The two representative polycyclic musks, 1-（5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-2-naphthenyl）-ethanone （AHTN） and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyrane （HHCB）, were measur...The two representative polycyclic musks, 1-（5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-2-naphthenyl）-ethanone （AHTN） and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyrane （HHCB）, were measured in aqueous samples and sludge samples of three sewage treatment plants （STPs） in Beijing, China using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. The HHCB and AHTN concentration ranges in the influents were 1251.4-3003.8 ng/L and 111.9-286.3 ng/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the ranges of 492.8-1285.3 ng/L for HHCB and 47.3-89.3 ng/L for AHTN were present in the effluents. The musks in the sludges were three to four orders of magnitude higher than those in aqueous sewages. The removal efficiencies.of the two musks varied in the ranges of 41.7%- 70.1% for HHCB, and 25.5%-68.8% for AHTN. Adsorption onto suspended particulate matter played an important role in removing musks from the sewages. The HHCB/AHTN ratio along the treatment processes showed that the two musks had high similarity of removal from sewage by each reactor in STP. The musks in the effluent sewages may pose a low potential risk to aquatic environment in terms of the predicted-non-effect concentration. Nevertheless, considering the possible additive and synergistic effects with other compounds emitted via STPs, their bioconcentration and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms and so on, it is essential to monitor these compounds in various compartments and to study their environmental fate.展开更多
Tonalid,an important fragrance ingredient with widespread applicatio n,was synthesized via two FriedelCrafts reactions,which were catalyzed by AlCl_(3).The traditional tonalid production was conducted in batch stirrin...Tonalid,an important fragrance ingredient with widespread applicatio n,was synthesized via two FriedelCrafts reactions,which were catalyzed by AlCl_(3).The traditional tonalid production was conducted in batch stirring tank reactors,suffering from low production capacity and the safety hazard of temperature runaway.To solve these problems,the continuous-flow technologies were developed for the highefficiency and intrinsically safe synthesis of tonalid in microreactors.Catalyst AlCl_(3)was neatly homogenized in proper solvents by forming complex with reactant,which was a necessary step for the continuous synthesis in microreactors.Several reaction conditions,including reactant molar ratio,catalyst concentration,temperature,and microchannel hydrodynamic diameter,were investigated for the two Friedel-Crafts reactions in micro reactors.At optimized conditions,the yields of the two Friedel-Crafts reactions were 44.15%and 97.55%,respectively.In comparison with the batch reactors,the reaction times of these two reactions could both be reduced by nearly two thirds in microreactors at the similar yield.展开更多
Polycyclic musks are widely used for cos- metics and other personal care and household cleaning products. The occurrence and removal of two representa- tive polycyclic musks, galaxolide （HHCB） and tonalide （AHTN） ...Polycyclic musks are widely used for cos- metics and other personal care and household cleaning products. The occurrence and removal of two representa- tive polycyclic musks, galaxolide （HHCB） and tonalide （AHTN） were investigated in three different processes of two sewage treatment plants （STPs） in Xi＇an, China. The samples were preconcentrated by solid phase extraction procedure and analyzed using a gas chromatography mass spectrometry （GC/MS） by a modified procedure. The HHCB was in the range of 82.8 to 182.5 ng.L1 in the influents and 22.6 to 103.9ng.L-1 in the effluents. The AHTN ranged from 11.0 to 19.3 ng. L-1 in the influents and 2.2 to 8.8 ng. I_~1 in the effluents. The removal efficiency of the two musks varied in the ranges of 43.1%-70.4% for HHCB and 54.2%-84.4% for AHTN. Concentrations of the two musks in aqueous phase of three processes slightly increased along the primary process, and significantly removed during the biologic treatment processes, revealing that the selected musks could be remarkably removed in varied activated sludge processes. Advanced processes of activated sludge did not show a significant superiority on selected musk removal compared to the conventional process. The selected musk removal mainly resulted from the adsorption function of activated sludge. There was no significant change of HHCB/AHTN ratios along the treatment flow, indicating that each sewage treatment structure had a similar removal efficiency for the two musks.展开更多
基金supported by the Major InternationalJoint Research Program of NSFC (No. 20721140019).
文摘The two representative polycyclic musks, 1-（5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-2-naphthenyl）-ethanone （AHTN） and 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[g]-2-benzopyrane （HHCB）, were measured in aqueous samples and sludge samples of three sewage treatment plants （STPs） in Beijing, China using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. The HHCB and AHTN concentration ranges in the influents were 1251.4-3003.8 ng/L and 111.9-286.3 ng/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the ranges of 492.8-1285.3 ng/L for HHCB and 47.3-89.3 ng/L for AHTN were present in the effluents. The musks in the sludges were three to four orders of magnitude higher than those in aqueous sewages. The removal efficiencies.of the two musks varied in the ranges of 41.7%- 70.1% for HHCB, and 25.5%-68.8% for AHTN. Adsorption onto suspended particulate matter played an important role in removing musks from the sewages. The HHCB/AHTN ratio along the treatment processes showed that the two musks had high similarity of removal from sewage by each reactor in STP. The musks in the effluent sewages may pose a low potential risk to aquatic environment in terms of the predicted-non-effect concentration. Nevertheless, considering the possible additive and synergistic effects with other compounds emitted via STPs, their bioconcentration and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms and so on, it is essential to monitor these compounds in various compartments and to study their environmental fate.
基金financial support for this work from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21706034)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(No.2021J01645)the Key Program of Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory(No.00221004)。
文摘Tonalid,an important fragrance ingredient with widespread applicatio n,was synthesized via two FriedelCrafts reactions,which were catalyzed by AlCl_(3).The traditional tonalid production was conducted in batch stirring tank reactors,suffering from low production capacity and the safety hazard of temperature runaway.To solve these problems,the continuous-flow technologies were developed for the highefficiency and intrinsically safe synthesis of tonalid in microreactors.Catalyst AlCl_(3)was neatly homogenized in proper solvents by forming complex with reactant,which was a necessary step for the continuous synthesis in microreactors.Several reaction conditions,including reactant molar ratio,catalyst concentration,temperature,and microchannel hydrodynamic diameter,were investigated for the two Friedel-Crafts reactions in micro reactors.At optimized conditions,the yields of the two Friedel-Crafts reactions were 44.15%and 97.55%,respectively.In comparison with the batch reactors,the reaction times of these two reactions could both be reduced by nearly two thirds in microreactors at the similar yield.
文摘Polycyclic musks are widely used for cos- metics and other personal care and household cleaning products. The occurrence and removal of two representa- tive polycyclic musks, galaxolide （HHCB） and tonalide （AHTN） were investigated in three different processes of two sewage treatment plants （STPs） in Xi＇an, China. The samples were preconcentrated by solid phase extraction procedure and analyzed using a gas chromatography mass spectrometry （GC/MS） by a modified procedure. The HHCB was in the range of 82.8 to 182.5 ng.L1 in the influents and 22.6 to 103.9ng.L-1 in the effluents. The AHTN ranged from 11.0 to 19.3 ng. L-1 in the influents and 2.2 to 8.8 ng. I_~1 in the effluents. The removal efficiency of the two musks varied in the ranges of 43.1%-70.4% for HHCB and 54.2%-84.4% for AHTN. Concentrations of the two musks in aqueous phase of three processes slightly increased along the primary process, and significantly removed during the biologic treatment processes, revealing that the selected musks could be remarkably removed in varied activated sludge processes. Advanced processes of activated sludge did not show a significant superiority on selected musk removal compared to the conventional process. The selected musk removal mainly resulted from the adsorption function of activated sludge. There was no significant change of HHCB/AHTN ratios along the treatment flow, indicating that each sewage treatment structure had a similar removal efficiency for the two musks.
