In the framework of fighting against the poor quality medicines sold in developing countries using classical analytical methods easily accessible in those countries, four UV-Visible spectrophotometric methods for one ...In the framework of fighting against the poor quality medicines sold in developing countries using classical analytical methods easily accessible in those countries, four UV-Visible spectrophotometric methods for one antimalarial (quinine) and two antibiotics (amoxicillin and metronidazole) have been developed and validated according to the total error strategy using the accuracy profiles as a decision tool. The dosing range was 2 - 10 μg/mL (for quinine sulfate in tablet), 4 - 12 μg/mL (for quinine bichlorhydrate in oral drop-metronidazole benzaote in oral suspension) and 15 - 35 μg/mL (for amoxicillin trihydrate in capsule). The validated methods were then applied in determining the content of some analogous medicines sold in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Thus, the proposed UV-Visible spectrophotometric methods are simple and suitable to quantify quinine, amoxicillin and metronidazole in different pharmaceutical forms.展开更多
In required navigation performance（RNP）, total system error（TSE） is estimated to provide a timely warning in the presence of an excessive error. In this paper, by analyzing the underlying formation mechanism, the ...In required navigation performance（RNP）, total system error（TSE） is estimated to provide a timely warning in the presence of an excessive error. In this paper, by analyzing the underlying formation mechanism, the TSE estimation is modeled as the estimation fusion of a fixed bias and a Gaussian random variable. To address the challenge of high computational load induced by the accurate numerical method, two efficient methods are proposed for real-time application, which are called the circle tangent ellipse method（CTEM） and the line tangent ellipse method（LTEM）,respectively. Compared with the accurate numerical method and the traditional scalar quantity summation method（SQSM）, the computational load and accuracy of these four methods are extensively analyzed. The theoretical and experimental results both show that the computing time of the LTEM is approximately equal to that of the SQSM, while it is only about 1/30 and 1/6 of that of the numerical method and the CTEM. Moreover, the estimation result of the LTEM is parallel with that of the numerical method, but is more accurate than those of the SQSM and the CTEM. It is illustrated that the LTEM is quite appropriate for real-time TSE estimation in RNP application.展开更多
This study investigates the use of dynamic a priori error information according to atmospheric moistness and the use of quality controls in temperature and water vapor profile retrievals from hyperspectral infrared ...This study investigates the use of dynamic a priori error information according to atmospheric moistness and the use of quality controls in temperature and water vapor profile retrievals from hyperspectral infrared （IR） sounders. Temperature and water vapor profiles are retrieved from Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder （AIRS） radiance measurements by applying a physical iterative method using regression retrieval as the first guess. Based on the dependency of first-guess errors on the degree of atmospheric moistness, the a priori first-guess errors classified by total precipitable water （TPW） are applied in the AIRS physical retrieval procedure. Compared to the retrieval results from a fixed a priori error, boundary layer moisture retrievals appear to be improved via TPW classification of a priori first-guess errors. Six quality control （QC） tests, which check non-converged or bad retrievals, large residuals, high terrain and desert areas, and large temperature and moisture deviations from the first guess regression retrieval, are also applied in the AIRS physical retrievals. Significantly large errors are found for the retrievals rejected by these six QCs, and the retrieval errors are substantially reduced via QC over land, which suggest the usefulness and high impact of the QCs, especially over land. In conclusion, the use of dynamic a priori error information according to atmospheric moistness, and the use of appropriate QCs dealing with the geographical information and the deviation from the first-guess as well as the conventional inverse performance are suggested to improve temperature and moisture retrievals and their applications.展开更多
This paper investigates the effect of the Phase Angle Error of a Constant Amplitude Voltage signal in determining the Total Vector Error (TVE) of the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) using MATLAB/Simulink. The phase angl...This paper investigates the effect of the Phase Angle Error of a Constant Amplitude Voltage signal in determining the Total Vector Error (TVE) of the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) using MATLAB/Simulink. The phase angle error is measured as a function of time in microseconds at four points on the IEEE 14-bus system. When the 1 pps Global Positioning System (GPS) signal to the PMU is lost, sampling of voltage signals on the power grid is done at different rates as it is a function of time. The relationship between the PMU measured signal phase angle and the sampling rate is established by injecting a constant amplitude signal at two different points on the grid. In the simulation, 64 cycles per second is used as the reference while 24 cycles per second is used to represent the fault condition. Results show that a change in the sampling rate from 64 bps to 24 bps in the PMUs resulted in phase angle error in the voltage signals measured by the PMU at four VI Measurement points. The phase angle error measurement that was determined as a time function was used to determine the TVE. Results show that (TVE) was more than 1% in all the cases.展开更多
A new and convenient method is presented to calculate the total sensitivity indices defined by variance-based sensitivity analysis. By decomposing the output variance using error propagation equations, this method can...A new and convenient method is presented to calculate the total sensitivity indices defined by variance-based sensitivity analysis. By decomposing the output variance using error propagation equations, this method can transform the ＂double-loop＂ sampling procedure into ＂single-loop＂ one and obviously reduce the computation cost of analysis. In contrast with Sobors and Fourier amplitude sensitivity test （FAST） method, which is limited in non-correlated variables, the new approach is suitable for correlated input variables. An application in semiconductor assembling and test manufacturing （ATM） factory indicates that this approach has a good performance in additive model and simple non-additive model.展开更多
A stochastic error process of curves is proposed as the error model to describe the errors of curves in GIS. In terms of the stochastic process, four characteristics concerning the local error of curves, namely, mean ...A stochastic error process of curves is proposed as the error model to describe the errors of curves in GIS. In terms of the stochastic process, four characteristics concerning the local error of curves, namely, mean error function, standard error function, absolute error function, and the correlation function of errors , are put forward. The total error of a curve is expressed by a mean square integral of the stochastic error process. The probabilistic meanings and geometric meanings of the characteristics mentioned above are also discussed. A scan digitization experiment is designed to check the efficiency of the model. In the experiment, a piece of contour line is digitized for more than 100 times and lots of sample functions are derived from the experiment. Finally, all the error characteristics are estimated on the basis of sample functions. The experiment results show that the systematic error in digitized map data is not negligible, and the errors of points on curves are chiefly dependent on the curvature and the concavity of the curves.展开更多
Because the real input acceleration cannot be obtained during the error model identification of inertial navigation platform, both the input and output data contain noises. In this case, the conventional regression mo...Because the real input acceleration cannot be obtained during the error model identification of inertial navigation platform, both the input and output data contain noises. In this case, the conventional regression model and the least squares （LS） method will result in bias. Based on the models of inertial navigation platform error and observation error, the errors-in-variables （EV） model and the total least squares （TLS） method axe proposed to identify the error model of the inertial navigation platform. The estimation precision is improved and the result is better than the conventional regression model based LS method. The simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of initial bone cutting of the distal femur and the proximal tibia in TKA using an image-free navigation system. Methods: From February 2006 to March 2013...Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of initial bone cutting of the distal femur and the proximal tibia in TKA using an image-free navigation system. Methods: From February 2006 to March 2013, we evaluated 60 knees in 50 patients using an image-free navigation system (Navigation: Stryker Navigation Cart System;Software: Stryker Knee Navigation;Ver2.0: Stryker Orthopaedics US NJ Mahwah). First, we measured the angle shown by the navigation system before cutting, at the time we set the jig. Second, we measured the angles shown by navigation after the bone was cut using the jig. Then, we compared these two angles for each patient to determine the bone cutting error. Results: In the distal femur, 37 of 60 knees were cut in an extended position in the sagittal plane, and 26 of 60 knees were cut in a varus in the coronal plane. In the proximal tibia, 29 of 60 knees were cut with decreased posterior slope in the sagittal plane, and 26 of 60 knees were cut in a valgus. Conclusions: In this study, the distal femur tended to be cut in an extended and a varus position and the proximal tibia did with decreased posterior slope and in a valgus position after initial bone cutting. It is necessary to note the initial cutting error in TKA. Since cutting errors affect postoperative outcome, we should cut bones several times. And as the reasons of the cause of the error, we propose new reason that cutting bone is not parallel with accuracy to AP axis.展开更多
A functional model named EIO(Errors-In-Observations) is proposed for general TLS(total least-squares)adjustment. The EIO model only considers the correction of the observation vector, but doesn't consider to corre...A functional model named EIO(Errors-In-Observations) is proposed for general TLS(total least-squares)adjustment. The EIO model only considers the correction of the observation vector, but doesn't consider to correct all elements in the design matrix as the EIV(Errors-In-Variables) model does, furthermore, the dimension of cofactor matrix is much smaller. Iterative algorithms for the parameter estimation and their precise covariance matrix are derived rigorously, and the computation steps are also presented. The proposed approach considers the correction of the observations in the coefficient matrix, and ensures their agreements in every matrix elements. Parameters and corrections can be solved at the same time.An approximate solution and a precise solution of the covariance matrix can be achieved by corresponding algorithms. Applications of EIO model and the proposed algorithms are demonstrated with several examples. The results and comparative studies show that the proposed EIO model and algorithms are feasible and reliable for general adjustment problems.展开更多
The redundant observation, error tolerances, adjustment and precision estimation are the methodology of surveying technology, which are used in the procedure of survey engineering. Based on a redundant observation mag...The redundant observation, error tolerances, adjustment and precision estimation are the methodology of surveying technology, which are used in the procedure of survey engineering. Based on a redundant observation magnitude of experiments, a guideline system of precision for GPS total stations is established to prescribe the methods of redundant observation, the computation formulas of error tolerances and standard errors. Moreover, a series of precision indexes for GPS total station measurements and results are also acquired from the comparative experimentations and study on the observation data between GPS total station elevation and direct leveling.展开更多
混合总体最小二乘是求解带有固定列的线性回归变量误差(errors-in-variables,EIV)模型的严密方法,结合M估计可以进一步增加其稳健性。但是M估计结果受初值影响,容易收敛错误。针对该问题,将两种高斯-马尔可夫模型下的抗差估计算法拓展到...混合总体最小二乘是求解带有固定列的线性回归变量误差(errors-in-variables,EIV)模型的严密方法,结合M估计可以进一步增加其稳健性。但是M估计结果受初值影响,容易收敛错误。针对该问题,将两种高斯-马尔可夫模型下的抗差估计算法拓展到EIV模型中,提出两种高崩溃污染率的算法,即加权总体最小平方中值法(weighted total least median of squares,WTLMS)和加权截断总体最小二乘法(weighted total least trimmed squares,WTLTS)。分析两种算法的等变性质和崩溃污染率,给出单位权中误差的评定公式,分别通过重采样方法和可行集算法得到参数估计值。不同于已有的高崩溃污染率算法,所提算法考虑系数矩阵存在固定列的情况,同时减少对随机模型的限制。仿真数据和真实数据解算结果验证了两种算法在高粗差污染的观测数据中能够得到稳健可靠的估计结果。展开更多
基于M估计理论设计抗差总体最小二乘(robust total least-squares,RTLS)估计算法时,由于总体最小二乘(total least-squares,TLS)估计不适用于残差预测,根据单个随机量残差进行重定权存在理论缺陷。本文基于乘性误差模型推导TLS估计迭代...基于M估计理论设计抗差总体最小二乘(robust total least-squares,RTLS)估计算法时,由于总体最小二乘(total least-squares,TLS)估计不适用于残差预测,根据单个随机量残差进行重定权存在理论缺陷。本文基于乘性误差模型推导TLS估计迭代公式,对等式残差或总残差进行理论解释,说明该残差具有最小二乘(least-squares,LS)估计残差的性质;然后顾及观测空间和结构空间的抗差性,基于等式残差或总残差设计相应的RTLS估计算法;最后通过Monte Carlo实验,从抗差性、有效性和迭代效率等方面与其他重定权策略进行比较,证明该RTLS估计算法的优势。展开更多
文摘In the framework of fighting against the poor quality medicines sold in developing countries using classical analytical methods easily accessible in those countries, four UV-Visible spectrophotometric methods for one antimalarial (quinine) and two antibiotics (amoxicillin and metronidazole) have been developed and validated according to the total error strategy using the accuracy profiles as a decision tool. The dosing range was 2 - 10 μg/mL (for quinine sulfate in tablet), 4 - 12 μg/mL (for quinine bichlorhydrate in oral drop-metronidazole benzaote in oral suspension) and 15 - 35 μg/mL (for amoxicillin trihydrate in capsule). The validated methods were then applied in determining the content of some analogous medicines sold in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Thus, the proposed UV-Visible spectrophotometric methods are simple and suitable to quantify quinine, amoxicillin and metronidazole in different pharmaceutical forms.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2010CB731805)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 60921001)the Special Fund for Basic Research on Scientific Instruments of China (No. 2011YQ04008301)
文摘In required navigation performance（RNP）, total system error（TSE） is estimated to provide a timely warning in the presence of an excessive error. In this paper, by analyzing the underlying formation mechanism, the TSE estimation is modeled as the estimation fusion of a fixed bias and a Gaussian random variable. To address the challenge of high computational load induced by the accurate numerical method, two efficient methods are proposed for real-time application, which are called the circle tangent ellipse method（CTEM） and the line tangent ellipse method（LTEM）,respectively. Compared with the accurate numerical method and the traditional scalar quantity summation method（SQSM）, the computational load and accuracy of these four methods are extensively analyzed. The theoretical and experimental results both show that the computing time of the LTEM is approximately equal to that of the SQSM, while it is only about 1/30 and 1/6 of that of the numerical method and the CTEM. Moreover, the estimation result of the LTEM is parallel with that of the numerical method, but is more accurate than those of the SQSM and the CTEM. It is illustrated that the LTEM is quite appropriate for real-time TSE estimation in RNP application.
基金supported by GOES-R Algorithm Working Group Program and GOES-R High Impact Weather Project (Grant No NA10NES4400013)supported by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant CATER 2006-2103the BK21 Project of the Korean Government
文摘This study investigates the use of dynamic a priori error information according to atmospheric moistness and the use of quality controls in temperature and water vapor profile retrievals from hyperspectral infrared （IR） sounders. Temperature and water vapor profiles are retrieved from Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder （AIRS） radiance measurements by applying a physical iterative method using regression retrieval as the first guess. Based on the dependency of first-guess errors on the degree of atmospheric moistness, the a priori first-guess errors classified by total precipitable water （TPW） are applied in the AIRS physical retrieval procedure. Compared to the retrieval results from a fixed a priori error, boundary layer moisture retrievals appear to be improved via TPW classification of a priori first-guess errors. Six quality control （QC） tests, which check non-converged or bad retrievals, large residuals, high terrain and desert areas, and large temperature and moisture deviations from the first guess regression retrieval, are also applied in the AIRS physical retrievals. Significantly large errors are found for the retrievals rejected by these six QCs, and the retrieval errors are substantially reduced via QC over land, which suggest the usefulness and high impact of the QCs, especially over land. In conclusion, the use of dynamic a priori error information according to atmospheric moistness, and the use of appropriate QCs dealing with the geographical information and the deviation from the first-guess as well as the conventional inverse performance are suggested to improve temperature and moisture retrievals and their applications.
文摘This paper investigates the effect of the Phase Angle Error of a Constant Amplitude Voltage signal in determining the Total Vector Error (TVE) of the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) using MATLAB/Simulink. The phase angle error is measured as a function of time in microseconds at four points on the IEEE 14-bus system. When the 1 pps Global Positioning System (GPS) signal to the PMU is lost, sampling of voltage signals on the power grid is done at different rates as it is a function of time. The relationship between the PMU measured signal phase angle and the sampling rate is established by injecting a constant amplitude signal at two different points on the grid. In the simulation, 64 cycles per second is used as the reference while 24 cycles per second is used to represent the fault condition. Results show that a change in the sampling rate from 64 bps to 24 bps in the PMUs resulted in phase angle error in the voltage signals measured by the PMU at four VI Measurement points. The phase angle error measurement that was determined as a time function was used to determine the TVE. Results show that (TVE) was more than 1% in all the cases.
文摘A new and convenient method is presented to calculate the total sensitivity indices defined by variance-based sensitivity analysis. By decomposing the output variance using error propagation equations, this method can transform the ＂double-loop＂ sampling procedure into ＂single-loop＂ one and obviously reduce the computation cost of analysis. In contrast with Sobors and Fourier amplitude sensitivity test （FAST） method, which is limited in non-correlated variables, the new approach is suitable for correlated input variables. An application in semiconductor assembling and test manufacturing （ATM） factory indicates that this approach has a good performance in additive model and simple non-additive model.
文摘A stochastic error process of curves is proposed as the error model to describe the errors of curves in GIS. In terms of the stochastic process, four characteristics concerning the local error of curves, namely, mean error function, standard error function, absolute error function, and the correlation function of errors , are put forward. The total error of a curve is expressed by a mean square integral of the stochastic error process. The probabilistic meanings and geometric meanings of the characteristics mentioned above are also discussed. A scan digitization experiment is designed to check the efficiency of the model. In the experiment, a piece of contour line is digitized for more than 100 times and lots of sample functions are derived from the experiment. Finally, all the error characteristics are estimated on the basis of sample functions. The experiment results show that the systematic error in digitized map data is not negligible, and the errors of points on curves are chiefly dependent on the curvature and the concavity of the curves.
基金supported by the National Security Major Basic Research Project of China (973-61334).
文摘Because the real input acceleration cannot be obtained during the error model identification of inertial navigation platform, both the input and output data contain noises. In this case, the conventional regression model and the least squares （LS） method will result in bias. Based on the models of inertial navigation platform error and observation error, the errors-in-variables （EV） model and the total least squares （TLS） method axe proposed to identify the error model of the inertial navigation platform. The estimation precision is improved and the result is better than the conventional regression model based LS method. The simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of initial bone cutting of the distal femur and the proximal tibia in TKA using an image-free navigation system. Methods: From February 2006 to March 2013, we evaluated 60 knees in 50 patients using an image-free navigation system (Navigation: Stryker Navigation Cart System;Software: Stryker Knee Navigation;Ver2.0: Stryker Orthopaedics US NJ Mahwah). First, we measured the angle shown by the navigation system before cutting, at the time we set the jig. Second, we measured the angles shown by navigation after the bone was cut using the jig. Then, we compared these two angles for each patient to determine the bone cutting error. Results: In the distal femur, 37 of 60 knees were cut in an extended position in the sagittal plane, and 26 of 60 knees were cut in a varus in the coronal plane. In the proximal tibia, 29 of 60 knees were cut with decreased posterior slope in the sagittal plane, and 26 of 60 knees were cut in a valgus. Conclusions: In this study, the distal femur tended to be cut in an extended and a varus position and the proximal tibia did with decreased posterior slope and in a valgus position after initial bone cutting. It is necessary to note the initial cutting error in TKA. Since cutting errors affect postoperative outcome, we should cut bones several times. And as the reasons of the cause of the error, we propose new reason that cutting bone is not parallel with accuracy to AP axis.
基金supported by the Open Fund of Engineering laboratory of Spatial Information Technology of Highway Geological Disaster Early Warning in Hunan Province(Changsha University of Science & Technology, Grant No:KFJ150602)Hunan Province Science and Technology Program Funded Projects, China (Grant No:2015NK3035)
文摘A functional model named EIO(Errors-In-Observations) is proposed for general TLS(total least-squares)adjustment. The EIO model only considers the correction of the observation vector, but doesn't consider to correct all elements in the design matrix as the EIV(Errors-In-Variables) model does, furthermore, the dimension of cofactor matrix is much smaller. Iterative algorithms for the parameter estimation and their precise covariance matrix are derived rigorously, and the computation steps are also presented. The proposed approach considers the correction of the observations in the coefficient matrix, and ensures their agreements in every matrix elements. Parameters and corrections can be solved at the same time.An approximate solution and a precise solution of the covariance matrix can be achieved by corresponding algorithms. Applications of EIO model and the proposed algorithms are demonstrated with several examples. The results and comparative studies show that the proposed EIO model and algorithms are feasible and reliable for general adjustment problems.
文摘The redundant observation, error tolerances, adjustment and precision estimation are the methodology of surveying technology, which are used in the procedure of survey engineering. Based on a redundant observation magnitude of experiments, a guideline system of precision for GPS total stations is established to prescribe the methods of redundant observation, the computation formulas of error tolerances and standard errors. Moreover, a series of precision indexes for GPS total station measurements and results are also acquired from the comparative experimentations and study on the observation data between GPS total station elevation and direct leveling.
文摘混合总体最小二乘是求解带有固定列的线性回归变量误差(errors-in-variables,EIV)模型的严密方法,结合M估计可以进一步增加其稳健性。但是M估计结果受初值影响,容易收敛错误。针对该问题,将两种高斯-马尔可夫模型下的抗差估计算法拓展到EIV模型中,提出两种高崩溃污染率的算法,即加权总体最小平方中值法(weighted total least median of squares,WTLMS)和加权截断总体最小二乘法(weighted total least trimmed squares,WTLTS)。分析两种算法的等变性质和崩溃污染率,给出单位权中误差的评定公式,分别通过重采样方法和可行集算法得到参数估计值。不同于已有的高崩溃污染率算法,所提算法考虑系数矩阵存在固定列的情况,同时减少对随机模型的限制。仿真数据和真实数据解算结果验证了两种算法在高粗差污染的观测数据中能够得到稳健可靠的估计结果。
文摘基于M估计理论设计抗差总体最小二乘(robust total least-squares,RTLS)估计算法时,由于总体最小二乘(total least-squares,TLS)估计不适用于残差预测,根据单个随机量残差进行重定权存在理论缺陷。本文基于乘性误差模型推导TLS估计迭代公式,对等式残差或总残差进行理论解释,说明该残差具有最小二乘(least-squares,LS)估计残差的性质;然后顾及观测空间和结构空间的抗差性,基于等式残差或总残差设计相应的RTLS估计算法;最后通过Monte Carlo实验,从抗差性、有效性和迭代效率等方面与其他重定权策略进行比较,证明该RTLS估计算法的优势。
