Walking experience through urban spaces is a frequent daily activity.Thus,planning and designing for walkability become crucial for building up quality of life.Our daily walks around the city are affected by fulfillin...Walking experience through urban spaces is a frequent daily activity.Thus,planning and designing for walkability become crucial for building up quality of life.Our daily walks around the city are affected by fulfilling the needed psychological contentment that is in turn measured unconsciously by our temporal perception.This contentment is inherent in what we experience in accordance with urban ambiance that goes beyond the spatial attributes of spaces to include their social and sensorial dimensions.Thus,the question here is how walkability of urban routes is affected by urban ambiance and therefore perceived in terms of time.Therefore,this study aims to understate the trilateral interrelation of walkability,temporal perception,and urban ambiance in walkable routes for daily routine use.This work depends on an experimental study where participants are asked to walk along two selected routes.Data-gathering tools rely on documenting the lived experience of the target group via reporting their trips and answering a questionnaire.Pattern analysis demonstrates this trilateral interrelation to clarify the interplay.This study concludes specific qualities of walkable routes for routine use that reduce sense of time,which is highly crucial to be realized in such daily walk journeys.展开更多
Motor timing is an important part of sensorimotor control. Previous studies have shown that beta oscillations embody the process of temporal perception in explicit timing tasks. In contrast, studies focusing on beta o...Motor timing is an important part of sensorimotor control. Previous studies have shown that beta oscillations embody the process of temporal perception in explicit timing tasks. In contrast, studies focusing on beta oscillations in implicit timing tasks are lacking. In this study, we set up an implicit motor timing task and found a modulation pattern of beta oscillations with temporal perception during movement preparation. We trained two macaques in a repetitive visually-guided reach-to-grasp task with different holding intervals. Spikes and local field potentials were recorded from microelectrode arrays in the primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. We analyzed the association between beta oscillations and temporal interval in fixedduration experiments(500 ms as the Short Group and1500 ms as the Long Group) and random-duration experiments(500 ms to 1500 ms). The results showed that the peak beta frequencies in both experiments ranged from15 Hz to 25 Hz. The beta power was higher during the hold period than the movement(reach and grasp) period.Further, in the fixed-duration experiments, the mean poweras well as the maximum rate of change of beta power in the first 300 ms were higher in the Short Group than in the Long Group when aligned with the Center Hit event. In contrast, in the random-duration experiments, the corresponding values showed no statistical differences among groups. The peak latency of beta power was shorter in the Short Group than in the Long Group in the fixed-duration experiments, while no consistent modulation pattern was found in the random-duration experiments. These results indicate that beta oscillations can modulate with temporal interval in their power mode. The synchronization period of beta power could reflect the cognitive set maintaining working memory of the temporal structure and attention.展开更多
The present study examined whether audiovisual integration of temporal stimulus features in humans can be predicted by the maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） model which is based on the weighting of unisensory cues...The present study examined whether audiovisual integration of temporal stimulus features in humans can be predicted by the maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） model which is based on the weighting of unisensory cues by their relative reliabilities. In an audiovisual temporal order judgment paradigm, the reliability of the auditory signal was manipulated by Gaussian volume envelopes, introducing varying degrees of temporal uncertainty. While statistically optimal weighting according to the MLE rule was found in half of the participants, the other half consistently overweighted the auditory signal. The results are discussed in terms of a general auditory bias in time perception, interindividual differences, as well as in terms of the conditions and limits of statistically optimal multisensory integration.展开更多
Even though in physics“time”is considered to be continuous,how the brain and mind deal with time might be different.It has been proposed that in cognition,time windows provide logistic platforms for information proc...Even though in physics“time”is considered to be continuous,how the brain and mind deal with time might be different.It has been proposed that in cognition,time windows provide logistic platforms for information processing,such as the low-frequency 3-s time window.The following series of behavioral experiments may shed light on the dynamics within such a time window.Using a duration reproduction paradigm,we first replicated a pattern of reproduced duration observed in a previous single-case study.Specifically,the reproduction increases as the pause between standard duration and reproduction increases,but only within the time window of some 3 s;when the pause goes beyond 4 s,the reproduction reaches a plateau of a subjective set-point.This increasing phase is named the“temporal transition zone.”Three more experiments were performed to test the features of the transition zone as a low-frequency time window.It is also observed with different standard durations(2,3,4.5 s,in Experiment 2),and even when the frequency of the auditory stimuli was different in standard and reproduction(300 Hz in standard duration and 400 Hz in reproduction,in Experiment 4).The transition zone was observed only with pause durations of 2 to 3 s;when the shortest pause duration was 5 s,the transition zone was no longer observed,and the reproduction was stable at the subjective set-point(in Experiment 3).Taken together,we suggest that the temporal transition zone indicates a pre-semantic logistic platform to organize and process the information flow;in such a time window of some 3 seconds,the identity of an ongoing event is substantiated,building the“subjective present.”展开更多
The present study demonstrates that spatial attention modulates temporal order perception differently in the perifoveal and peripheral regions,with a more pronounced effect in the left peripheral visual field,suggesti...The present study demonstrates that spatial attention modulates temporal order perception differently in the perifoveal and peripheral regions,with a more pronounced effect in the left peripheral visual field,suggesting a dissociation in attentional systems for event timing at the sub-second level.展开更多
How temporal sequence gets organized is a central topic in cognitive processing.In a high-frequency time window of tens of milliseconds,the temporal order is reconstructed rather than mirroring the sequence of events ...How temporal sequence gets organized is a central topic in cognitive processing.In a high-frequency time window of tens of milliseconds,the temporal order is reconstructed rather than mirroring the sequence of events objectively in physical time.Two separate phases or strategies,a holistic coding phase that groups successively presented events as a gestalt and a disentanglement phase that decodes the temporal order of discrete events from the gestalt representation,may presumably be involved in the perception of temporal order across different modalities.With a temporal order adaptation protocol of pure tones using glide adaptors,the present study demonstrated a dissociation between constant discriminability and shifted subjective simultaneity across different adaptor directions.While discriminability of temporal order was not adapted by glides,revealing a constant coding sensitivity of different asynchronies,the shift of subjective simultaneity indicated the recalibration of a top-down disentanglement of the holistic processing under the influence of glide adaptors.The results suggest a dual-phase holistic processing in temporal order perception,supporting two separate cognitive strategies for event timing on the sub-second level.展开更多
Recent experiences bias the perception of following stimuli,as has been verified in various kinds of experiments in visual perception.This phenomenon,known as serial dependence,may reflect mechanisms to maintain perce...Recent experiences bias the perception of following stimuli,as has been verified in various kinds of experiments in visual perception.This phenomenon,known as serial dependence,may reflect mechanisms to maintain perceptual stability.In the current study,we examined several key properties of serial dependence in temporal perception.Firstly,we examined the source of the serial dependence effect in temporal perception.We found that perception without motor reproduction is sufficient to induce the sequential effect;motor reproduction caused a stronger effect and is achieved by biasing the perception of the future target duration rather than directly influencing the subsequent movement.Secondly,we ask how working memory influences serial dependence in a temporal reproduction task.By varying the delay time between standard duration and the reproduction,we showed that the strength of serial dependence is enhanced as the delay increased.Those features of serial dependence are consistent with what has been observed in visual perceptual tasks,for example,orientation perception or location perception.The similarities between the visual and the timing tasks may suggest a similar neural coding mechanism of magnitude between the visual stimuli and the duration.展开更多
The use of visual representations of time is common in both research and daily life,with progress icons,such as bars and rings,being popular examples.Despite some studies investigating the advantage of different shape...The use of visual representations of time is common in both research and daily life,with progress icons,such as bars and rings,being popular examples.Despite some studies investigating the advantage of different shapes,there has been no consistent result from questionnaires.This study aims to investigate this topic by using an objective temporal reproduction task to compare the potential difference between short and long waiting times,as evidence indicates that the temporal machinery could be different within and beyond 2-3 s.The study also explores the role of the percentage of progress icons.Two groups of participants first experienced a short(3 s)or long(15 s)duration with a dynamic progress icon,which varied by shape(bar vs.ring)and progress percentage(20%vs.80%).Then they reproduced the duration with a button,seeing a neutral grey square on the screen.The results revealed that the reproduced durations of bars were significantly shorter than those of rings,but only for the long duration condition(15 s).Additionally,a larger progress percentage led to longer reproductions for both 3 s and 15 s.These findings suggest that the spatial configuration is significant when the waiting time is relatively long,supporting the hierarchical model of temporal perception.Overall,this study contributes to both industrial design and our understanding of the cognitive mechanism of temporal perception.展开更多
文摘Walking experience through urban spaces is a frequent daily activity.Thus,planning and designing for walkability become crucial for building up quality of life.Our daily walks around the city are affected by fulfilling the needed psychological contentment that is in turn measured unconsciously by our temporal perception.This contentment is inherent in what we experience in accordance with urban ambiance that goes beyond the spatial attributes of spaces to include their social and sensorial dimensions.Thus,the question here is how walkability of urban routes is affected by urban ambiance and therefore perceived in terms of time.Therefore,this study aims to understate the trilateral interrelation of walkability,temporal perception,and urban ambiance in walkable routes for daily routine use.This work depends on an experimental study where participants are asked to walk along two selected routes.Data-gathering tools rely on documenting the lived experience of the target group via reporting their trips and answering a questionnaire.Pattern analysis demonstrates this trilateral interrelation to clarify the interplay.This study concludes specific qualities of walkable routes for routine use that reduce sense of time,which is highly crucial to be realized in such daily walk journeys.
基金the International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31320103914)the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31370987)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Outstanding Young Scholars (81622027)the Beijing Nova Program of China (2016B615)the National Basic Research Development Program of China (2017YFA0106100)
文摘Motor timing is an important part of sensorimotor control. Previous studies have shown that beta oscillations embody the process of temporal perception in explicit timing tasks. In contrast, studies focusing on beta oscillations in implicit timing tasks are lacking. In this study, we set up an implicit motor timing task and found a modulation pattern of beta oscillations with temporal perception during movement preparation. We trained two macaques in a repetitive visually-guided reach-to-grasp task with different holding intervals. Spikes and local field potentials were recorded from microelectrode arrays in the primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. We analyzed the association between beta oscillations and temporal interval in fixedduration experiments(500 ms as the Short Group and1500 ms as the Long Group) and random-duration experiments(500 ms to 1500 ms). The results showed that the peak beta frequencies in both experiments ranged from15 Hz to 25 Hz. The beta power was higher during the hold period than the movement(reach and grasp) period.Further, in the fixed-duration experiments, the mean poweras well as the maximum rate of change of beta power in the first 300 ms were higher in the Short Group than in the Long Group when aligned with the Center Hit event. In contrast, in the random-duration experiments, the corresponding values showed no statistical differences among groups. The peak latency of beta power was shorter in the Short Group than in the Long Group in the fixed-duration experiments, while no consistent modulation pattern was found in the random-duration experiments. These results indicate that beta oscillations can modulate with temporal interval in their power mode. The synchronization period of beta power could reflect the cognitive set maintaining working memory of the temporal structure and attention.
基金Supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) (No. GK 1247/1)
文摘The present study examined whether audiovisual integration of temporal stimulus features in humans can be predicted by the maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） model which is based on the weighting of unisensory cues by their relative reliabilities. In an audiovisual temporal order judgment paradigm, the reliability of the auditory signal was manipulated by Gaussian volume envelopes, introducing varying degrees of temporal uncertainty. While statistically optimal weighting according to the MLE rule was found in half of the participants, the other half consistently overweighted the auditory signal. The results are discussed in terms of a general auditory bias in time perception, interindividual differences, as well as in terms of the conditions and limits of statistically optimal multisensory integration.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:31771213China Scholarship Counc。
文摘Even though in physics“time”is considered to be continuous,how the brain and mind deal with time might be different.It has been proposed that in cognition,time windows provide logistic platforms for information processing,such as the low-frequency 3-s time window.The following series of behavioral experiments may shed light on the dynamics within such a time window.Using a duration reproduction paradigm,we first replicated a pattern of reproduced duration observed in a previous single-case study.Specifically,the reproduction increases as the pause between standard duration and reproduction increases,but only within the time window of some 3 s;when the pause goes beyond 4 s,the reproduction reaches a plateau of a subjective set-point.This increasing phase is named the“temporal transition zone.”Three more experiments were performed to test the features of the transition zone as a low-frequency time window.It is also observed with different standard durations(2,3,4.5 s,in Experiment 2),and even when the frequency of the auditory stimuli was different in standard and reproduction(300 Hz in standard duration and 400 Hz in reproduction,in Experiment 4).The transition zone was observed only with pause durations of 2 to 3 s;when the shortest pause duration was 5 s,the transition zone was no longer observed,and the reproduction was stable at the subjective set-point(in Experiment 3).Taken together,we suggest that the temporal transition zone indicates a pre-semantic logistic platform to organize and process the information flow;in such a time window of some 3 seconds,the identity of an ongoing event is substantiated,building the“subjective present.”
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:31371018,31771213。
文摘The present study demonstrates that spatial attention modulates temporal order perception differently in the perifoveal and peripheral regions,with a more pronounced effect in the left peripheral visual field,suggesting a dissociation in attentional systems for event timing at the sub-second level.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:31371018,31771213。
文摘How temporal sequence gets organized is a central topic in cognitive processing.In a high-frequency time window of tens of milliseconds,the temporal order is reconstructed rather than mirroring the sequence of events objectively in physical time.Two separate phases or strategies,a holistic coding phase that groups successively presented events as a gestalt and a disentanglement phase that decodes the temporal order of discrete events from the gestalt representation,may presumably be involved in the perception of temporal order across different modalities.With a temporal order adaptation protocol of pure tones using glide adaptors,the present study demonstrated a dissociation between constant discriminability and shifted subjective simultaneity across different adaptor directions.While discriminability of temporal order was not adapted by glides,revealing a constant coding sensitivity of different asynchronies,the shift of subjective simultaneity indicated the recalibration of a top-down disentanglement of the holistic processing under the influence of glide adaptors.The results suggest a dual-phase holistic processing in temporal order perception,supporting two separate cognitive strategies for event timing on the sub-second level.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:Projects 31771213,31371018。
文摘Recent experiences bias the perception of following stimuli,as has been verified in various kinds of experiments in visual perception.This phenomenon,known as serial dependence,may reflect mechanisms to maintain perceptual stability.In the current study,we examined several key properties of serial dependence in temporal perception.Firstly,we examined the source of the serial dependence effect in temporal perception.We found that perception without motor reproduction is sufficient to induce the sequential effect;motor reproduction caused a stronger effect and is achieved by biasing the perception of the future target duration rather than directly influencing the subsequent movement.Secondly,we ask how working memory influences serial dependence in a temporal reproduction task.By varying the delay time between standard duration and the reproduction,we showed that the strength of serial dependence is enhanced as the delay increased.Those features of serial dependence are consistent with what has been observed in visual perceptual tasks,for example,orientation perception or location perception.The similarities between the visual and the timing tasks may suggest a similar neural coding mechanism of magnitude between the visual stimuli and the duration.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:31371018,31771213。
文摘The use of visual representations of time is common in both research and daily life,with progress icons,such as bars and rings,being popular examples.Despite some studies investigating the advantage of different shapes,there has been no consistent result from questionnaires.This study aims to investigate this topic by using an objective temporal reproduction task to compare the potential difference between short and long waiting times,as evidence indicates that the temporal machinery could be different within and beyond 2-3 s.The study also explores the role of the percentage of progress icons.Two groups of participants first experienced a short(3 s)or long(15 s)duration with a dynamic progress icon,which varied by shape(bar vs.ring)and progress percentage(20%vs.80%).Then they reproduced the duration with a button,seeing a neutral grey square on the screen.The results revealed that the reproduced durations of bars were significantly shorter than those of rings,but only for the long duration condition(15 s).Additionally,a larger progress percentage led to longer reproductions for both 3 s and 15 s.These findings suggest that the spatial configuration is significant when the waiting time is relatively long,supporting the hierarchical model of temporal perception.Overall,this study contributes to both industrial design and our understanding of the cognitive mechanism of temporal perception.
