Photovoltaic (PV) modules have emerged as an ideal technology of choice for <span>harvesting vastly available renewable energy resources. However, the effi</span>ciency <span>of PV modules remains si...Photovoltaic (PV) modules have emerged as an ideal technology of choice for <span>harvesting vastly available renewable energy resources. However, the effi</span>ciency <span>of PV modules remains significantly lower than that of other renewable</span> energy sources such as wind and hydro. One of the critical elements affecting a photovoltaic module’s efficiency is the variety of external climatic conditions under which it is installed. In this work, the effect of simulated snow loads was evaluated on the performance of PV modules with different <span>types of cells and numbers of busbars. According to ASTM-1830 and IEC-1215</span> standards, a load of 5400 Pa was applied to the surface of PV modules for 3 hours. An indigenously developed pneumatic airbag test setup was used for the uniform application of this load throughout the test, which was validated by load cell and pressure gauge. Electroluminescence (EL) imaging and solar flash tests were performed before and after the application of load to characterize the performance and effect of load on PV modules. Based on these tests, the maxi<span>mum power output, efficiency, fill factor and series resistance were deter</span>mined. The results show that polycrystalline modules are the most likely to withstand the snow loads as compared to monocrystalline PV modules. A maximum drop of 32.13% in the power output and a 17.6% increase in series resistance were observed in the modules having more cracks. These findings demonstrated the efficacy of the newly established test setup and the potential of snow loads for reducing the overall performance of PV module.展开更多
This paper provides a comprehensive review of various experimental methods used to study carbon corrosion in automotive polymer exchange membrane fuel cells.Quantifying the extent of carbon corrosion is essential for ...This paper provides a comprehensive review of various experimental methods used to study carbon corrosion in automotive polymer exchange membrane fuel cells.Quantifying the extent of carbon corrosion is essential for advancing the technology and implementing effective mitigation strategies.While studying degradation events directly within a real-world fuel cell vehicle offers the most reliable insights,the high costs and time demands make it necessary to develop specialised experimental techniques that provide high-resolution data more efficiently and cost-effectively.This review explores the various experimental approaches utilised in automotive application induced carbon corrosion studies globally,including load profiles,test setups,break-in procedures,and cell recovery protocols.In this paper,emphasis is placed on the standardised procedures proposed by leading institutions worldwide,accompanied by critical discussions on these protocols.Furthermore,the paper highlights modified or innovative procedures developed by smaller institutions,universities,and individual researchers,thereby offering a comprehensive overview essential for carbon corrosion analysis.The review also discusses the fundamental principles,benefits,and limitations of various procedures,offering guidance on selecting the most appropriate approach for a given study.Lastly,it addresses the limitations within the current body of literature and outlines potential future prospects.展开更多
给出 MIL-STD-461F 中拉杆天线试验布置的变化,然后选取有代表性的4个样品进行试验来分析拉杆天线试验布置的变化对测量结果的影响。测量结果表明,在大约5 MHz 以上频段的多个频点,依据 F 版的测量布置得到的测量结果明显小于依据 D 版...给出 MIL-STD-461F 中拉杆天线试验布置的变化,然后选取有代表性的4个样品进行试验来分析拉杆天线试验布置的变化对测量结果的影响。测量结果表明,在大约5 MHz 以上频段的多个频点,依据 F 版的测量布置得到的测量结果明显小于依据 D 版和 E 版的测量布置得到的结果。而对于5MHz 以下的频段,在某些频点上,依据 F 版的测量布置得到的测量结果明显大于依据 D 版和 E 版的测量布置得到的结果。展开更多
文摘Photovoltaic (PV) modules have emerged as an ideal technology of choice for <span>harvesting vastly available renewable energy resources. However, the effi</span>ciency <span>of PV modules remains significantly lower than that of other renewable</span> energy sources such as wind and hydro. One of the critical elements affecting a photovoltaic module’s efficiency is the variety of external climatic conditions under which it is installed. In this work, the effect of simulated snow loads was evaluated on the performance of PV modules with different <span>types of cells and numbers of busbars. According to ASTM-1830 and IEC-1215</span> standards, a load of 5400 Pa was applied to the surface of PV modules for 3 hours. An indigenously developed pneumatic airbag test setup was used for the uniform application of this load throughout the test, which was validated by load cell and pressure gauge. Electroluminescence (EL) imaging and solar flash tests were performed before and after the application of load to characterize the performance and effect of load on PV modules. Based on these tests, the maxi<span>mum power output, efficiency, fill factor and series resistance were deter</span>mined. The results show that polycrystalline modules are the most likely to withstand the snow loads as compared to monocrystalline PV modules. A maximum drop of 32.13% in the power output and a 17.6% increase in series resistance were observed in the modules having more cracks. These findings demonstrated the efficacy of the newly established test setup and the potential of snow loads for reducing the overall performance of PV module.
文摘This paper provides a comprehensive review of various experimental methods used to study carbon corrosion in automotive polymer exchange membrane fuel cells.Quantifying the extent of carbon corrosion is essential for advancing the technology and implementing effective mitigation strategies.While studying degradation events directly within a real-world fuel cell vehicle offers the most reliable insights,the high costs and time demands make it necessary to develop specialised experimental techniques that provide high-resolution data more efficiently and cost-effectively.This review explores the various experimental approaches utilised in automotive application induced carbon corrosion studies globally,including load profiles,test setups,break-in procedures,and cell recovery protocols.In this paper,emphasis is placed on the standardised procedures proposed by leading institutions worldwide,accompanied by critical discussions on these protocols.Furthermore,the paper highlights modified or innovative procedures developed by smaller institutions,universities,and individual researchers,thereby offering a comprehensive overview essential for carbon corrosion analysis.The review also discusses the fundamental principles,benefits,and limitations of various procedures,offering guidance on selecting the most appropriate approach for a given study.Lastly,it addresses the limitations within the current body of literature and outlines potential future prospects.
文摘给出 MIL-STD-461F 中拉杆天线试验布置的变化,然后选取有代表性的4个样品进行试验来分析拉杆天线试验布置的变化对测量结果的影响。测量结果表明,在大约5 MHz 以上频段的多个频点,依据 F 版的测量布置得到的测量结果明显小于依据 D 版和 E 版的测量布置得到的结果。而对于5MHz 以下的频段,在某些频点上,依据 F 版的测量布置得到的测量结果明显大于依据 D 版和 E 版的测量布置得到的结果。
