Flexible polymer-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) offer promising potential for lightweight, cost-effective and versatile photovoltaic applications. However, the critical challenge in their widespread applicat...Flexible polymer-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) offer promising potential for lightweight, cost-effective and versatile photovoltaic applications. However, the critical challenge in their widespread applications is the weak thermal stability of most polymeric substrates, which can only withstand a maximum temperature processing of 150˚C. In this study, a facile and low-cost strategy is proposed to develop at low temperature DSSC flexible photoanode based on a polymeric matrix. Highly porous nanocomposites fibrous mats composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanobars were prepared through an electrospinning process using different configurations (uniaxial electrospinning, coaxial electrospinning, and electrospray-assisted electrospinning). These techniques enabled precise control of the microstructure and the positioning of TiO2 within the composite nanofibers. Therefore, the as-produced photoanodes were loaded with N719 dye and tested in DSSC prototype using iodide-triiodide electrolyte and platinum (Pt) coated counter electrode. The results show that incorporating TiO2 on the fiber surface through the electrospray-assisted electrospinning enhanced the performance of the nanofiber composite, leading to improved dye loading capacity, electron transfer efficiency and photovoltaic performance.展开更多
A novel WO3-x/TiO2 film as photoanode was synthesized for photoelectrocatalytic（PEC） reduction of CO2 into formic acid（HCOOH）. The films prepared by doctor blade method were characterized with X-ray diffractometer...A novel WO3-x/TiO2 film as photoanode was synthesized for photoelectrocatalytic（PEC） reduction of CO2 into formic acid（HCOOH）. The films prepared by doctor blade method were characterized with X-ray diffractometer（XRD）, scanning electron microscope（SEM） and transmission electron microscope（TEM）. The existence of oxygen vacancies in the WO3-x was confirmed with an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）, and the accurate oxygen index was determined by a modified potentiometric titrimetry method. After 3h of photoelectrocatalytic reduction, the formic acid yield of the WO3-x/TiO2 film is 872 nmol/cm^2, which is 1.83 times that of the WO3/TiO2 film. The results of PEC performance demonstrate that the introduction of WO3-x nanoparticles can improve the charge transfer performance so as to enhance the performance of PEC reduction of CO2 into formic acid.展开更多
Designing low-cost and high-performance photoelectrodes with improved light harvesting and charge separation rates is significant in photoelectrochemical water splitting.Here,a novel TiO2/Cu2O/Al/Al2O3 photoelectrode ...Designing low-cost and high-performance photoelectrodes with improved light harvesting and charge separation rates is significant in photoelectrochemical water splitting.Here,a novel TiO2/Cu2O/Al/Al2O3 photoelectrode is manufactured by depositing plasmonic nanoparticles of the non-noble metal Al on the surface of a TiO2/Cu2O core/shell heterojunction for the first time.The Al nanoparticles,which exhibit a surface plasmon resonance(SPR)effect and are substantially less expensive than noble metals such as Au and Ag,generate hot electron-hole pairs and amplify the electromagnetic field at the interface under illumination.The as-prepared TiO2/Cu2O/Al/Al2O3 photoelectrodes have an extended absorption range and enhanced carrier separation and transfer.Their photocurrent density of 4.52 mA·cm^-2 at 1.23 V vs.RHE represents an 1.84-fold improvement over that of TiO2/Cu2O.Specifically,the ultrathin Al2O3 passivation layer spontaneously generated on the surface of Al in air could act as a protective layer to significantly increase its stability.In this work,the synergistic effect of the heterojunctions and the SPR effect of the non-noble metal Al significantly improve the photoelectrode performance,providing a novel concept for the design of electrodes with good properties and high practicability.展开更多
In this work, a three-layer TiO2 composite film consisting of flower-like TiO2 （Flo-TiO2） as overlayer, TiOa nanotube arrays as interlayer and TiO2 nanoparticle （P25） as underlayer was fabricated as the photoelect...In this work, a three-layer TiO2 composite film consisting of flower-like TiO2 （Flo-TiO2） as overlayer, TiOa nanotube arrays as interlayer and TiO2 nanoparticle （P25） as underlayer was fabricated as the photoelectrode of dyesensitized solar cells （DSSCs）. Due to the introduction of Flo-TiO2, the three-layer composite film has strong lightscattering ability. Then, we have investigated and compared the photoelectric conversion properties of DSSCs based on three-layer structure （P25/TNT arrays/Flo-TiO2） photoelectrode and double-layer film （P25/TNT arrays） photoelectrode. It is found that DSSCs based on three-layer structure exhibit a high power conversion efficiency of 6.48% compared with the DSSCs composed of double-layer film （5.11%）.展开更多
We report on a novel g-C3N4/TiO 2/Co-Pi photoanode combining a TiO2 protection layer, Co-Pi hole capture layer, and g-C3 N4 light-absorption layer layer for photoelectrochemical（PEC） water splitting to generate hydr...We report on a novel g-C3N4/TiO 2/Co-Pi photoanode combining a TiO2 protection layer, Co-Pi hole capture layer, and g-C3 N4 light-absorption layer layer for photoelectrochemical（PEC） water splitting to generate hydrogen for the first time. This new photoanode with three function layers exhibits enhanced PEC performance with a photocurrent density of 0.346 mA ·cm–2 at 1.1 V（vs. RHE）,which is approximately 3.6 times that of pure g-C3N4 photoanode. The enhanced PEC performance of g-C3N4/TiO 2/Co-Pi photoanode benefits from the following：（1） excellent visible light absorption of g-C3N4;（2） stable protection of TiO2 to improve the durability of g-C3N4 film; and（3） photogenerated holes capture Co-Pi to separate photogenerated electron-hole pairs efficiently. This promising multifarious function layers structure provides a new perspective for PEC water splitting to generate hydrogen.展开更多
The DSSCs (Dye-sensitized solar cells) with photoanode using different sizes of particulate TiO2 (18 nm, 30 nm and 200 nm) have been fabricated. The synthetic organic dyes (LEG4) was used as photosensitizer. The prese...The DSSCs (Dye-sensitized solar cells) with photoanode using different sizes of particulate TiO2 (18 nm, 30 nm and 200 nm) have been fabricated. The synthetic organic dyes (LEG4) was used as photosensitizer. The present work mainly investigates the influence of TiO2 photoanode modification on light absorption, charge transport and carrier recombination which are then correlated to the device efficiency measured under AM1.5 solar irradiance. The DSSCs with photoanode using larger 200-nm-TiO2 as light scatterer outperform other devices without larger TiO2. It is attributed to an increase in harvesting photons (by UV-vis spectroscopic measurement) via light scattering, smaller ideality factor (by dark current analysis), thus lower recombination possibility, lower charge transfer resistance and longer electron lifetime (by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) which results in longer electron diffusion and higher charge collection efficiency. The photoanode modification in DSSCs has a strong impact on optical and charge transport properties, and eventually on the photovoltaic performance.展开更多
We synthesized a mesoporous film based on TiO2-reduced graphene oxide(RGO)hybrids using a one-step vapor-thermal method without the need for an additional annealing process.The vapor-thermally prepared TiO2-graphene h...We synthesized a mesoporous film based on TiO2-reduced graphene oxide(RGO)hybrids using a one-step vapor-thermal method without the need for an additional annealing process.The vapor-thermally prepared TiO2-graphene hybrid(VTH)features unique structures with an ultra-large specific surface area of^260 m^2 g^-1 and low aggregation,giving rise to enhanced light harvesting and increased charge generation and separation efficiency.It was observed that a mesoporous film with uniform pore distribution is simultaneously obtained during the VTH growth process.When a 5.0 wt%RGO VTH film was used as the active layer in photocatalysis,the highest photocatalytic activity for degradation of methyl orange was achieved.For another,when a 0.75 wt%RGO VTH film was used as the photoanode in a dye-sensitized solar cell,the power conversion efficiency reached 7.58%,which represents an increase of 73.1%compared to a solar cell using an a photoanode of pure TiO2 synthesized by a traditional solvothermal method.It is expected that this facile method for the synthesis of TiO2/graphene hybrid mesoporous films will be useful in practical applications for preparing other metal oxide/graphene hybrids with ultra-high photocatalytic activity and photovoltaic performance.展开更多
A new kind of self-standing CuO@TiO2 nanowires (NWs) film with hierarchical feature was prepared by a three-step protocol consisting of hydrothermal reaction, electroless plating, and branched growth processes. This h...A new kind of self-standing CuO@TiO2 nanowires (NWs) film with hierarchical feature was prepared by a three-step protocol consisting of hydrothermal reaction, electroless plating, and branched growth processes. This heterostructured CuO@TiO2 NWs film demonstrates the favorable physical properties in the photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) water splitting, such as the hierarchical surface, the extended optical absorption range, and the rapid interface charge transfer kinetics. Under the illumination of the simulated solar light, the pristine TiO2 NWs film only attains a photocurrent density of 0.12 mA/cm2 at 1.0 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Significantly, the CuO@TiO2 NWs film can yield a dramatically increased photocurrent density of 0.56 mA/cm2 at the same applied voltage. Furthermore, amperometric I?t tests of the CuO@TiO2 NWs film reveal satisfactory stability. All the above characteristics of this heterostructured CuO@TiO2 NWs film indicate its great potential in the water splitting applications with solar visible light.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical(PEC) cathodic protection is considered as an environment friendly method for metals anticorrosion. In this technology, a n-type semiconductor photoanode provides the photogenerated electrons for m...Photoelectrochemical(PEC) cathodic protection is considered as an environment friendly method for metals anticorrosion. In this technology, a n-type semiconductor photoanode provides the photogenerated electrons for metal to achieve cathodic protection. Comparing with traditional PEC photoanode for water splitting, it requires the photoanode providing a suitable cathodic potential for the metal, instead of pursuit ultimate photon to electric conversion efficiency, thus it is a more possible PEC technology for engineering application. To date, great efforts have been devoted to developing novel n-type semiconductors and advanced modification method to improve the performance on PEC cathodic protection metals. Herein, recent progresses in this field are summarized. We highlight the fabrication process of PEC cathodic protection thin film, various nanostructure controlling, doping, compositing methods and their operation mechanism. Finally, the current challenges and future potential works on improving the PEC cathodic protection performance are discussed.展开更多
ZnO-TiO2 hybrid photoanodes were fabricated via the doctor-blade method by integrating vertically-grown sparse ZnO arrays with hydrothermal TiO2 nanoparticles. A special surface-coating technique was developed to depo...ZnO-TiO2 hybrid photoanodes were fabricated via the doctor-blade method by integrating vertically-grown sparse ZnO arrays with hydrothermal TiO2 nanoparticles. A special surface-coating technique was developed to deposit a thin TiO2 layer on the surface of ZnO rods. Microstructure, optical and photoelectrochemical performance of the hybrid photoanodes were investigated. The denser ZnO array exhibited bad filling behavior of nanoparticles in the interspace of ZnO rods, strong scattering and low conversion efficiency (0.27%). The sparser array showed a much better integrated microstructure, improved transmittance and high conversion efficiency (2.68%). The surface modification of ZnO rods by the TiO2 thin layer was found useful in improving the interfacial microstructure between the ZnO rod and the TiO2 bulk film, and the total conversion efficiency of 3.01% was achieved, higher than that of the pure TiO2 nanoparticle cell (2.93%). The increased scattering effects on the incident light, the enhanced electron transportation at TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface, and the inhabited recombination were responsible for this improvement.展开更多
TiO2 photoanodes have aroused intensive research interest in photoelectrochemical （PEC） water splitting. However, they still suffer from poor electron-hole separation and sluggish oxygen evolution dynamics, leading ...TiO2 photoanodes have aroused intensive research interest in photoelectrochemical （PEC） water splitting. However, they still suffer from poor electron-hole separation and sluggish oxygen evolution dynamics, leading to the low photoconversion efficiency and limiting commercial application. Here, we designed and fabricated novel ternary non-noble metal carbonate hydroxide （ZNC-CH） nanosheet cocatalysts and integrated them with TiO2 nanorod arrays as highly efficient photoanodes of PEC cells. Compared with the pristine TiO2, the photocurrent of photoanode with the optimal amount of ZNC-CH represents 3.2 times enhancement, and the onset potential is shifted toward the negative potential direction of 62 mV, The remarkable enhancement is attributed to the suppressed carrier recombination and enhanced charge transfer efficiency at the interface of TiO2, ZNC-CH and electrolyte, which is closely related to the zinc elements modulated intrinsic activity of catalysts. Our results demonstrate that the introduction of multimetallic ZNC-CH cocatalysts onto photoanodes is a promising strategy to improve the PEC efficiency.展开更多
文摘Flexible polymer-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) offer promising potential for lightweight, cost-effective and versatile photovoltaic applications. However, the critical challenge in their widespread applications is the weak thermal stability of most polymeric substrates, which can only withstand a maximum temperature processing of 150˚C. In this study, a facile and low-cost strategy is proposed to develop at low temperature DSSC flexible photoanode based on a polymeric matrix. Highly porous nanocomposites fibrous mats composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanobars were prepared through an electrospinning process using different configurations (uniaxial electrospinning, coaxial electrospinning, and electrospray-assisted electrospinning). These techniques enabled precise control of the microstructure and the positioning of TiO2 within the composite nanofibers. Therefore, the as-produced photoanodes were loaded with N719 dye and tested in DSSC prototype using iodide-triiodide electrolyte and platinum (Pt) coated counter electrode. The results show that incorporating TiO2 on the fiber surface through the electrospray-assisted electrospinning enhanced the performance of the nanofiber composite, leading to improved dye loading capacity, electron transfer efficiency and photovoltaic performance.
基金Project(21471054)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A novel WO3-x/TiO2 film as photoanode was synthesized for photoelectrocatalytic（PEC） reduction of CO2 into formic acid（HCOOH）. The films prepared by doctor blade method were characterized with X-ray diffractometer（XRD）, scanning electron microscope（SEM） and transmission electron microscope（TEM）. The existence of oxygen vacancies in the WO3-x was confirmed with an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）, and the accurate oxygen index was determined by a modified potentiometric titrimetry method. After 3h of photoelectrocatalytic reduction, the formic acid yield of the WO3-x/TiO2 film is 872 nmol/cm^2, which is 1.83 times that of the WO3/TiO2 film. The results of PEC performance demonstrate that the introduction of WO3-x nanoparticles can improve the charge transfer performance so as to enhance the performance of PEC reduction of CO2 into formic acid.
文摘Designing low-cost and high-performance photoelectrodes with improved light harvesting and charge separation rates is significant in photoelectrochemical water splitting.Here,a novel TiO2/Cu2O/Al/Al2O3 photoelectrode is manufactured by depositing plasmonic nanoparticles of the non-noble metal Al on the surface of a TiO2/Cu2O core/shell heterojunction for the first time.The Al nanoparticles,which exhibit a surface plasmon resonance(SPR)effect and are substantially less expensive than noble metals such as Au and Ag,generate hot electron-hole pairs and amplify the electromagnetic field at the interface under illumination.The as-prepared TiO2/Cu2O/Al/Al2O3 photoelectrodes have an extended absorption range and enhanced carrier separation and transfer.Their photocurrent density of 4.52 mA·cm^-2 at 1.23 V vs.RHE represents an 1.84-fold improvement over that of TiO2/Cu2O.Specifically,the ultrathin Al2O3 passivation layer spontaneously generated on the surface of Al in air could act as a protective layer to significantly increase its stability.In this work,the synergistic effect of the heterojunctions and the SPR effect of the non-noble metal Al significantly improve the photoelectrode performance,providing a novel concept for the design of electrodes with good properties and high practicability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51572072 and 11204070)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2014-Ia-028)financially supported by State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing (No. 2016-KF-13)
文摘In this work, a three-layer TiO2 composite film consisting of flower-like TiO2 （Flo-TiO2） as overlayer, TiOa nanotube arrays as interlayer and TiO2 nanoparticle （P25） as underlayer was fabricated as the photoelectrode of dyesensitized solar cells （DSSCs）. Due to the introduction of Flo-TiO2, the three-layer composite film has strong lightscattering ability. Then, we have investigated and compared the photoelectric conversion properties of DSSCs based on three-layer structure （P25/TNT arrays/Flo-TiO2） photoelectrode and double-layer film （P25/TNT arrays） photoelectrode. It is found that DSSCs based on three-layer structure exhibit a high power conversion efficiency of 6.48% compared with the DSSCs composed of double-layer film （5.11%）.
基金supported by the Science Funds of Tianjin for Distinguished Young Scholar(17JCJQJC44800)Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(16JCYBJC17900)Open Foundation of Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for High-efficient Utilization of Solar Energy(HBSKFZD2017001)~~
文摘We report on a novel g-C3N4/TiO 2/Co-Pi photoanode combining a TiO2 protection layer, Co-Pi hole capture layer, and g-C3 N4 light-absorption layer layer for photoelectrochemical（PEC） water splitting to generate hydrogen for the first time. This new photoanode with three function layers exhibits enhanced PEC performance with a photocurrent density of 0.346 mA ·cm–2 at 1.1 V（vs. RHE）,which is approximately 3.6 times that of pure g-C3N4 photoanode. The enhanced PEC performance of g-C3N4/TiO 2/Co-Pi photoanode benefits from the following：（1） excellent visible light absorption of g-C3N4;（2） stable protection of TiO2 to improve the durability of g-C3N4 film; and（3） photogenerated holes capture Co-Pi to separate photogenerated electron-hole pairs efficiently. This promising multifarious function layers structure provides a new perspective for PEC water splitting to generate hydrogen.
基金Authors acknowledge the project grant(Activity code:MYA-01,2017-2019)from International Science Program(ISP),Uppsala University,Sweden。
文摘The DSSCs (Dye-sensitized solar cells) with photoanode using different sizes of particulate TiO2 (18 nm, 30 nm and 200 nm) have been fabricated. The synthetic organic dyes (LEG4) was used as photosensitizer. The present work mainly investigates the influence of TiO2 photoanode modification on light absorption, charge transport and carrier recombination which are then correlated to the device efficiency measured under AM1.5 solar irradiance. The DSSCs with photoanode using larger 200-nm-TiO2 as light scatterer outperform other devices without larger TiO2. It is attributed to an increase in harvesting photons (by UV-vis spectroscopic measurement) via light scattering, smaller ideality factor (by dark current analysis), thus lower recombination possibility, lower charge transfer resistance and longer electron lifetime (by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) which results in longer electron diffusion and higher charge collection efficiency. The photoanode modification in DSSCs has a strong impact on optical and charge transport properties, and eventually on the photovoltaic performance.
文摘We synthesized a mesoporous film based on TiO2-reduced graphene oxide(RGO)hybrids using a one-step vapor-thermal method without the need for an additional annealing process.The vapor-thermally prepared TiO2-graphene hybrid(VTH)features unique structures with an ultra-large specific surface area of^260 m^2 g^-1 and low aggregation,giving rise to enhanced light harvesting and increased charge generation and separation efficiency.It was observed that a mesoporous film with uniform pore distribution is simultaneously obtained during the VTH growth process.When a 5.0 wt%RGO VTH film was used as the active layer in photocatalysis,the highest photocatalytic activity for degradation of methyl orange was achieved.For another,when a 0.75 wt%RGO VTH film was used as the photoanode in a dye-sensitized solar cell,the power conversion efficiency reached 7.58%,which represents an increase of 73.1%compared to a solar cell using an a photoanode of pure TiO2 synthesized by a traditional solvothermal method.It is expected that this facile method for the synthesis of TiO2/graphene hybrid mesoporous films will be useful in practical applications for preparing other metal oxide/graphene hybrids with ultra-high photocatalytic activity and photovoltaic performance.
基金Projects(21107032,21473079)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(Y201330088,Y20133003)supported by the Department of Education of Zhejiang Province,China
文摘A new kind of self-standing CuO@TiO2 nanowires (NWs) film with hierarchical feature was prepared by a three-step protocol consisting of hydrothermal reaction, electroless plating, and branched growth processes. This heterostructured CuO@TiO2 NWs film demonstrates the favorable physical properties in the photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) water splitting, such as the hierarchical surface, the extended optical absorption range, and the rapid interface charge transfer kinetics. Under the illumination of the simulated solar light, the pristine TiO2 NWs film only attains a photocurrent density of 0.12 mA/cm2 at 1.0 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Significantly, the CuO@TiO2 NWs film can yield a dramatically increased photocurrent density of 0.56 mA/cm2 at the same applied voltage. Furthermore, amperometric I?t tests of the CuO@TiO2 NWs film reveal satisfactory stability. All the above characteristics of this heterostructured CuO@TiO2 NWs film indicate its great potential in the water splitting applications with solar visible light.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant no.41506093)
文摘Photoelectrochemical(PEC) cathodic protection is considered as an environment friendly method for metals anticorrosion. In this technology, a n-type semiconductor photoanode provides the photogenerated electrons for metal to achieve cathodic protection. Comparing with traditional PEC photoanode for water splitting, it requires the photoanode providing a suitable cathodic potential for the metal, instead of pursuit ultimate photon to electric conversion efficiency, thus it is a more possible PEC technology for engineering application. To date, great efforts have been devoted to developing novel n-type semiconductors and advanced modification method to improve the performance on PEC cathodic protection metals. Herein, recent progresses in this field are summarized. We highlight the fabrication process of PEC cathodic protection thin film, various nanostructure controlling, doping, compositing methods and their operation mechanism. Finally, the current challenges and future potential works on improving the PEC cathodic protection performance are discussed.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant Nos. 2009CB623304 and 2011CB013805the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51072214 and 51002174)
文摘ZnO-TiO2 hybrid photoanodes were fabricated via the doctor-blade method by integrating vertically-grown sparse ZnO arrays with hydrothermal TiO2 nanoparticles. A special surface-coating technique was developed to deposit a thin TiO2 layer on the surface of ZnO rods. Microstructure, optical and photoelectrochemical performance of the hybrid photoanodes were investigated. The denser ZnO array exhibited bad filling behavior of nanoparticles in the interspace of ZnO rods, strong scattering and low conversion efficiency (0.27%). The sparser array showed a much better integrated microstructure, improved transmittance and high conversion efficiency (2.68%). The surface modification of ZnO rods by the TiO2 thin layer was found useful in improving the interfacial microstructure between the ZnO rod and the TiO2 bulk film, and the total conversion efficiency of 3.01% was achieved, higher than that of the pure TiO2 nanoparticle cell (2.93%). The increased scattering effects on the incident light, the enhanced electron transportation at TiO2/dye/electrolyte interface, and the inhabited recombination were responsible for this improvement.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51772197,51422206,51372159)the1000 Youth Talents Plan,the Key University Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province(17KJA430013)+1 种基金the 333 High-level Talents Cultivation Project of Jiangsu Province,Six Talents Peak Project of Jiangsu Province,Distinguished Young Scholars Foundation by Jiangsu Science and Technology Committee(BK20140009)Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘TiO2 photoanodes have aroused intensive research interest in photoelectrochemical （PEC） water splitting. However, they still suffer from poor electron-hole separation and sluggish oxygen evolution dynamics, leading to the low photoconversion efficiency and limiting commercial application. Here, we designed and fabricated novel ternary non-noble metal carbonate hydroxide （ZNC-CH） nanosheet cocatalysts and integrated them with TiO2 nanorod arrays as highly efficient photoanodes of PEC cells. Compared with the pristine TiO2, the photocurrent of photoanode with the optimal amount of ZNC-CH represents 3.2 times enhancement, and the onset potential is shifted toward the negative potential direction of 62 mV, The remarkable enhancement is attributed to the suppressed carrier recombination and enhanced charge transfer efficiency at the interface of TiO2, ZNC-CH and electrolyte, which is closely related to the zinc elements modulated intrinsic activity of catalysts. Our results demonstrate that the introduction of multimetallic ZNC-CH cocatalysts onto photoanodes is a promising strategy to improve the PEC efficiency.
