GC002A-15SBS)
文摘The effect of sonication pretreatment condition on Eucheuma cottonii and Gelidium amansii seaweed towards agar extraction wae studied.Four parameters were changed during sonication to investigate the effects on agar yield and quality.These parameters include the time interval,concentration ratio,frequency,and intensity.The highest amount of agar extracted from Eucheuma cottonii species could be obtained from the time interval of 30min,seaweed weight to solvent volume ratio of 1:20,the frequency of 35Hz,and the sonication power intensity of 30%.For Gelidium amansii species,the best agar yield also could be obtained from the time interval of 30 min,1:20 of seaweed weight to water volume ratio,the frequency of 35Hz,and power intensity of 30%.From the experiment,sonication pretreatment signifi cantly influenced the yield and properties of extracted agar.The sonication with autoclaved seaweed produced agar containing less sulfate content,which is an excellent chemical property for gel electrophoresis applications.The gelstrength of sonication with autoclaving for both seaweeds,Eucheuma and Gelidium species was the highest among those by sonication with direct heating,which proved that sonication pretreatment with autoclaving could enhance the physical properties of the agar.
基金The authors would like to thank the support by the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Science[grant number KZZD–EW–14]the Visiting Scholar Foundation of Chinese Academy of Science.The authors would like to thank USGS for processing and providing Landsat data and the reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.The authors especially thank Prof Xiangming Xiao in the Earth Observation and Modeling Facility,University of Oklahoma,for his useful suggestions to this paper.
文摘Recently,water extraction based on the indices method has been documented in many studies using various remote sensing data sources.Among them,Landsat satellites data have certain advantages in spatial resolution and cost.After the successful launch of Landsat 8,the Operational Land Imager(OLI)data from the satellite are getting more and more attention because of its new improvements.In this study,we used the OLI imagery data source to study the water extraction performance based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,Normalized Difference Water Index,Modified Normalized Water Index(MNDWI),and Automated Water Extraction Index(AWEI)and compared the results with the Thematic Mapper(TM)imagery data.Two test sites in Tianjin City of north China were selected as the study area to verify the applicability of OLI data and demonstrate its advantages over TM data.We found that the results of surface water extraction based on OLI data are slightly better than that based on TM in the two test sites,especially in the city site.The AWEI and MNDWI indices performs better than the other two indices,and the thresholds of water indices show more stability when using the OLI data.So,it is suitable to combine OLI imagery with other Landsat sensor data to study water changes for long periods of time.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 41771457 and 41601443]the Research Program of the Department of Natural Resources of Hubei Province of China[grant number ZRZY2020KJ03].
文摘Level set method has been extensively used for image segmentation,which is a key technology of water extraction.However,one of the problems of the level-set method is how to find the appropriate initial surface parameters,which will affect the accuracy and speed of level set evolution.Recently,the semantic segmentation based on deep learning has opened the exciting research possibilities.In addition,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)has shown a strong feature representation capability.Therefore,in this paper,the CNN method is used to obtain the initial SAR image segmentation map to provide deep a priori information for the zero-level set curve,which only needs to describe the general outline of the water body,rather than the accurate edges.Compared with the traditional circular and rectangular zero-level set initialization method,this method can converge to the edge of the water body faster and more precisely;it will not fall into the local minimum value and be able to obtain accurate segmentation results.The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the experimental results of flood disaster monitoring in South China in 2020.
基金Supported by High-grade Cultivation Program of Huanggang Normal University(201816703)
文摘[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the optimal process conditions for hot water extraction of polysaccharides from Yingshan cloud tea. [Methods] Based on single factor experiments, with the extraction rate of polysaccharides as the response value and liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature and extraction time as investigation factors, the optimum extraction process for tea polysaccharides from Yingshan cloud tea was determined by Box-Behnken central componse design and response surface analysis method. [Results] Under the conditions of the liquid-to-solid ratio of 50∶1(ml/g), the extraction temperature at 94 ℃ and the extraction time of 210 min, the extraction rate of polysaccharides from Yingshan cloud tea reached 2.16%. [Conclusions] This study will provide theoretical basis and reference for subsequent related research.
基金supported by the Preventive medicine and public health research project of Anhui,China(No.2011Y0103)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui,China(No.11040606M216)
文摘To establish an analytical method for determination of four bisphenols （BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS） and two alkylphenols （4-n-OP, 4-n-NP） in water by ultra performance liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC/MS/MS）. The water samples were extracted and condensed with solid-phase extraction （SPE） using C18 cartridges and eluted by acetonitrile. Separation was carried out with Acquity BEH C8 column and detection were performed by UPLC/MS/MS. Quantification was calculated by using the internal standard BPA-d16 and 4-n-NP-d8. The linear correlation coefficients of these compounds in the range of 1.0-100.0μg/L were all over 0.999. The minimum detectable concentrations were 0.75-1.0 ng/L, and the recoveries ranged from 87.0% to 106.9%.
文摘With rutin standard sample as the comparison, flavonoid extraction rate as an indicator, UV-2450 ultraviolet visible light spectrophotometer to measure flavonoid content in planted Trollius chinensis through orthogonal experiment, this experiment optimizes process condition of flavonoid in Trollius chinensis through water extraction and ethanol extraction. The result shows that flavonoid extraction rate of Trollius chinensis through ethanol extraction method is obviously higher than water extraction, and the optimal extraction process condition is： ethanol concentration is 75%, extraction time is 90min, extraction times are 3, and fluid material ratio is 20：1.
基金Department of Chemistry at Mississippi State University for financial support for this project
文摘An improved method for trace level quantification of dicyandiamide in stream water has been developed. This method includes sample pretreatment using solid phase extraction.The extraction procedure（including loading, washing, and eluting） used a flow rate of1.0 m L/min, and dicyandiamide was eluted with 20 m L of a methanol/acetonitrile mixture（V/V = 2：3）, followed by pre-concentration using nitrogen evaporation and analysis with high performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet spectroscopy（HPLC–UV）. Sample extraction was carried out using a Waters Sep-Pak AC-2 Cartridge（with activated carbon）.Separation was achieved on a ZIC-Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography（ZIC-HILIC）（50 mm × 2.1 mm, 3.5 μm） chromatography column and quantification was accomplished based on UV absorbance. A reliable linear relationship was obtained for the calibration curve using standard solutions（R^2〉 0.999）. Recoveries for dicyandiamide ranged from 84.6% to 96.8%, and the relative standard deviations（RSDs, n = 3） were below 6.1% with a detection limit of 5.0 ng/m L for stream water samples.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2014CQ012)
文摘[ Objective] The differences in effective components contents of Lysimachia clethroides Duby were compared using three extraction methods. [ Method] L. clethroides was extracted by three methods, including water extraction, water extraction-alcohol precipitation and 75% ethanol extraction, to determine the effec- tive components of extracts, and contents of calcium, phosphorus and Vc were calculated. [ Result] L. clezhreides contained calcium salt, chlorine, VB1, VB2, Vc and phosphate, but did not contain citrate, sulfate, carbonate or bicarbonate, acetate, lactate, VA , VD and Vs ; the contents of calcium and phosphorus in water extract were 150 and 3.34 mg/g, respectively, greatly exceeding their contents in water extraction-alcohol precipitation and ethanol extraction, while the difference in Vc content was not significant. [ CondusionJ The paper provides a reference for practical application of L. clethroides as an additive.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81660649)Hainan Medical College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project(No.201811810007)。
文摘Objective:To optimize the technological conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides and increase the yield of polysaccharides.Methods:The polysaccharide was prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method,and the yield of polysaccharide was taken as an index.The effects of ultrasonic time,extraction times,ultrasonic temperature,and water-to-material ratio on polysaccharide yield were investigated through a single factor experiment.Combined experimental design and response surface analysis were used to optimize the extraction process of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu polysaccharides.Results:The optimum conditions of ultrasonic-assisted extraction were determined as follows:extraction time of 29 min,three extraction times,water bath extraction temperature of 68℃,water-to-material ratio of 15:1;under these conditions,the polysaccharide yield was 10.69%.Conclusion:The results are close to the predicted values of the model.This optimization test is effective and feasible,and provides a reference for the related research of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu.
文摘Aiming at the problems of high time-consuming, low accuracy and weak versatility of the existing methods of wa- ter extraction based on TM image, this paper combines principal component analysis （PCA） with the modified normalized difference water index （MNDWI） which was improved by XU Han-qiu to construct a false color composite image that could separate water from others easily. This method can realize the water extraction based on TM image by analyzing the spectral characteristics of water in this false color image and establishing a water extraction model. This paper also compares the effi- ciency of this method with MNDWI, （TM2 ＋ TM3） - （TM4 ＋ TM5） and new water index （NWI）, which were applied in the city and mountain of Taiyuan, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can extract water body from TM im- age more rapidly and efficiently and its accuracy is up to 94.03 %. In addition, this method does not require a manual selec- tion threshold, which meets the research reuuirement of high automaticm.
文摘The effects of drying temperature and extraction methods on α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp （Garcinia mangostana L.） powder were investigated. In the first part of experiment suitable drying temperature for retention α-mangostin content was determined. Three levels of drying temperatures （55, 65 and 75 ℃） were used in this study. The drying rates were increased with drying temperature. Room temperature extraction method was performed to investigate the effect of drying temperature on retention α-mangostin content in mangosteen pericarp. The α-mangostin content extracted at three different drying temperatures （55, 65 and 75 ℃） was 35.98 ± 0.49%, 40.32 ± 0.24%, and 37.79±0.34% w/w, respectively. The results showed that the suitable temperature for drying mangosteen pericarp was 65 ℃ that gave the highest of α-mangostin content. The second part of experiment was the comparison between extraction methods, such as shaking water bath extraction （SWE）, soxhlet extraction （SE） and microwave-assisted extraction （MAE）. The results show that MAE gave the highest extraction rate and α-mangostin content as compare to SWE and SE. The α-mangostin content extraction from SWE, SE and MAE are 45.83 ± 0.02, 34.82± 0.17 and 49.79 ± 0.15% w/w of crude extract, respectively.
基金supported by the Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project(222102520015)the Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents of Central Plains,Henan province,China(204200510018).
文摘Glycerol-assisted instant catapult steam explosion(ICSE)of lignocellulose is an effective pretreatment method for enhancing sugar production compared to glycerol-free ICSE.In this study,glycerol-assisted ICSE of corn stover was studied in order to understand the reaction mechanisms and further optimize the process.Results showed that water extraction of corn stover prior to ICSE reduced pseudo-lignin formation.The combination of water extraction and glycerol-assisted ICSE led to the formation of lignin with a lower molecular weight(Mw)of 2851 g/mol than 3521 g/mole of that from the combination of water extraction and glycerol-free ICSE.1H-13C NMR analysis revealed that glycerol likely reacted with lignin carboxylic OHs through esterification while etherification of aliphatic OHs was not observed in ICSE.These lignin analyses indicated that glycerol protected lignin from condensation/repolymerization during glycerol-assisted ICSE.Enzymatic hydrolysis results showed that without water extraction increasing glycerol usage from 0.2 kg/kg stover to 0.4 kg/kg stover improved glucan digestibility to 78%but further increase to 0.5 kg/kg stover reduced glucan digestibility.In addition,at the glycerol usage of 0.2-0.4 kg/kg stover,washing of pretreated stover for removal of glycerol and other biomass-derived compounds did not improve glucan digestibility compared to unwashed ones.Combination of water extraction and glycerol-assisted ICSE led to a high glucan digestibility of 89.7%and a total glucose yield of 25.5 g glucose/100 g stover,which were 30.1%and 7.5 g/100 g stover higher than those derived from glycerol-free ICSE of stover,respectively.Since glycerol is a low-cost carbon source,the resulting enzymatic hydrolysate that contained both glucose and glycerol may be directly used to produce bioproducts by microbial fermentation.
文摘Four peptides PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3 and PSPP4 were purified from the water-extract of Papaver somniferum pollen.Their sequences,with 21,17,13 and 16 amino acid residues respectively,have been determined by Edman degradation-N-terminal dansylation.PSPP2, PSPP3 and PSPP4 were synthesized using solid phase method.The immunopromotive activities of PSPP1,PSPP2,PSPP3,PSPP4 and the initially separated sample PSPP have been also observed by the methods of counting erythrocyte rosette forming cells(ERFC) and T-lymphocyte transformation test in vitro.
基金financial support provided by the University of New England,Australia for conducting this research。
文摘Water-soluble organic matter(WSOM)significantly influences the transport of metals and organic contaminants in soils,yet the interaction specifics with antimony(Sb)remain largely unexplored.Antimony is of particular environmental concern due to its toxic properties and harmful effects on ecosystems and human health.Employing a three-step fractionation method with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP),this study aimed to isolate and analyze humic acids(HA),PVP-non adsorbed fulvic acids(FAA),and PVP-adsorbed fulvic acids(FAB)from WSOM in soil spiked with Sb and incubated for 18 months.These fractions underwent chemical analysis for carbon(C),nitrogen(N),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb,complemented by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization.The study revealed that HA wasmore aliphatic,with Sb predominantly associating with the fulvic acid(FA)fraction,accounting for 97%of Sb in extracts.Specifically,the FAA subfraction held substantial portions of total carbon(TC),total nitrogen(TN),total organic carbon(TOC),and Sb.Correlations between Sb concentrations and TN,TC,and TOC were significant.Extraction methods showed NaOH and Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) outperformed HCl and deionised water in extracting TC,TN,and TOC,with higher Sb concentrations found in Na_(4)P_(2)O_(7) and NaOH extracts.This underscores the role of Fe/Al-SOM complexes in Sb soil availability.The results revealed that FAA subfraction accounted for 76%,64%and 94%of TN,TOC and Sb,respectively.Therefore,this research highlights the FAA fraction’s central role,predominantly comprising non-humic substances like amines,in the availability of C,N,and Sb in Sb-impacted soils.The findings offer insights for environmental management and remediation strategies.
基金supported by grants from Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project(22ZYQYSY00030)Tianjin Municipal Health Technology Project(TJWJ2022XK04)+1 种基金Tianjin Key Medical Discipline(Specialty)Construction Project(TJYXZDXK-062B)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(ZR2023QC145).
文摘Wolfberry(Lycium barbarum L.)is a medicinal herb with anti-aging and neuroprotective effects.The purpose of this study was to explore the enhanced neuroprotective effects of red wolfberry water extract(RW),and brown wolfberry water extract(BBW).The reduced percentage of reducing sugar in BBW was shown to be 62.8%,64.3%,39.8%,and 11.6%for glucose,fructose,maltose,and lactose compared to those of RW,as well as free amino acids.And the contents of total phenols and total flavonoids were increased by 62.0%and 51.0%.Melanoidins(1.00%)were first isolated from BBW.RW and BBW increased anti-stress abilities(oxidative stress:24.2%vs.35.7%,and heat stress:17.78%vs.57.57%)while decreasing the reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in vivo.RW and BBW reduced the rate of paralysis and odor cognitive deficits.At the same time,RW and BBW reduced the number of fluorescent spots of Aβ::GFP.The RW and BBW activated autophagy by upregulating the gene levels(bec-1,lgg-1,lgg-2,unc-51,vps-34,atg-5,atg-18,and sqst-1).Additionally,BBW promoted the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of DAF-16::GFP and fluorescence intensity of SOD-3::GFP by 39.4 and 1.16 fold.This study laid a new insight for exploring the Maillard reaction in improving the anti-Alzheimer’s disease(AD)activity of wolfberry.
