Chinese Premier Li Qiang on March 23 pledged to unswervingly advance opening up and cooperation amid rising global instability and uncertainty.Li made the remarks in a keynote speech at the opening ceremony of the Chi...Chinese Premier Li Qiang on March 23 pledged to unswervingly advance opening up and cooperation amid rising global instability and uncertainty.Li made the remarks in a keynote speech at the opening ceremony of the China Development Forum 2025 in Beijing.China will continue to welcome enterprises from around the world with open arms,further expand market access,actively address the concerns of businesses,and facilitate deeper integration of foreign-funded enterprises into the Chinese market,he said.展开更多
In the era of AI,especially large models,the importance of open source has become increasingly prominent.First,open source allows innovation to avoid starting from scratch.Through iterative innovation,it promotes tech...In the era of AI,especially large models,the importance of open source has become increasingly prominent.First,open source allows innovation to avoid starting from scratch.Through iterative innovation,it promotes technical exchanges and learning globally.Second,resources required for large model R&D are difficult for a single institution to obtain.The evaluation of general large models also requires the participation of experts from various industries.Third,without open source collaboration,it is difficult to form a unified upper-layer software ecosystem.Therefore,open source has become an important cooperation mechanism to promote the development of AI and large models.There are two cases to illustrate how open source and international standards interact with each other.展开更多
The study profiles and explains the significant changes that have taken place in China's spatial development patterns since the inception of its economic reform and opening two decades ago. Principal component an...The study profiles and explains the significant changes that have taken place in China's spatial development patterns since the inception of its economic reform and opening two decades ago. Principal component analysis is used to delineate spatial patterns. The analyses show that prior to the reform China's spatial development pattern was characterized by the dominance of the three municipalities and the Northeast, as well as by both the coast-interior and the north-south disparities. Northern provinces were generally more industrialized and economically powerful than the southern ones. After two decades of reform, regional development has become multi-centered with South China, the Yangtze Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin area being the three most important regions of the country. The coastal provinces as a whole rose to prominence on China's economic map while the Northeast has diminished its clout. The coast-interior gap not only remains but may have widened. The north-south disparity also still exists but there has been a role reversal with the south now in the lead position. Virtually all inland provinces now find themselves at or near the low end of the development spectrum. We argue that the major reason for the recent shifts in Chinese space economy is the spatially differentiated economic growth resulted from the reform and open door policy and from the new, uneven development strategy adopted by the Chinese government. The paper discusses four specific factors that have reshaped China's spatial development patterns.展开更多
Due to the superimposed impacts of new industrial revolution,the changing trade policy and the COVID-19 pandemic,the world has seen setbacks in globalization,contractions in the global value chain(GVC),and the risk of...Due to the superimposed impacts of new industrial revolution,the changing trade policy and the COVID-19 pandemic,the world has seen setbacks in globalization,contractions in the global value chain(GVC),and the risk of a fragmented global system.The once-in-a-century changes in our world today highlight the need for China to explore a new development paradigm based on new concepts.In the new era,China must not only come to terms with a backlash against globalization and challenges from the reshaping of international rules,but also breathe life into the“dual circulations,”i.e.domestic and international economic circulations.China must open up wider to the outside world to keep abreast with changes in today’s global governance system.In the complex and volatile international environment,we should explore new areas of development spearheaded by institutional opening up,create new gateways and platforms for opening up and cooperation for mutual benefit,contribute to new global governance and security systems,and promote synergy between domestic and international circulations.In building a great modern socialist country,China must open up wider and be more inclusive to the outside world.展开更多
Software-related security aspects are a growing and legitimate concern,especially with 5G data available just at our palms.To conduct research in this field,periodic comparative analysis is needed with the new techniq...Software-related security aspects are a growing and legitimate concern,especially with 5G data available just at our palms.To conduct research in this field,periodic comparative analysis is needed with the new techniques coming up rapidly.The purpose of this study is to review the recent developments in the field of security integration in the software development lifecycle(SDLC)by analyzing the articles published in the last two decades and to propose a way forward.This review follows Kitchenham’s review protocol.The review has been divided into three main stages including planning,execution,and analysis.From the selected 100 articles,it becomes evident that need of a collaborative approach is necessary for addressing critical software security risks(CSSRs)through effective risk management/estimation techniques.Quantifying risks using a numeric scale enables a comprehensive understanding of their severity,facilitating focused resource allocation and mitigation efforts.Through a comprehensive understanding of potential vulnerabilities and proactive mitigation efforts facilitated by protection poker,organizations can prioritize resources effectively to ensure the successful outcome of projects and initiatives in today’s dynamic threat landscape.The review reveals that threat analysis and security testing are needed to develop automated tools for the future.Accurate estimation of effort required to prioritize potential security risks is a big challenge in software security.The accuracy of effort estimation can be further improved by exploring new techniques,particularly those involving deep learning.It is also imperative to validate these effort estimation methods to ensure all potential security threats are addressed.Another challenge is selecting the right model for each specific security threat.To achieve a comprehensive evaluation,researchers should use well-known benchmark checklists.展开更多
The Emerging Markets and Developing Countries Forum on Bridging the AI Divide and Opening Ceremony of AIM Global CoE were held on July 27 in Minhang district,Shanghai.The event was hosted by AIM Global CoE,and co-orga...The Emerging Markets and Developing Countries Forum on Bridging the AI Divide and Opening Ceremony of AIM Global CoE were held on July 27 in Minhang district,Shanghai.The event was hosted by AIM Global CoE,and co-organized by Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Research Institute(SAIRI),Shanghai Technology Innovation Center,Shanghai Grand Neobay Investment Development Group,and Organizing Committee of AI Journey Conference.Asian Association of Business Incubation(AABI)and SAIRI served as the international partners.展开更多
Fences have been widely used in coastal protection engineering for their low cost,simple deployment,and easy integration with ecosystems.The effects of fence porosity and height on dune development have been investiga...Fences have been widely used in coastal protection engineering for their low cost,simple deployment,and easy integration with ecosystems.The effects of fence porosity and height on dune development have been investigated while not much attention has been paid to the effects of fence opening configurations,such as opening size and geometry,and porosity distributions.In this study,we deployed eight fences with same height and similar porosity,but different opening configurations on a sandy beach in Pingtan,Fujian Province.Results indicate that there is a similar two-dune-one-trough pattern for all fences at the beginning of dune development,and opening size,orientation,and geometry,and porosity distribution control the leeward dune peak locations.Fences with small openings and non-uniform porosity have high trapping efficiency,and upper denser porosity may be the optimal design as these fences have the highest trapping efficiency and capacity.The conclusions from this study can provide guidance on practical fence design.展开更多
With the growth of the internet and open software, there are additional software developers available from the open community that can participate in the development of software application systems. Aiming to leverage...With the growth of the internet and open software, there are additional software developers available from the open community that can participate in the development of software application systems. Aiming to leverage these resources, a new development model, CFI (call for implementation), is proposed. The basic idea of CFI is to publish some part of a software project to the open community, whole or part, in certain phases of the software development lifecycle to call for implementation. This paper discusses the basic concept and method for a software development process in CFI mode. Two different modes of CFI with different granularities are analyzed. And one of the CFI modes, fine-granularity-CFI mode, is thoroughly discussed including the main methods and basic steps. To verify the ideas a pilot project, an online store system, is built up with the CFI development process. The online store system takes the traditional Model-View-Control architecture and some common technologies such as Struts, Hibernate, Spring are used. The result shows that this new kind of software development mode is feasible though there are many problems that are still requiring further study.展开更多
Most parts of the world are rapidly urbanizing. In sub-Saharan Africa, towns are urbanizing at a faster pace than earlier predicted. Also, large portions of rural settings have been gradually moving towards urbanizati...Most parts of the world are rapidly urbanizing. In sub-Saharan Africa, towns are urbanizing at a faster pace than earlier predicted. Also, large portions of rural settings have been gradually moving towards urbanization. The Tamale Metropolis has been rated as the fastest-growing metropolis in Sub-Saharan Africa. City planning and concerns about the need for open-space creation have been a major challenge due to poor adherence to standards in the building codes. This study was conducted to assess the role of open space in human settlement development in the Tamale Metropolis. The study sampled the views of 157 residents who stay closed to community open spaces in five suburbs of the metropolis. Key informant interviews were also conducted with officials from the Town and Country Planning Department. The study revealed that most residents spend leisure by taking a walk in the neighborhood or idling in outdoor spaces. Also, the majority of the residents had poor knowledge of institutional and land administration. This often led to non-adherence to regulations and this affects open spaces in the metropolis. Common among residents is also a poor appreciation of the importance of open space and this results in encroachment. The Town and Country Planning Department should institute sanctions and stringent measures to deter offenders. Also, public seminars should be used to educate residents on the need to adhere to planning and building codes. Lastly, the study recommends strong collaboration between the various institutions engaged in land administration to facilitate effective provision and preservation of quality open spaces in the metropolis.展开更多
Over the past forty years of reform and opening-up,China's industry has sustained rapid and sound development and generated impressive achievements.Industrialization has entered the second half of its final stage....Over the past forty years of reform and opening-up,China's industry has sustained rapid and sound development and generated impressive achievements.Industrialization has entered the second half of its final stage.This experience of successful industrialization with Chinese characteristics constitutes an important component Chinese wisdom and Chinese approaches,and serves as a reference for other developing countries and countries in transition.The Chinese experience in industrial development during this period includes: progressively promoting industrial and economic system reform adapted to local circumstances; seizing the right moment to firmly integrate into the global system of labor division; pursuing the new path of industrialization featuring coordinated development of the "Five Pillars" in keeping up with the times; and developing an industrialization model with Chinese characteristics with concerted efforts of effective market and enabling government.展开更多
This study investigates the causal relationship among financial development, trade openness, and economic growth in Zambia from 1965 to 2011. Two measures of financial development were used： broad money and domestic ...This study investigates the causal relationship among financial development, trade openness, and economic growth in Zambia from 1965 to 2011. Two measures of financial development were used： broad money and domestic credit to the private sector, each as a ratio of gross domestic product （GDP）. In this regard, two models were developed for each indicator. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller （ADF） and Phillips-Perron （PP） tests were used to determine stationarity of all the variables. Furthermore, Johansen test was employed to ascertain possible cointegration among variables. The vector error correction model （VECM） was employed to examine the short-run and long-run dynamics among the variables in each model. The results indicate that the relationship among financial development, trade openness, and economic growth is sensitive to the financial development indicator chosen.展开更多
At the east-west economic and tradeexchange and cooperation conferencesponsored by the China Council forthe Promotion of International Trade, Shaanxi’sVice-Governor Jiang Xingzhen spoke aboutShaanxi’s investment env...At the east-west economic and tradeexchange and cooperation conferencesponsored by the China Council forthe Promotion of International Trade, Shaanxi’sVice-Governor Jiang Xingzhen spoke aboutShaanxi’s investment environment and itsdual opening strategy. Firstly Mr. Jiang made a briefintroduction on Shaanxi. Shaanxi, located atthe junction of the middle and western areasof China, is one of the origins of China’ssplendid ancient civilization. Its rich mineralresources include 92 varieties of provenreserves, 28 of which, including molybdenum,rhenium, mercury, coal and natural gas havereserves ranking in the first three and 58ranking in the top ten in the country.展开更多
In the development of Pudong, a strategic idea and goal ought to be fully realized, that is: with the development of Pudong as a lead, to further open up the cities along the Chang jiang (Yangtze) River, build Shangha...In the development of Pudong, a strategic idea and goal ought to be fully realized, that is: with the development of Pudong as a lead, to further open up the cities along the Chang jiang (Yangtze) River, build Shanghai into an international center for economy, finance and trade, thus to spark a new economic take-off in the Changjiang River Delta and the whole Changjiang River Basin.To develop Pudong, the infrastructure construction must be developed first; and the development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries must be well coordinated. At present, the stress should be laid on tertiary sectors like finance, foreign trade, commerce, real estate, far-ocean transport, post and telecommunication, information and travelling service and so on. In the secondary industry, export processing and high and new technological industries should be put first, while the original raw-material industry should be improved in processing depth. As to the primary industry, a metropolitan suburban agriculture展开更多
Open space has various implications in urban development planning and has been integrated in recent urban planning approaches and practices in Nepal.The open spaces are not only important for(re)shaping the urban form...Open space has various implications in urban development planning and has been integrated in recent urban planning approaches and practices in Nepal.The open spaces are not only important for(re)shaping the urban form but are also important for enhancing urban social life and disaster risk management,particularly for dense cities.As most of the cities in Nepal have been growing haphazardly,the cities lack sufficient open space.However,the value of open space in dense cities like Kathmandu has been recognized more after the Gorkha Earthquake 2015 as the open spaces were extensively used for risk relief,treatment,recovery,and rehabilitation during and after the earthquake.With this background,this paper presents the major planning initiatives in Nepal and discusses how recent urban plans have provisioned and initiated open spaces development by reviewing concurrent urban planning practices,particularly reviewing Periodic Plans,Integrated Urban Development Plan,Smart City Plan,and Land Development Plan.The development of open areas has not been given much attention in the earlier urban planning practice but recent urban development planning has emphasized with a special focus which is very important for sustainable and safer city development and is expected to address the current bulging urban issues of spatiality and sociability.Therefore,it is very important for integrating open space implications in city planning and such open space should be conceptualized according to the city’s geography,landscape as well as socio-cultural contexts.展开更多
Distinguished participants,ladies and grntlemen:It gives me great pleasure,on behalf of the United Nations Ecomomic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, to join you today at
文摘Chinese Premier Li Qiang on March 23 pledged to unswervingly advance opening up and cooperation amid rising global instability and uncertainty.Li made the remarks in a keynote speech at the opening ceremony of the China Development Forum 2025 in Beijing.China will continue to welcome enterprises from around the world with open arms,further expand market access,actively address the concerns of businesses,and facilitate deeper integration of foreign-funded enterprises into the Chinese market,he said.
文摘In the era of AI,especially large models,the importance of open source has become increasingly prominent.First,open source allows innovation to avoid starting from scratch.Through iterative innovation,it promotes technical exchanges and learning globally.Second,resources required for large model R&D are difficult for a single institution to obtain.The evaluation of general large models also requires the participation of experts from various industries.Third,without open source collaboration,it is difficult to form a unified upper-layer software ecosystem.Therefore,open source has become an important cooperation mechanism to promote the development of AI and large models.There are two cases to illustrate how open source and international standards interact with each other.
文摘The study profiles and explains the significant changes that have taken place in China's spatial development patterns since the inception of its economic reform and opening two decades ago. Principal component analysis is used to delineate spatial patterns. The analyses show that prior to the reform China's spatial development pattern was characterized by the dominance of the three municipalities and the Northeast, as well as by both the coast-interior and the north-south disparities. Northern provinces were generally more industrialized and economically powerful than the southern ones. After two decades of reform, regional development has become multi-centered with South China, the Yangtze Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin area being the three most important regions of the country. The coastal provinces as a whole rose to prominence on China's economic map while the Northeast has diminished its clout. The coast-interior gap not only remains but may have widened. The north-south disparity also still exists but there has been a role reversal with the south now in the lead position. Virtually all inland provinces now find themselves at or near the low end of the development spectrum. We argue that the major reason for the recent shifts in Chinese space economy is the spatially differentiated economic growth resulted from the reform and open door policy and from the new, uneven development strategy adopted by the Chinese government. The paper discusses four specific factors that have reshaped China's spatial development patterns.
文摘Due to the superimposed impacts of new industrial revolution,the changing trade policy and the COVID-19 pandemic,the world has seen setbacks in globalization,contractions in the global value chain(GVC),and the risk of a fragmented global system.The once-in-a-century changes in our world today highlight the need for China to explore a new development paradigm based on new concepts.In the new era,China must not only come to terms with a backlash against globalization and challenges from the reshaping of international rules,but also breathe life into the“dual circulations,”i.e.domestic and international economic circulations.China must open up wider to the outside world to keep abreast with changes in today’s global governance system.In the complex and volatile international environment,we should explore new areas of development spearheaded by institutional opening up,create new gateways and platforms for opening up and cooperation for mutual benefit,contribute to new global governance and security systems,and promote synergy between domestic and international circulations.In building a great modern socialist country,China must open up wider and be more inclusive to the outside world.
文摘Software-related security aspects are a growing and legitimate concern,especially with 5G data available just at our palms.To conduct research in this field,periodic comparative analysis is needed with the new techniques coming up rapidly.The purpose of this study is to review the recent developments in the field of security integration in the software development lifecycle(SDLC)by analyzing the articles published in the last two decades and to propose a way forward.This review follows Kitchenham’s review protocol.The review has been divided into three main stages including planning,execution,and analysis.From the selected 100 articles,it becomes evident that need of a collaborative approach is necessary for addressing critical software security risks(CSSRs)through effective risk management/estimation techniques.Quantifying risks using a numeric scale enables a comprehensive understanding of their severity,facilitating focused resource allocation and mitigation efforts.Through a comprehensive understanding of potential vulnerabilities and proactive mitigation efforts facilitated by protection poker,organizations can prioritize resources effectively to ensure the successful outcome of projects and initiatives in today’s dynamic threat landscape.The review reveals that threat analysis and security testing are needed to develop automated tools for the future.Accurate estimation of effort required to prioritize potential security risks is a big challenge in software security.The accuracy of effort estimation can be further improved by exploring new techniques,particularly those involving deep learning.It is also imperative to validate these effort estimation methods to ensure all potential security threats are addressed.Another challenge is selecting the right model for each specific security threat.To achieve a comprehensive evaluation,researchers should use well-known benchmark checklists.
文摘The Emerging Markets and Developing Countries Forum on Bridging the AI Divide and Opening Ceremony of AIM Global CoE were held on July 27 in Minhang district,Shanghai.The event was hosted by AIM Global CoE,and co-organized by Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Research Institute(SAIRI),Shanghai Technology Innovation Center,Shanghai Grand Neobay Investment Development Group,and Organizing Committee of AI Journey Conference.Asian Association of Business Incubation(AABI)and SAIRI served as the international partners.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41871005 and 42076211the Research Development Fund of Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University under contract No.RDF 14-01-26the High-Level Talent Research Startup Fund of West Anhui University under contract No.WGKQ2022053.
文摘Fences have been widely used in coastal protection engineering for their low cost,simple deployment,and easy integration with ecosystems.The effects of fence porosity and height on dune development have been investigated while not much attention has been paid to the effects of fence opening configurations,such as opening size and geometry,and porosity distributions.In this study,we deployed eight fences with same height and similar porosity,but different opening configurations on a sandy beach in Pingtan,Fujian Province.Results indicate that there is a similar two-dune-one-trough pattern for all fences at the beginning of dune development,and opening size,orientation,and geometry,and porosity distribution control the leeward dune peak locations.Fences with small openings and non-uniform porosity have high trapping efficiency,and upper denser porosity may be the optimal design as these fences have the highest trapping efficiency and capacity.The conclusions from this study can provide guidance on practical fence design.
文摘With the growth of the internet and open software, there are additional software developers available from the open community that can participate in the development of software application systems. Aiming to leverage these resources, a new development model, CFI (call for implementation), is proposed. The basic idea of CFI is to publish some part of a software project to the open community, whole or part, in certain phases of the software development lifecycle to call for implementation. This paper discusses the basic concept and method for a software development process in CFI mode. Two different modes of CFI with different granularities are analyzed. And one of the CFI modes, fine-granularity-CFI mode, is thoroughly discussed including the main methods and basic steps. To verify the ideas a pilot project, an online store system, is built up with the CFI development process. The online store system takes the traditional Model-View-Control architecture and some common technologies such as Struts, Hibernate, Spring are used. The result shows that this new kind of software development mode is feasible though there are many problems that are still requiring further study.
文摘Most parts of the world are rapidly urbanizing. In sub-Saharan Africa, towns are urbanizing at a faster pace than earlier predicted. Also, large portions of rural settings have been gradually moving towards urbanization. The Tamale Metropolis has been rated as the fastest-growing metropolis in Sub-Saharan Africa. City planning and concerns about the need for open-space creation have been a major challenge due to poor adherence to standards in the building codes. This study was conducted to assess the role of open space in human settlement development in the Tamale Metropolis. The study sampled the views of 157 residents who stay closed to community open spaces in five suburbs of the metropolis. Key informant interviews were also conducted with officials from the Town and Country Planning Department. The study revealed that most residents spend leisure by taking a walk in the neighborhood or idling in outdoor spaces. Also, the majority of the residents had poor knowledge of institutional and land administration. This often led to non-adherence to regulations and this affects open spaces in the metropolis. Common among residents is also a poor appreciation of the importance of open space and this results in encroachment. The Town and Country Planning Department should institute sanctions and stringent measures to deter offenders. Also, public seminars should be used to educate residents on the need to adhere to planning and building codes. Lastly, the study recommends strong collaboration between the various institutions engaged in land administration to facilitate effective provision and preservation of quality open spaces in the metropolis.
基金a research result of National Social Sciences Fund(14BJY067)
文摘Over the past forty years of reform and opening-up,China's industry has sustained rapid and sound development and generated impressive achievements.Industrialization has entered the second half of its final stage.This experience of successful industrialization with Chinese characteristics constitutes an important component Chinese wisdom and Chinese approaches,and serves as a reference for other developing countries and countries in transition.The Chinese experience in industrial development during this period includes: progressively promoting industrial and economic system reform adapted to local circumstances; seizing the right moment to firmly integrate into the global system of labor division; pursuing the new path of industrialization featuring coordinated development of the "Five Pillars" in keeping up with the times; and developing an industrialization model with Chinese characteristics with concerted efforts of effective market and enabling government.
文摘This study investigates the causal relationship among financial development, trade openness, and economic growth in Zambia from 1965 to 2011. Two measures of financial development were used： broad money and domestic credit to the private sector, each as a ratio of gross domestic product （GDP）. In this regard, two models were developed for each indicator. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller （ADF） and Phillips-Perron （PP） tests were used to determine stationarity of all the variables. Furthermore, Johansen test was employed to ascertain possible cointegration among variables. The vector error correction model （VECM） was employed to examine the short-run and long-run dynamics among the variables in each model. The results indicate that the relationship among financial development, trade openness, and economic growth is sensitive to the financial development indicator chosen.
文摘At the east-west economic and tradeexchange and cooperation conferencesponsored by the China Council forthe Promotion of International Trade, Shaanxi’sVice-Governor Jiang Xingzhen spoke aboutShaanxi’s investment environment and itsdual opening strategy. Firstly Mr. Jiang made a briefintroduction on Shaanxi. Shaanxi, located atthe junction of the middle and western areasof China, is one of the origins of China’ssplendid ancient civilization. Its rich mineralresources include 92 varieties of provenreserves, 28 of which, including molybdenum,rhenium, mercury, coal and natural gas havereserves ranking in the first three and 58ranking in the top ten in the country.
文摘In the development of Pudong, a strategic idea and goal ought to be fully realized, that is: with the development of Pudong as a lead, to further open up the cities along the Chang jiang (Yangtze) River, build Shanghai into an international center for economy, finance and trade, thus to spark a new economic take-off in the Changjiang River Delta and the whole Changjiang River Basin.To develop Pudong, the infrastructure construction must be developed first; and the development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries must be well coordinated. At present, the stress should be laid on tertiary sectors like finance, foreign trade, commerce, real estate, far-ocean transport, post and telecommunication, information and travelling service and so on. In the secondary industry, export processing and high and new technological industries should be put first, while the original raw-material industry should be improved in processing depth. As to the primary industry, a metropolitan suburban agriculture
文摘Open space has various implications in urban development planning and has been integrated in recent urban planning approaches and practices in Nepal.The open spaces are not only important for(re)shaping the urban form but are also important for enhancing urban social life and disaster risk management,particularly for dense cities.As most of the cities in Nepal have been growing haphazardly,the cities lack sufficient open space.However,the value of open space in dense cities like Kathmandu has been recognized more after the Gorkha Earthquake 2015 as the open spaces were extensively used for risk relief,treatment,recovery,and rehabilitation during and after the earthquake.With this background,this paper presents the major planning initiatives in Nepal and discusses how recent urban plans have provisioned and initiated open spaces development by reviewing concurrent urban planning practices,particularly reviewing Periodic Plans,Integrated Urban Development Plan,Smart City Plan,and Land Development Plan.The development of open areas has not been given much attention in the earlier urban planning practice but recent urban development planning has emphasized with a special focus which is very important for sustainable and safer city development and is expected to address the current bulging urban issues of spatiality and sociability.Therefore,it is very important for integrating open space implications in city planning and such open space should be conceptualized according to the city’s geography,landscape as well as socio-cultural contexts.
文摘Distinguished participants,ladies and grntlemen:It gives me great pleasure,on behalf of the United Nations Ecomomic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, to join you today at
