On August 14th,2018,a Beijing resident living in Xicheng District found a female H.longicornis tick attached to the skin at the front of his upper shin.On examination,the patient was afebrile and appeared well.The spe...On August 14th,2018,a Beijing resident living in Xicheng District found a female H.longicornis tick attached to the skin at the front of his upper shin.On examination,the patient was afebrile and appeared well.The species of the tick was identified through morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome C oxidase subunit I.This H.longicornis tick was screened for tick-borne pathogens such as viruses,bacteria and parasites.RNA pathogens were screened by PCR and sequencing,while DNA pathogens were screened by metagenomic analyses.It was found that the tick was positive for the DNA sequences of zoonotic and animal pathogens such as A phagocytophilum,Ehrlichia minasensis and C.burnetii.Considering the good health condition of the patient,we hypothesized that the pathogens originated from the tick specimen itself rather than host blood meal.For the first time,our study reveals the possible risk of transmission of tick-borne pathogens to human beings through tick bit in downtown Beijing.Further research is needed to screen for tick-borne pathogens among unfed ticks collected from central Beijing.展开更多
Pathogens like bacteria and protozoa,which affect human and animal health worldwide,can be transmitted by vectors like ticks.To investigate the epidemiology and genetic diversity of bacteria and protozoans carried by ...Pathogens like bacteria and protozoa,which affect human and animal health worldwide,can be transmitted by vectors like ticks.To investigate the epidemiology and genetic diversity of bacteria and protozoans carried by ticks in Chengmai county of Hainan province,China,285 adult hard ticks belonging to two species[Rhipicephalus sanguineus(sensu lato):183,64.21%and Rhipicephalus microplus:102,35.79%]from dogs,cattle,and goats were collected.Microbial families were identified in these ticks by amplifying the 18 S r RNA,16 S r RNA(rrs),citrate synthase(glt A),and heat shock protein(gro EL)genes.Our data revealed the presence of four recognized species and two Candidatus spp.of Anaplasmataceae and Coxiellaceae.In sum,these data reveal an extensive diversity of Anaplasmataceae bacteria,Coxiellaceae bacteria,Babesiidae,and Hepatozoidae in ticks from Hainan Island,highlighting the need to understand the tickborne pathogen infection in local animals and humans.展开更多
Objective: To determine the prevalence of zoonotic tick-borne bacteria in feeding ticks removed from hunted wild animals. Methods: PCR was executed on DNA extracted from 77 tick pools to detect Anaplasma phagocytophil...Objective: To determine the prevalence of zoonotic tick-borne bacteria in feeding ticks removed from hunted wild animals. Methods: PCR was executed on DNA extracted from 77 tick pools to detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsia spp. Results: A total of 432 ticks were collected: 30(6.94%) Haemaphysalis punctata, 72(16.7%) Dermacentor marginatus and 330(76.38%) Ixodes ricinus. For each animal one or two pools of 3 ticks of the same species was constituted. Seventy-seven tick pools were examined by PCR: 58(75.32%) resulted infected and among them 14(18.18%) showed co-infections. In particular, 29(37.66%) pools were positive for Bartonella spp., 23(29.87%) for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 16(20.78%) for Rickettsia spp., and 5(6.49%) for Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. All samples were negative for Coxiella burnetii. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the presence of several zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in the studied area, and underline the risk of exposure to infections for hunters not only during the outdoor activity, but also when they manipulate hunted animals infested by infected ticks.展开更多
Objective:Different studies have been performed on the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in different areas of Iran;however,as far as our knowledge,there is no regional meta-analysis available for consideration and e...Objective:Different studies have been performed on the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in different areas of Iran;however,as far as our knowledge,there is no regional meta-analysis available for consideration and estimation of tick species infected with different pathogens in Iran.Methods:In this review,among different databases,a total of 95 publications were included,and the infection of different tick species to different tick-borne pathogens was determined;furthermore,presence of pathogens(with 95%confidence intervals)in tick vectors was calculated separately for each province,using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2(Biostat,USA).Results:Totally,among all 95 studies,5673 out of 33521 investigated ticks were positive according to different detection methods.Overall estimated presence of pathogens in tick vectors in Iran was 8.6%(95%CI 7.0%-10.6%,P<0.001).Of all 46 species of ticks in 10 genera in Iran,28 species in 9 genera,including Alveonasus,Argas,Boophilus,Dermacentor,Haemaphysalis,Hyalomma,Ixodes,Ornithodoros,and Rhipicephalus were infected with at least 20 pathogens in 10 genera including Aegyptianella,Anaplasma,Babesia,Borrelia,Brucella,Orthonairovirus[CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV)],Coxiella,Ehrlichia,Rickettsia and Theileria in 26 provinces of Iran.The presence of pathogens in ticks collected in western Iran was more than other regions.Hyalomma anatolicum(20.35%),Rhipicephalus sanguineus(15.00%),and Rhipicephalus bursa(14.08%)were the most prevalent infected ticks for different pathogens.In addition,most literatures were related to CCHFV and Theileria/Babesia spp.Conclusions:Public health and veterinary professionals should be aware of diagnosing possible diseases or outbreaks in vertebrates.展开更多
Ticks function as critical vectors for a wide range of pathogens that pose significant risks to both human and animal health.In recent years,the number and diversity of tick-borne pathogens have increased at an unprec...Ticks function as critical vectors for a wide range of pathogens that pose significant risks to both human and animal health.In recent years,the number and diversity of tick-borne pathogens have increased at an unprecedented rate,elevating tick-borne diseases(TBDs)to a major public health concern on a global scale.TBDs present a dual challenge,not only affecting human populations but also causing substantial economic losses in livestock industries across the world.The geographic distribution of many TBDs is shifting,with emerging,re-emerging,and resurging cases influenced by environmental factors such as deforestation and climate change.In China,rapid urbanization and concurrent improvements in urban ecological conditions have contributed to the expansion of tick habitats and increased human exposure to tick populations.Recent research warns that ticks and their associated pathogens present significant risks in urban environments,particularly in locations such as parks,playgrounds,and zoos.Despite these threats,public awareness of tick-borne diseases remains critically low.This review consolidates current knowledge on tick species and tick-borne pathogens found in urban parks and proposes strategic control measures to inform effective tick management policies both in China and globally.展开更多
Recently,there has been a continuous stream of reports on emerging tick-borne pathogens affecting humans.Qinghai Province,located in the northweastern region,is one of China’s major pastoral areas,providing a suitabl...Recently,there has been a continuous stream of reports on emerging tick-borne pathogens affecting humans.Qinghai Province,located in the northweastern region,is one of China’s major pastoral areas,providing a suitable environment for ticks''survival and transmitting tick-borne pathogens.Here,we collected 560 free-living and parasitic ticks from 11 locations in Qinghai Province using the flag-drag method or tweezers,identifying them as belonging to 4 species of ticks.The overall positivity rate for tick-borne pathogens was 51.61%,comprisingRickettsia(34.64%),Anaplasma(5.00%),Ehrlichia(2.14%),Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato(BBSL)(7.50%),Babesia(0.18%),andTheileria(5.89%).Sequencing revealed the presence of 7 species ofRickettsia,4 species ofAnaplasma,2 species ofEhrlichia,2 species of BBSL,1 species ofBabesia,and 3 species ofTheileria.Among the ticks,6.43%were co-infected with 2 pathogens,while 0.36%exhibited co-infection with 3 pathogens.Significant correlations(P<0.05)were observed between the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens and factors including tick species,sex,developmental stages,parasitic status,and blood-feeding status.The results highlight the diverse distribution of tick-borne pathogens in Qinghai Province,posing a significant threat to both local animal husbandry and human health.It underscores the need to enhance systematic monitoring of tick-borne pathogens in the local population and livestock.展开更多
Background:A wide variety of pathogens could be maintained and transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis.The aim of this study is to systematically examine the variety of pathogens carried by Haemaphysalis longicornis,...Background:A wide variety of pathogens could be maintained and transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis.The aim of this study is to systematically examine the variety of pathogens carried by Haemaphysalis longicornis,an importnatn vector,in tick-borne diseases epidemic area,and to estimate the risk of human infection imposed by tick bites.Methods:Adult questing ticks were collected in Xinyang,central China.Genomic DNA and RNA were extracted from 144 H.longicornis ticks individually,and sequenced respectively as the templates for high-throughput sequencing.Clean reads were compared against the database of NCBI nucleotide collection and specific PCR was performed to confirm the presence of pathogen.Phylogenetic analysis was performed to explore the evolutionary status of pathogens.Results:The assignment of reads to taxa based on BLASTN results revealed the existence of several potential pathogens,including Anaplasma spp.,Rickettsia spp.,Babesia sp.,as well as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus(SFTSV).Comfirmantory PCR assays revealed the existence of Anaplasma bovis(13/144,9.03%),Anaplasma centrale(2/144,1.39%),Rickettsia heilongjiangensis(3/144,2.08%),Rickettsia sp.LON-13(1/144,0.69%),Rickettsia raoultii(5/144,3.47%),Babesia sp.(1/144,0.69%).SFTSV accounted for the highest detected pathogen with a positive rate of 18.75%(27/144).Three of the ticks(2.08%)were co-infected with SFTSV and A.bovis.Conclusion:Our study provided a broadened list of microorganism that harbored by H.longicornis.In previously unrecognized endemic regions,prokaryotic and eukaryotic infection including Anaplasma spp.,Rickettsiae spp.,and Babesia spp.should be considered,along with the well-known SFTSV for patients with tick bites history.A novel Babesia species was identified in local natural foci,which needs further investigation in the future.展开更多
Introduction:Ticks and tick-borne diseases are increasing public health concerns in China.This study examines public awareness and concern using data from the People Cloud,a national public opinion data platform.Metho...Introduction:Ticks and tick-borne diseases are increasing public health concerns in China.This study examines public awareness and concern using data from the People Cloud,a national public opinion data platform.Methods:We analyzed 358,862 posts related to ticks,tick bites,Lyme disease,and tick-borne encephalitis from October 2022 to November 2023.Temporal trends and geographic distribution were assessed to identify patterns of public interest.Results:Public concern peaked in April,coinciding with tick season,with“ticks”being the most mentioned term,particularly on social media platforms,such as WeChat.High search activity was concentrated in southeastern and northern provinces,especially Zhejiang,Guangdong,and Jiangsu.Lyme disease posts were more dispersed,while tick-borne encephalitis posts clustered in southern areas.Conclusion:Public interest in ticks follows seasonal and regional trends,reflecting tick activity but not always matching disease risk or tick distribution.Monitoring public opinion data can guide targeted health interventions and improve disease prevention efforts.展开更多
Objective:To uncover the characteristics of tick-borne viruses in Guizhou Province.Methods:A total of 414 Rhipicephalus microplus were collected from 5 counties in Guizhou Province,China from August 2022 to October 20...Objective:To uncover the characteristics of tick-borne viruses in Guizhou Province.Methods:A total of 414 Rhipicephalus microplus were collected from 5 counties in Guizhou Province,China from August 2022 to October 2023.A group of 12 ticks from each study sites was sequenced by next generation sequencing.Results:8 contigs of Wuhan mivirus(Chuviridae,Mivirus)with the length of 2094 bp to 11580 bp and 4 contigs of Lihan tick virus(Phenuiviridae,Uukuvirus)with the length of 1401 bp to 7080 bp were obtained,respectively.The prevalence rate of Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus was 51.98%and 11.30%,respectively.The identities of gene sequences of both Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus were 94%-100%compared with sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information.The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Wuhan mivirus detected in this study was in the same branch with the Wuhan mivirus of Sichuan isolate TIGMIC-27(NCBI Accession:OP628598)and Zhejiang isolate TIGMIC-45(NCBI Accession:OP628613).In addition,the Lihan tick virus was in the same branch with the Sichuan Lihan tick virus isolate TIGMIC-46(NCBI Accession:ON812358).Conclusions:Both Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus were prevalent in Rhipicephalus microplus in Guizhou Province.More studies are needed to understand the pathogenicity and public health threats of these tick-borne viruses.展开更多
Tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)is a re-emerging pathogen in Kazakhstan,where the increasing risk of its spread underscores the need for improved healthcare preparedness,including the development of local vaccines....Tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)is a re-emerging pathogen in Kazakhstan,where the increasing risk of its spread underscores the need for improved healthcare preparedness,including the development of local vaccines.However,the absence of reference TBEV strains in the country presented a major challenge.To address this,we generated a prototype strain(Vasilchenko)of the Siberian TBEV genotype,predominant in Kazakhstan,using synthetic genome and molecular infectious clone technology.A DNA-launched TBEV molecular clone was assembled from DNA fragments,enabling virus rescue upon plasmid transfection.During the propagation of the post-transfection virus in cell culture,a single amino acid substitution(E51K)in the envelope protein emerged,resulting in a 100-fold increase in the titer of the mutant variant.In vivo,this mutation significantly attenuated virulence:while wild-type TBEV caused 100%mortality in BALB/c mice,the E51K variant was non-lethal and exhibited reduced viremia,suggesting impaired neuroinvasiveness.To further exploit this attenuated,high-titer virus,we developed a GFP-expressing reporter TBEV variant.Using this reporter system,we demonstrated that favipiravir possesses antiviral activity against TBEV,with inhibitory concentrations within a pharmacologically relevant range.In conclusion,synthetic genomics enabled the generation of a reference TBEV strain to replenish Kazakhstan's collections.The E51K mutation enhances viral replication in vitro while attenuating pathogenicity in vivo,and the derived reporter virus is suitable for antiviral compound screening.展开更多
Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as s...Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as single embryo and easy rooting.However,Citron C-05 was found to be highly susceptible to root rot during cultivation,with the specific pathogens previously unknown.In this study,four candidate fungal species were isolated from Citron C-05 roots.Sequence analysis of ITS,EF-1a,RPB1,and RPB2 identified two Fusarium solani strains,Rr-2 and Rr-4,as the candidates causing root rot in Citron C-05.Resistance tests showed these two pathogens increased root damage rate from 10.30%to 35.69%in Citron C-05,sour orange(Citrus aurantium),sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)and pummelo(Citrus grandis).F.solani exhibited the weak pathogenicity towards trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata).DAB staining revealed none of reddish-brown precipitation in the four susceptible citrus germplasm after infection with F.solani,while trifoliate orange exhibited significant H2O2 accumulation.Trypan blue staining indicated increased cell death in the four susceptible citrus germplasm following infection with these two pathogens but not in trifoliate orange.These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of citrus root rot and support future research on the mechanisms of root rot resistance in citrus.展开更多
NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),which first appeared in China in 2017,is currently one of the main epidemic strains in China.In this study,we found that a new variant of NADC34-l...NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),which first appeared in China in 2017,is currently one of the main epidemic strains in China.In this study,we found that a new variant of NADC34-like PRRSV evolved,named the L1A variant.The phylogenetics,epidemic status,and pathogenicity of the LA variants were subsequently comprehensively evaluated.Based on the results of the ORF5 phylogenetic analysis,the L1A variants were classified as NADC34-like PPRSV.All the strains had the same discontinuous 131-aa deletion in the NSP2 region(similar to that in the NADC30).Recombination analysis revealed that the L1A variants were recombinant viruses that contained an NADC30-like PRRSV skeleton,a nonstructural protein-encoding gene region obtained in part from JXA1-like PRRSV and a ORF2-ORF6 gene region partly obtained from NADC34-like PRRSV and that exhibited similar recombination patterns.We successfully isolated the L1A variant TZJ2756 from PAMs and Marc-145 cells.In animal experiments,TZJ2756 exhibited moderate pathogenicity in piglets,causing obvious clinical symptoms,namely,persistent fever,significantly reduced body weight,interstitial edema and severe interstitial pneumonia in the lungs,and prolonged high-load viremia.L1A variants have been detected in at least 12 provinces in China and share many similar epidemiological characteristics with the American L1C variant.This research will enhance our understanding of the prevalence of L1A variants and furnish valuable data for the ongoing monitoring of NADC34-like PRRSV in China.展开更多
Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)is the third most common pathogen causing 10.6%of bacterial foodborne illnesses in China in 2021[1].Heat-stable Staphylococcal Enterotoxins(SEs)produced by S.aureus are the main contribu...Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)is the third most common pathogen causing 10.6%of bacterial foodborne illnesses in China in 2021[1].Heat-stable Staphylococcal Enterotoxins(SEs)produced by S.aureus are the main contributors to staphylococcal food poisoning(SFP),causing vomiting,diarrhea,abdominal pain,headache,muscle cramps,and other acute gastroenteritis symptoms.More than 25 SEs and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins(SE/s)have been described and which together comprise a superfamily of pyrogenic toxin superantigens(SAgs)[2].展开更多
Multiple sclerosis is a severe autoimmune disorder that is mainly mediated by pathogenic cluster of CD4^(+)T cell subsets.Despite advancements in the management of multiple sclerosis,there is a critical need for more ...Multiple sclerosis is a severe autoimmune disorder that is mainly mediated by pathogenic cluster of CD4^(+)T cell subsets.Despite advancements in the management of multiple sclerosis,there is a critical need for more effective and safer treatments.In the present study,we administered Lycium barbarum glycopeptide to a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-an animal model of multiple sclerosis-and evaluated its effects on pathogenic CD4^(+)T cell activation both in vivo and in vitro.Lycium barbarum glycopeptide significantly mitigated the clinical severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,as demonstrated by reduced demyelination and neuroinflammation.Moreover,Lycium barbarum glycopeptide treatment decreased the infiltration of peripheral leukocytes into the central nervous system and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.Lycium barbarum glycopeptide also modulated pathogenic CD4^(+)T cell activation by inhibiting T helper 1/T helper 17 cell differentiation while promoting regulatory T cell expansion.Notably,no side effects were observed,suggesting the long-term safety and tolerability of Lycium barbarum glycopeptide.Furthermore,RNA sequencing data indicated that Lycium barbarum glycopeptide inhibits activator protein-1,an essential regulator of T cell activation and differentiation.This finding was supported by the reversal of T helper/T helper 17 cell response suppression upon AP-1 blockade.Collectively,these results highlight the potential of Lycium barbarum glycopeptide as an innovative therapeutic agent for CD4^(+)T cell-associated autoimmune or inflammatory diseases,such as multiple sclerosis.展开更多
Tick-borne diseases(TBDs) are a major public health concern that has increased in the past three decades. Nevertheless, emerging or reemerging TBDs may be still misdiagnosed. Molecular biology techniques for the scree...Tick-borne diseases(TBDs) are a major public health concern that has increased in the past three decades. Nevertheless, emerging or reemerging TBDs may be still misdiagnosed. Molecular biology techniques for the screening of ticks, use of "Omics" approaches and the incorporation of analytical methods such as mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance, to the study of ticks and their associated pathogens or potential pathogens are promising tools for a more accurate differential diagnosis of TBDs. However, this huge amount of data needs to be carefully interpreted before being incorporated to the routine of clinical practice. In the meantime, a clinical approach and high level of suspicion keep being essential for the diagnosis and proper handling of TBDs.展开更多
Tick-borne encephalitis is an infection of central nervous system caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted to humans predominantly by tick bites. During the last few decades the incidence of the disease has...Tick-borne encephalitis is an infection of central nervous system caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted to humans predominantly by tick bites. During the last few decades the incidence of the disease has been increasing and poses a growing health problem in almost all endemic European and Asian countries. Most cases occur during the highest period of tick activity, in Central Europe mainly from April to November. Tickborne encephalitis is more common in adults than in children. Clinical spectrum of the disease ranges from mild meningitis to severe meningoencephalitis with or without paralysis. Rare clinical manifestations are an abortive form of the disease and a chronic progressive form. A post-encephalitic syndrome, causing long-lasting morbidity that often affects the quality of life develops in up to 50% of patients after acute tick-borne encephalitis. Clinical course and outcome vary by subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus(the disease caused by the European subtype has milder course and better outcome than the disease caused by Siberian and Far-Easter subtypes), age of patients(increasing age is associated with less favorable outcome), and host genetic factors. Since clinical features and laboratory results of blood and cerebrospinal fluid are nonspecific, the diagnosis must be confirmed by microbiologic findings. The routine laboratory confirmation of the tick-borne encephalitis virus infection is based mainly on the detection of specific Ig M and Ig G antibodies in serum(and cerebrospinal fluid), usually by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There is no specific antiviral treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. Vaccination can effectively prevent the disease and is indicated for persons living in or visiting tick-borne encephalitis endemic areas.展开更多
Tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV) is a pathogenic virus known to cause central nervous system(CNS) diseases in humans, and has become an increasing public health threat nowadays. The rates of TBEV infection in the e...Tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV) is a pathogenic virus known to cause central nervous system(CNS) diseases in humans, and has become an increasing public health threat nowadays. The rates of TBEV infection in the endemic countries are increasing. However, there is no effective antiviral against the disease. This underscores the urgent need for tools to study the emergence and pathogenesis of TBEV and to accelerate the development of vaccines and antivirals. In this study, we reported an infectious c DNA clone of TBEV that was isolated in China(the WH2012 strain). A beta-globin intron was inserted in the coding region of nonstructural protein 1(NS1) gene to improve the stability of viral genome in bacteria. In mammalian cells, the inserted intron was excised and spliced precisely, which did not lead to the generation of inserted mutants. High titers of infectious progeny viruses were generated after the transfection of the infectious clone. The cDNA-derived TBEV replicated efficiently, and caused typical cytopathic effect(CPE) and plaques in BHK-21 cells. In addition, the CPE and growth curve of cDNA-derived virus were similar to that of its parental isolate in cells. Together, we have constructed the first infectious TBEV cDNA clone in China, and the clone can be used to investigate the genetic determinants of TBEV virulence and disease pathogenesis, and to develop countermeasures against the virus.展开更多
Ticks are important vectors for the transmission of pathogens including viruses.The viruses carried by ticks also known as tick-borne viruses(TBVs),contain a large group of viruses with diverse genetic properties and ...Ticks are important vectors for the transmission of pathogens including viruses.The viruses carried by ticks also known as tick-borne viruses(TBVs),contain a large group of viruses with diverse genetic properties and are concluded in two orders,nine families,and at least 12 genera.Some members of the TBVs are notorious agents causing severe diseases with high mortality rates in humans and livestock,while some others may pose risks to public health that are still unclear to us.Herein,we review the current knowledge of TBVs with emphases on the history of virus isolation and identification,tick vectors,and potential pathogenicity to humans and animals,including assigned species as well as the recently discovered and unassigned species.All these will promote our understanding of the diversity of TBVs,and will facilitate the further investigation of TBVs in association with both ticks and vertebrate hosts.展开更多
Tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)is an important tick-borne pathogen that poses as a serious public health concern.The coverage and immunogenicity of the currently available vaccines against TBEV are relatively low;...Tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)is an important tick-borne pathogen that poses as a serious public health concern.The coverage and immunogenicity of the currently available vaccines against TBEV are relatively low;therefore,it is crucial to develop novel and effective vaccines against TBEV.The present study describes a novel strategy for the assembly of virus-like particles(VLPs)by co-expressing the structural(core/prM/E)and non-structural(NS2B/NS3Pro)proteins of TBEV.The efficacy of the VLPs was subsequently evaluated in C57BL/6 mice,and the resultant IgG serum could neutralize both Far-Eastern and European subtypes of TBEV.These findings indicated that the VLP-based vaccine elicited the production of cross-subtype reactive antibodies.The VLPs provided protection to mice lacking the type I interferon receptor(IFNAR^(-/-))against lethal TBEV challenge,with undetectable viral load in brain and intestinal tissues.Furthermore,the group that received the VLP vaccine did not exhibit significant pathological changes and the inflammatory factors were significantly suppressed compared to the control group.Immunization with the VLP vaccine induced the production of multiple-cytokine-producing antiviral CD4+T cells in vivo,including TNF-α^(+),IL-2^(+),and IFN-γ^(+)T cells.Altogether,the findings suggest that noninfectious VLPs can serve as a potentially safe and effective vaccine candidate against diverse subtypes of TBEV.展开更多
In Scandinavia, tick-borne infections affecting humans include Lyme borreliosis (LB), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). Each of these infections can present with unspecific sympt...In Scandinavia, tick-borne infections affecting humans include Lyme borreliosis (LB), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). Each of these infections can present with unspecific symptoms. In this prospective clinical study, we recruited patients based on two independent inclusion criteria;1) patients with unspecific symptoms, i.e. fever (≥38.0℃) or a history of feverishness and/or any combination of headache, myalgia or arthralgia and 2) patients with erythema migrans (EM), following an observed tick bite or tick exposure within one month prior to onset of symptoms. A total of 206 patients fulfilled the study. Among these, we could identify 186 cases of LB (174 with EM), 18 confirmed and two probable cases of HGA and two cases of TBE. Thirteen of the HGA cases presented without fever. Furthermore, 22 of the EM patients had a sub-clinical co-infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, based on serology. Both TBE cases had co-infections, one with Borrelia burgdorferi and one with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. We conclude that it is important to consider several causative agents and possible co-infections in the clinical management of infectious diseases where ticks may be suspected as vectors.展开更多
基金This study was funded by the national key research and development programs of China(No.2017YFD0501803 and 2016YFD0501100)the Young Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine.
文摘On August 14th,2018,a Beijing resident living in Xicheng District found a female H.longicornis tick attached to the skin at the front of his upper shin.On examination,the patient was afebrile and appeared well.The species of the tick was identified through morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome C oxidase subunit I.This H.longicornis tick was screened for tick-borne pathogens such as viruses,bacteria and parasites.RNA pathogens were screened by PCR and sequencing,while DNA pathogens were screened by metagenomic analyses.It was found that the tick was positive for the DNA sequences of zoonotic and animal pathogens such as A phagocytophilum,Ehrlichia minasensis and C.burnetii.Considering the good health condition of the patient,we hypothesized that the pathogens originated from the tick specimen itself rather than host blood meal.For the first time,our study reveals the possible risk of transmission of tick-borne pathogens to human beings through tick bit in downtown Beijing.Further research is needed to screen for tick-borne pathogens among unfed ticks collected from central Beijing.
基金The National Science and Technology Major Project of China[No.2018ZX10101002-002]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grants 81702016]the National Science and Technology Major Project of China[2018ZX10712001-006-002 and 2018ZX10305409-003-005]。
文摘Pathogens like bacteria and protozoa,which affect human and animal health worldwide,can be transmitted by vectors like ticks.To investigate the epidemiology and genetic diversity of bacteria and protozoans carried by ticks in Chengmai county of Hainan province,China,285 adult hard ticks belonging to two species[Rhipicephalus sanguineus(sensu lato):183,64.21%and Rhipicephalus microplus:102,35.79%]from dogs,cattle,and goats were collected.Microbial families were identified in these ticks by amplifying the 18 S r RNA,16 S r RNA(rrs),citrate synthase(glt A),and heat shock protein(gro EL)genes.Our data revealed the presence of four recognized species and two Candidatus spp.of Anaplasmataceae and Coxiellaceae.In sum,these data reveal an extensive diversity of Anaplasmataceae bacteria,Coxiellaceae bacteria,Babesiidae,and Hepatozoidae in ticks from Hainan Island,highlighting the need to understand the tickborne pathogen infection in local animals and humans.
文摘Objective: To determine the prevalence of zoonotic tick-borne bacteria in feeding ticks removed from hunted wild animals. Methods: PCR was executed on DNA extracted from 77 tick pools to detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsia spp. Results: A total of 432 ticks were collected: 30(6.94%) Haemaphysalis punctata, 72(16.7%) Dermacentor marginatus and 330(76.38%) Ixodes ricinus. For each animal one or two pools of 3 ticks of the same species was constituted. Seventy-seven tick pools were examined by PCR: 58(75.32%) resulted infected and among them 14(18.18%) showed co-infections. In particular, 29(37.66%) pools were positive for Bartonella spp., 23(29.87%) for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 16(20.78%) for Rickettsia spp., and 5(6.49%) for Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. All samples were negative for Coxiella burnetii. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the presence of several zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in the studied area, and underline the risk of exposure to infections for hunters not only during the outdoor activity, but also when they manipulate hunted animals infested by infected ticks.
文摘Objective:Different studies have been performed on the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in different areas of Iran;however,as far as our knowledge,there is no regional meta-analysis available for consideration and estimation of tick species infected with different pathogens in Iran.Methods:In this review,among different databases,a total of 95 publications were included,and the infection of different tick species to different tick-borne pathogens was determined;furthermore,presence of pathogens(with 95%confidence intervals)in tick vectors was calculated separately for each province,using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2(Biostat,USA).Results:Totally,among all 95 studies,5673 out of 33521 investigated ticks were positive according to different detection methods.Overall estimated presence of pathogens in tick vectors in Iran was 8.6%(95%CI 7.0%-10.6%,P<0.001).Of all 46 species of ticks in 10 genera in Iran,28 species in 9 genera,including Alveonasus,Argas,Boophilus,Dermacentor,Haemaphysalis,Hyalomma,Ixodes,Ornithodoros,and Rhipicephalus were infected with at least 20 pathogens in 10 genera including Aegyptianella,Anaplasma,Babesia,Borrelia,Brucella,Orthonairovirus[CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever virus(CCHFV)],Coxiella,Ehrlichia,Rickettsia and Theileria in 26 provinces of Iran.The presence of pathogens in ticks collected in western Iran was more than other regions.Hyalomma anatolicum(20.35%),Rhipicephalus sanguineus(15.00%),and Rhipicephalus bursa(14.08%)were the most prevalent infected ticks for different pathogens.In addition,most literatures were related to CCHFV and Theileria/Babesia spp.Conclusions:Public health and veterinary professionals should be aware of diagnosing possible diseases or outbreaks in vertebrates.
基金Supported by the Clinical Research Special Project in Health Profession of Shanghai(202240331)The Sixth Round of Three-Year Public Health Action Plan of Shanghai(No.GWⅥ-11.1-13).
文摘Ticks function as critical vectors for a wide range of pathogens that pose significant risks to both human and animal health.In recent years,the number and diversity of tick-borne pathogens have increased at an unprecedented rate,elevating tick-borne diseases(TBDs)to a major public health concern on a global scale.TBDs present a dual challenge,not only affecting human populations but also causing substantial economic losses in livestock industries across the world.The geographic distribution of many TBDs is shifting,with emerging,re-emerging,and resurging cases influenced by environmental factors such as deforestation and climate change.In China,rapid urbanization and concurrent improvements in urban ecological conditions have contributed to the expansion of tick habitats and increased human exposure to tick populations.Recent research warns that ticks and their associated pathogens present significant risks in urban environments,particularly in locations such as parks,playgrounds,and zoos.Despite these threats,public awareness of tick-borne diseases remains critically low.This review consolidates current knowledge on tick species and tick-borne pathogens found in urban parks and proposes strategic control measures to inform effective tick management policies both in China and globally.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2002219)The datasets generated or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable requestAll the nucleotide sequences obtained in this study are available in the GenBank of National Center for Biotechnology Information with accession numbers OR805110-OR805127,OR792783-OR792797,OR793990-OR793998,and OR813910-OR813915.
文摘Recently,there has been a continuous stream of reports on emerging tick-borne pathogens affecting humans.Qinghai Province,located in the northweastern region,is one of China’s major pastoral areas,providing a suitable environment for ticks''survival and transmitting tick-borne pathogens.Here,we collected 560 free-living and parasitic ticks from 11 locations in Qinghai Province using the flag-drag method or tweezers,identifying them as belonging to 4 species of ticks.The overall positivity rate for tick-borne pathogens was 51.61%,comprisingRickettsia(34.64%),Anaplasma(5.00%),Ehrlichia(2.14%),Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato(BBSL)(7.50%),Babesia(0.18%),andTheileria(5.89%).Sequencing revealed the presence of 7 species ofRickettsia,4 species ofAnaplasma,2 species ofEhrlichia,2 species of BBSL,1 species ofBabesia,and 3 species ofTheileria.Among the ticks,6.43%were co-infected with 2 pathogens,while 0.36%exhibited co-infection with 3 pathogens.Significant correlations(P<0.05)were observed between the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens and factors including tick species,sex,developmental stages,parasitic status,and blood-feeding status.The results highlight the diverse distribution of tick-borne pathogens in Qinghai Province,posing a significant threat to both local animal husbandry and human health.It underscores the need to enhance systematic monitoring of tick-borne pathogens in the local population and livestock.
基金This study was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(81621005,81472005,81473023).
文摘Background:A wide variety of pathogens could be maintained and transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis.The aim of this study is to systematically examine the variety of pathogens carried by Haemaphysalis longicornis,an importnatn vector,in tick-borne diseases epidemic area,and to estimate the risk of human infection imposed by tick bites.Methods:Adult questing ticks were collected in Xinyang,central China.Genomic DNA and RNA were extracted from 144 H.longicornis ticks individually,and sequenced respectively as the templates for high-throughput sequencing.Clean reads were compared against the database of NCBI nucleotide collection and specific PCR was performed to confirm the presence of pathogen.Phylogenetic analysis was performed to explore the evolutionary status of pathogens.Results:The assignment of reads to taxa based on BLASTN results revealed the existence of several potential pathogens,including Anaplasma spp.,Rickettsia spp.,Babesia sp.,as well as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus(SFTSV).Comfirmantory PCR assays revealed the existence of Anaplasma bovis(13/144,9.03%),Anaplasma centrale(2/144,1.39%),Rickettsia heilongjiangensis(3/144,2.08%),Rickettsia sp.LON-13(1/144,0.69%),Rickettsia raoultii(5/144,3.47%),Babesia sp.(1/144,0.69%).SFTSV accounted for the highest detected pathogen with a positive rate of 18.75%(27/144).Three of the ticks(2.08%)were co-infected with SFTSV and A.bovis.Conclusion:Our study provided a broadened list of microorganism that harbored by H.longicornis.In previously unrecognized endemic regions,prokaryotic and eukaryotic infection including Anaplasma spp.,Rickettsiae spp.,and Babesia spp.should be considered,along with the well-known SFTSV for patients with tick bites history.A novel Babesia species was identified in local natural foci,which needs further investigation in the future.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 42107458).
文摘Introduction:Ticks and tick-borne diseases are increasing public health concerns in China.This study examines public awareness and concern using data from the People Cloud,a national public opinion data platform.Methods:We analyzed 358,862 posts related to ticks,tick bites,Lyme disease,and tick-borne encephalitis from October 2022 to November 2023.Temporal trends and geographic distribution were assessed to identify patterns of public interest.Results:Public concern peaked in April,coinciding with tick season,with“ticks”being the most mentioned term,particularly on social media platforms,such as WeChat.High search activity was concentrated in southeastern and northern provinces,especially Zhejiang,Guangdong,and Jiangsu.Lyme disease posts were more dispersed,while tick-borne encephalitis posts clustered in southern areas.Conclusion:Public interest in ticks follows seasonal and regional trends,reflecting tick activity but not always matching disease risk or tick distribution.Monitoring public opinion data can guide targeted health interventions and improve disease prevention efforts.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82160633 and 81760605)the GZPH-NSFC-2021-17,the Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program(Natural Science MS[2025](No.497)+1 种基金the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity of China(Grant No.SKLPBS2442)the High-level and Innovative Talents of Guizhou Province(QKH-GCC[2022]033-1).
文摘Objective:To uncover the characteristics of tick-borne viruses in Guizhou Province.Methods:A total of 414 Rhipicephalus microplus were collected from 5 counties in Guizhou Province,China from August 2022 to October 2023.A group of 12 ticks from each study sites was sequenced by next generation sequencing.Results:8 contigs of Wuhan mivirus(Chuviridae,Mivirus)with the length of 2094 bp to 11580 bp and 4 contigs of Lihan tick virus(Phenuiviridae,Uukuvirus)with the length of 1401 bp to 7080 bp were obtained,respectively.The prevalence rate of Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus was 51.98%and 11.30%,respectively.The identities of gene sequences of both Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus were 94%-100%compared with sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information.The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Wuhan mivirus detected in this study was in the same branch with the Wuhan mivirus of Sichuan isolate TIGMIC-27(NCBI Accession:OP628598)and Zhejiang isolate TIGMIC-45(NCBI Accession:OP628613).In addition,the Lihan tick virus was in the same branch with the Sichuan Lihan tick virus isolate TIGMIC-46(NCBI Accession:ON812358).Conclusions:Both Wuhan mivirus and Lihan tick virus were prevalent in Rhipicephalus microplus in Guizhou Province.More studies are needed to understand the pathogenicity and public health threats of these tick-borne viruses.
基金supported by funds from the scientific and technical program BR218004/0223“Improving measures to ensure biological safety in Kazakhstan:counteracting dangerous and especially dangerous infections”.Part of this work carried out in Russian Federation was supported by internal grant funding from the Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems:grant number 121022500179-0.Title:“Molecular,Organismal,and Population Patterns of the Epidemic Process of Anthropozoonotic and Transmissible Infections in the Territory of Northern Asia and Adjacent Areas”.
文摘Tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)is a re-emerging pathogen in Kazakhstan,where the increasing risk of its spread underscores the need for improved healthcare preparedness,including the development of local vaccines.However,the absence of reference TBEV strains in the country presented a major challenge.To address this,we generated a prototype strain(Vasilchenko)of the Siberian TBEV genotype,predominant in Kazakhstan,using synthetic genome and molecular infectious clone technology.A DNA-launched TBEV molecular clone was assembled from DNA fragments,enabling virus rescue upon plasmid transfection.During the propagation of the post-transfection virus in cell culture,a single amino acid substitution(E51K)in the envelope protein emerged,resulting in a 100-fold increase in the titer of the mutant variant.In vivo,this mutation significantly attenuated virulence:while wild-type TBEV caused 100%mortality in BALB/c mice,the E51K variant was non-lethal and exhibited reduced viremia,suggesting impaired neuroinvasiveness.To further exploit this attenuated,high-titer virus,we developed a GFP-expressing reporter TBEV variant.Using this reporter system,we demonstrated that favipiravir possesses antiviral activity against TBEV,with inhibitory concentrations within a pharmacologically relevant range.In conclusion,synthetic genomics enabled the generation of a reference TBEV strain to replenish Kazakhstan's collections.The E51K mutation enhances viral replication in vitro while attenuating pathogenicity in vivo,and the derived reporter virus is suitable for antiviral compound screening.
基金supported by Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A20228).
文摘Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as single embryo and easy rooting.However,Citron C-05 was found to be highly susceptible to root rot during cultivation,with the specific pathogens previously unknown.In this study,four candidate fungal species were isolated from Citron C-05 roots.Sequence analysis of ITS,EF-1a,RPB1,and RPB2 identified two Fusarium solani strains,Rr-2 and Rr-4,as the candidates causing root rot in Citron C-05.Resistance tests showed these two pathogens increased root damage rate from 10.30%to 35.69%in Citron C-05,sour orange(Citrus aurantium),sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)and pummelo(Citrus grandis).F.solani exhibited the weak pathogenicity towards trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata).DAB staining revealed none of reddish-brown precipitation in the four susceptible citrus germplasm after infection with F.solani,while trifoliate orange exhibited significant H2O2 accumulation.Trypan blue staining indicated increased cell death in the four susceptible citrus germplasm following infection with these two pathogens but not in trifoliate orange.These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of citrus root rot and support future research on the mechanisms of root rot resistance in citrus.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172890 and 32002315)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF0711004)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(YQ2022C042)the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology Foundation of China(SKLVBF202208)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF,China(GZC20233062)the National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs,China(NCTIP-XD/C09)。
文摘NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),which first appeared in China in 2017,is currently one of the main epidemic strains in China.In this study,we found that a new variant of NADC34-like PRRSV evolved,named the L1A variant.The phylogenetics,epidemic status,and pathogenicity of the LA variants were subsequently comprehensively evaluated.Based on the results of the ORF5 phylogenetic analysis,the L1A variants were classified as NADC34-like PPRSV.All the strains had the same discontinuous 131-aa deletion in the NSP2 region(similar to that in the NADC30).Recombination analysis revealed that the L1A variants were recombinant viruses that contained an NADC30-like PRRSV skeleton,a nonstructural protein-encoding gene region obtained in part from JXA1-like PRRSV and a ORF2-ORF6 gene region partly obtained from NADC34-like PRRSV and that exhibited similar recombination patterns.We successfully isolated the L1A variant TZJ2756 from PAMs and Marc-145 cells.In animal experiments,TZJ2756 exhibited moderate pathogenicity in piglets,causing obvious clinical symptoms,namely,persistent fever,significantly reduced body weight,interstitial edema and severe interstitial pneumonia in the lungs,and prolonged high-load viremia.L1A variants have been detected in at least 12 provinces in China and share many similar epidemiological characteristics with the American L1C variant.This research will enhance our understanding of the prevalence of L1A variants and furnish valuable data for the ongoing monitoring of NADC34-like PRRSV in China.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2022YFD1800400).
文摘Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)is the third most common pathogen causing 10.6%of bacterial foodborne illnesses in China in 2021[1].Heat-stable Staphylococcal Enterotoxins(SEs)produced by S.aureus are the main contributors to staphylococcal food poisoning(SFP),causing vomiting,diarrhea,abdominal pain,headache,muscle cramps,and other acute gastroenteritis symptoms.More than 25 SEs and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins(SE/s)have been described and which together comprise a superfamily of pyrogenic toxin superantigens(SAgs)[2].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundational of China,Nos.U24A20692(to CJZ),82371355(to CJZ),and 82101414(to MH)National NaturalScience Foundational of China for Excellent Young Scholars,No.82022019(to CJZ)+5 种基金Sichuan Special Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars,No.24NSFJQ0052(to CJZ)The Innovationand Entrepreneurial Team of Sichuan Tianfu Emei Program,No.CZ2024018(to CJZ)Funding for Distinguished Young Scholars of Sichuan Provincial People’sHospital,No.30420230005Funding for Distinguished Young Scholars of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,No.A1098531023601381(toCJZ)Sichuan Science and Technology Support Project,No.2023YFS0212(to BH)Project of Sichuan Provincial Health Commission,No.19PJ265(to LD).
文摘Multiple sclerosis is a severe autoimmune disorder that is mainly mediated by pathogenic cluster of CD4^(+)T cell subsets.Despite advancements in the management of multiple sclerosis,there is a critical need for more effective and safer treatments.In the present study,we administered Lycium barbarum glycopeptide to a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-an animal model of multiple sclerosis-and evaluated its effects on pathogenic CD4^(+)T cell activation both in vivo and in vitro.Lycium barbarum glycopeptide significantly mitigated the clinical severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,as demonstrated by reduced demyelination and neuroinflammation.Moreover,Lycium barbarum glycopeptide treatment decreased the infiltration of peripheral leukocytes into the central nervous system and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.Lycium barbarum glycopeptide also modulated pathogenic CD4^(+)T cell activation by inhibiting T helper 1/T helper 17 cell differentiation while promoting regulatory T cell expansion.Notably,no side effects were observed,suggesting the long-term safety and tolerability of Lycium barbarum glycopeptide.Furthermore,RNA sequencing data indicated that Lycium barbarum glycopeptide inhibits activator protein-1,an essential regulator of T cell activation and differentiation.This finding was supported by the reversal of T helper/T helper 17 cell response suppression upon AP-1 blockade.Collectively,these results highlight the potential of Lycium barbarum glycopeptide as an innovative therapeutic agent for CD4^(+)T cell-associated autoimmune or inflammatory diseases,such as multiple sclerosis.
文摘Tick-borne diseases(TBDs) are a major public health concern that has increased in the past three decades. Nevertheless, emerging or reemerging TBDs may be still misdiagnosed. Molecular biology techniques for the screening of ticks, use of "Omics" approaches and the incorporation of analytical methods such as mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance, to the study of ticks and their associated pathogens or potential pathogens are promising tools for a more accurate differential diagnosis of TBDs. However, this huge amount of data needs to be carefully interpreted before being incorporated to the routine of clinical practice. In the meantime, a clinical approach and high level of suspicion keep being essential for the diagnosis and proper handling of TBDs.
文摘Tick-borne encephalitis is an infection of central nervous system caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus transmitted to humans predominantly by tick bites. During the last few decades the incidence of the disease has been increasing and poses a growing health problem in almost all endemic European and Asian countries. Most cases occur during the highest period of tick activity, in Central Europe mainly from April to November. Tickborne encephalitis is more common in adults than in children. Clinical spectrum of the disease ranges from mild meningitis to severe meningoencephalitis with or without paralysis. Rare clinical manifestations are an abortive form of the disease and a chronic progressive form. A post-encephalitic syndrome, causing long-lasting morbidity that often affects the quality of life develops in up to 50% of patients after acute tick-borne encephalitis. Clinical course and outcome vary by subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus(the disease caused by the European subtype has milder course and better outcome than the disease caused by Siberian and Far-Easter subtypes), age of patients(increasing age is associated with less favorable outcome), and host genetic factors. Since clinical features and laboratory results of blood and cerebrospinal fluid are nonspecific, the diagnosis must be confirmed by microbiologic findings. The routine laboratory confirmation of the tick-borne encephalitis virus infection is based mainly on the detection of specific Ig M and Ig G antibodies in serum(and cerebrospinal fluid), usually by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There is no specific antiviral treatment for tick-borne encephalitis. Vaccination can effectively prevent the disease and is indicated for persons living in or visiting tick-borne encephalitis endemic areas.
基金This study was supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0507201)。
文摘Tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV) is a pathogenic virus known to cause central nervous system(CNS) diseases in humans, and has become an increasing public health threat nowadays. The rates of TBEV infection in the endemic countries are increasing. However, there is no effective antiviral against the disease. This underscores the urgent need for tools to study the emergence and pathogenesis of TBEV and to accelerate the development of vaccines and antivirals. In this study, we reported an infectious c DNA clone of TBEV that was isolated in China(the WH2012 strain). A beta-globin intron was inserted in the coding region of nonstructural protein 1(NS1) gene to improve the stability of viral genome in bacteria. In mammalian cells, the inserted intron was excised and spliced precisely, which did not lead to the generation of inserted mutants. High titers of infectious progeny viruses were generated after the transfection of the infectious clone. The cDNA-derived TBEV replicated efficiently, and caused typical cytopathic effect(CPE) and plaques in BHK-21 cells. In addition, the CPE and growth curve of cDNA-derived virus were similar to that of its parental isolate in cells. Together, we have constructed the first infectious TBEV cDNA clone in China, and the clone can be used to investigate the genetic determinants of TBEV virulence and disease pathogenesis, and to develop countermeasures against the virus.
基金supported by Science and Technology Basic Work Program (2013FY113500) from the Ministry of Science and Technology of Chinathe European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (No.653316)+1 种基金the Strategic Bio-resource Service Network Plan and Building the Biogenetic Resource Preserving Capacity Program from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ZSSB-002)the Hubei Provincial program of scientific and technological condition platform establishment (2017BEC003)
文摘Ticks are important vectors for the transmission of pathogens including viruses.The viruses carried by ticks also known as tick-borne viruses(TBVs),contain a large group of viruses with diverse genetic properties and are concluded in two orders,nine families,and at least 12 genera.Some members of the TBVs are notorious agents causing severe diseases with high mortality rates in humans and livestock,while some others may pose risks to public health that are still unclear to us.Herein,we review the current knowledge of TBVs with emphases on the history of virus isolation and identification,tick vectors,and potential pathogenicity to humans and animals,including assigned species as well as the recently discovered and unassigned species.All these will promote our understanding of the diversity of TBVs,and will facilitate the further investigation of TBVs in association with both ticks and vertebrate hosts.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number:2018YFA0507201 to X.W.C.)the National Science Foundation of China(grant number:32000111 to Q.Y.)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant number:2020T130021ZX to Q.Y.and grant number:2020M672580 to Q.Y.).
文摘Tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV)is an important tick-borne pathogen that poses as a serious public health concern.The coverage and immunogenicity of the currently available vaccines against TBEV are relatively low;therefore,it is crucial to develop novel and effective vaccines against TBEV.The present study describes a novel strategy for the assembly of virus-like particles(VLPs)by co-expressing the structural(core/prM/E)and non-structural(NS2B/NS3Pro)proteins of TBEV.The efficacy of the VLPs was subsequently evaluated in C57BL/6 mice,and the resultant IgG serum could neutralize both Far-Eastern and European subtypes of TBEV.These findings indicated that the VLP-based vaccine elicited the production of cross-subtype reactive antibodies.The VLPs provided protection to mice lacking the type I interferon receptor(IFNAR^(-/-))against lethal TBEV challenge,with undetectable viral load in brain and intestinal tissues.Furthermore,the group that received the VLP vaccine did not exhibit significant pathological changes and the inflammatory factors were significantly suppressed compared to the control group.Immunization with the VLP vaccine induced the production of multiple-cytokine-producing antiviral CD4+T cells in vivo,including TNF-α^(+),IL-2^(+),and IFN-γ^(+)T cells.Altogether,the findings suggest that noninfectious VLPs can serve as a potentially safe and effective vaccine candidate against diverse subtypes of TBEV.
基金FORSS—The Health Research Council in the Southeast of Sweden(Grant No 2000-320, 2001-332, 2002-335)research funds from the Ostergotland County Council (Grant No 2000-027, 2001-015, 2002-031)the Ostergotland County Council
文摘In Scandinavia, tick-borne infections affecting humans include Lyme borreliosis (LB), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA). Each of these infections can present with unspecific symptoms. In this prospective clinical study, we recruited patients based on two independent inclusion criteria;1) patients with unspecific symptoms, i.e. fever (≥38.0℃) or a history of feverishness and/or any combination of headache, myalgia or arthralgia and 2) patients with erythema migrans (EM), following an observed tick bite or tick exposure within one month prior to onset of symptoms. A total of 206 patients fulfilled the study. Among these, we could identify 186 cases of LB (174 with EM), 18 confirmed and two probable cases of HGA and two cases of TBE. Thirteen of the HGA cases presented without fever. Furthermore, 22 of the EM patients had a sub-clinical co-infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, based on serology. Both TBE cases had co-infections, one with Borrelia burgdorferi and one with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. We conclude that it is important to consider several causative agents and possible co-infections in the clinical management of infectious diseases where ticks may be suspected as vectors.
