Nematode assemblage composition, trophic structure and biodiversity were followed over an annual cycle in a sandy beach of the Taiping Bay of Qingdao, China. Nematode assemblage in the sandy beach maintained a high ge...Nematode assemblage composition, trophic structure and biodiversity were followed over an annual cycle in a sandy beach of the Taiping Bay of Qingdao, China. Nematode assemblage in the sandy beach maintained a high genus diversity （75 genera）. Mlero- laimus and Bathylaimus were the dominant genus of the nematode assemblage, accounting for 66% of the total nematode abundance. The nematodes＇ dominant trophic structure changed seasonally as a response to the seasonal changes in food quality. Epigrowth-feeder nematodes （2A） were the dominant trophic groups in the trophic structure with the highest abundance in spring because of phytoplankton bloom, while the feeding type （ 1 B） showed higher abundance in summer that was due to the increasing of sediment detritus after spring bloom. Furthermore, species diversity and evenness calculated on nematodes identified to the genus level displayed significant temporal changes, which was also reflected by the index of trophic diversity. According to the cluster analysis, the nematode community structure of the whole year was clearly separated into two periods （A and B）. Biota-Envlron- ment matching （BIOENV） results showed that seawater temperature, sediment Chl a and grain size were responsible for the nema- tode community structure variation in spring and summer period （Period A）. However, seawater/interstitial water temperature, interstitial water dissolved oxygen concentration,interstitial water salinity, and sediment Ph a a were more important in constructing the autumn and winter period （Period B） nematode community structure.展开更多
One new species of free-living marine nematodes Enoplus taipingensis sp. nov. from the rocky intertidal seaweeds in the Taiping Bay, Qingdao is described and illustrated with scanning electron microscopy observation a...One new species of free-living marine nematodes Enoplus taipingensis sp. nov. from the rocky intertidal seaweeds in the Taiping Bay, Qingdao is described and illustrated with scanning electron microscopy observation and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Enoplus taipingensis is characterized by special arrangement of lateral setae on the tail, three cervical setae, distal structure on the supplement, and much longer body length with bigger De Man ratio ＂a＂. Type specimens are deposited in the College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China.展开更多
The“anti-Confucianism”constituted the main feature of the cultural policy of the Taiping Rebellion.However,the anti-Confucianism movement of the Taiping Rebellion was mainly in form rather than in content,and mainly...The“anti-Confucianism”constituted the main feature of the cultural policy of the Taiping Rebellion.However,the anti-Confucianism movement of the Taiping Rebellion was mainly in form rather than in content,and mainly in action rather than in thought,which manifested itself in a policy of banning and destroying the physical forms of Confucian memorial tablets,Confucian temples,and Confucian classics.The core elements of Confucianism were all inherited and retained by Hong Xiuquan,who was committed to subverting Confucius’position as the cultural authority of Chinese society,so Confucianism,together with Christian thought and folk religious thought,constituted the main source of the ideology of the Taiping Rebellion.It was the influence of Confucianism and folk religious thought on Hong Xiuquan that gave the idea of worshipping God a localized character and made a new type of religion that combined Chinese and Western elements.The“anti-Confucianism”was mostly based on an irrational political movement,and the Taiping Rebellion never criticized the doctrine of Confucius and Mencius from a theoretical point of view.Thus the political submission of civil society to the Taiping Rebellion hardly rose to the level of political identification.Cultural antipathy,to some extent,led to the eventual defeat of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.展开更多
A song tomb was discovered in Panle village(盘乐村)of Hancheng city(韩城),Shaanxi Province(陕西省)in 2009.Although it was not of high standard,the tomb contained extremely exquisite frescoes with striking contents.The...A song tomb was discovered in Panle village(盘乐村)of Hancheng city(韩城),Shaanxi Province(陕西省)in 2009.Although it was not of high standard,the tomb contained extremely exquisite frescoes with striking contents.The relation between the identity of the tomb owner and the frescoes had been discussed by scholars,while this paper focused on the social status of doctors in the Song dynasty(宋朝)and the medical scenes reflected in the frescoes,to form different perspectives toward the profession of the tomb owner and the properties of the frescoes.展开更多
As an important part of urban green space system, wetland parks have good ecological environment and various landscape resources, which play an irreplaceable role in adjusting the climate, beautifying the environment ...As an important part of urban green space system, wetland parks have good ecological environment and various landscape resources, which play an irreplaceable role in adjusting the climate, beautifying the environment and maintaining regional ecological balance. Therefore, research on humidifying effect of wetland park is of great significance. Air humidity below the height of 1.5 m above various underlying surfaces was measured in Taiping Riparian Wetland Park of Shijiazhuang. Monitoring time was selected in October 10–12, 2012 and six days among September and October, 2013 which were sunny days without wind(or the speed of wind less than 0.2 m/s). By analyzing the basic distribution regularity of humidity from horizontal and vertical directions at different times in autumn days, humidifying effect of various types of plants could be summarized from the sampled data. The humidifying effect of arbor-grasses can strengthen with the increase of temperature. The humidifying effect is the strongest at 10:00–14:00, then, it weakens after noon and the reduction rate tends to be smaller. Second, the humidity above the height of 0.2 m changes at a small scale and is much lower than that close to ground, which reveals great effect of ground cover plants and soil moisture. According to the monitoring data below the height of 1.5 m, the humidifying effect of shrubs is stronger than that of arbor-grasses. Last, the humidifying effect of surfaces with different land covers from strong to weak are shrubs, arbor-grasses, river. The rational allocation on various types of wetlands with a wide variety of structures can improve the atmospheric environment more effectively.展开更多
In the process of rapid development of urbanization and constant adjustment of urban space,urban characteristics are faced with many challenges.Taking Taiping Bay wharf area of Yantai City as an example,the paper sort...In the process of rapid development of urbanization and constant adjustment of urban space,urban characteristics are faced with many challenges.Taking Taiping Bay wharf area of Yantai City as an example,the paper sorts out the spatial construction problems from the aspects of historical development,urban texture and cultural characteristics by exploring the research process and methods of regional urban design,and put forward optimization strategies from the perspectives of urban structure optimization,street image design,industrial building transformation and cultural space establishment based on the characteristic resources of the area,thus providing experiences for future regional urban design.展开更多
Chinese astronomy reached its pinnacle in the Song Dynasty(960-1279)as culture continued to prosper to a new height.The invention of the“Taiping Armillary Sphere”by Zhang Sixun,who was from Bazhong in the Shu area(t...Chinese astronomy reached its pinnacle in the Song Dynasty(960-1279)as culture continued to prosper to a new height.The invention of the“Taiping Armillary Sphere”by Zhang Sixun,who was from Bazhong in the Shu area(today’s Sichuan province),marked a milestone in the astronomical development in China.This article delves into the driving forces behind Zhang Sixun’s outstanding contributions to astronomy from the perspectives of the important role of astronomy in the politics of the Song Dynasty,the great attention the imperial court paid to astronomy,and the influence of the Shu culture,which centers on the belief“Tian Shu Zai Shu”(the rule of the universe is best observed in Shu).展开更多
Millenarianism refers usually to a radical mass movement which reflects a particular mode of thinking and action with a sense of redemption.Taiping Rebellion is considered as a millenarian movement due to its“Taiping...Millenarianism refers usually to a radical mass movement which reflects a particular mode of thinking and action with a sense of redemption.Taiping Rebellion is considered as a millenarian movement due to its“Taiping”ideal,coming of the savior,mass appeal and crusade against evil.However,the millenarianism exemplified in the Taiping Rebellion should not be regarded as a pure Western Christian Millenarianism.Instead it should be viewed as a particular kind of theology derived from Hong Xiuquan’s combination of traditional Chinese culture and Christianity.A political-regional comparative study engaging worldwide millenarian movements of the 19th century reveals that Taiping Rebellion actually represents Chinese people’s own particular response towards the coming of modernity which was stimulated and encouraged by the western power’s invasion.展开更多
After the death of Princess Taiping,Geshu Liancheng left Chang'an and continued westward to the Anxi Grand Prote ctorate.He was once an ice-cold weapon wielded by the empress regent Wu Zetian.He was one of many sh...After the death of Princess Taiping,Geshu Liancheng left Chang'an and continued westward to the Anxi Grand Prote ctorate.He was once an ice-cold weapon wielded by the empress regent Wu Zetian.He was one of many shadowy figures of the internal security system.They struck fear into the hearts of the lilylivered civil service.Their targets had included,among others,PrinceJing of Yue,the mighty general XuJingye,and the poet-bureaucrat Luo Binwang—anyone who dared challenge the sovereign.After the Shenlong Revolution,they were forced to find new masters:Geshu threw his lot in with Princess Taiping,while his comrade Yuwen Xin clandestinely offered his services to Li Longji while swearing allegiance to his father,the Prince of Xiang.展开更多
The Taiping-Huangshan composite intrusion is a unique complex with characteristics changing from calc-alkaline (Taiping intrusion) to alkaline (Huangshan intrusion). Huangshan intrusion samples show a spectacular tetr...The Taiping-Huangshan composite intrusion is a unique complex with characteristics changing from calc-alkaline (Taiping intrusion) to alkaline (Huangshan intrusion). Huangshan intrusion samples show a spectacular tetrad effect in their REE distribution patterns as well as non-CHARAC (charge-and radius-controlled) trace element behavior, indicating a highly evolved late-stage magma component. This composite intrusion provides a rare opportunity to investigate the variance of tectonic setting and lithospheric thinning of the southeastern Yangtze Craton in late Mesozoic era. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb analyses yield an emplacement age of 140.6±1.2 Ma for the Taiping intrusion, and ages of 127.7±1.3, 125.7±1.4, 125.1±1.5, and 125.2±5.5 Ma for four samples from the Huangshan intrusion respectively. The ages for four different phases of the Huangshan intrusion agree within their small analytical errors, indicating that the emplacement was in a short time. The Taiping and Huangshan intrusions are intimately associated, but there is about 15 Ma interval between their intrusion, and the magma characters change from calc-alkaline to alkaline without transition. This probably corresponds to lithospheric thinning of the southeastern Yangtze Craton. This event possibly happened from about 141 Ma (the emplacement age of the Taiping intrusion), to 128 Ma (start of emplacement of the Huangshan intrusion). The thinning mechanism is dominantly delamination.展开更多
Based on the study of <sup>29</sup>Si,<sup>27</sup>Al NMR spectra for some orthoclases determined byX-ray powder diffraction method,Zhou et al.found that there are three maxima for the<sup&g...Based on the study of <sup>29</sup>Si,<sup>27</sup>Al NMR spectra for some orthoclases determined byX-ray powder diffraction method,Zhou et al.found that there are three maxima for the<sup>29</sup>Si NMR spectra of these orthoclases.In order to explain the three maxima the authorsexamined the <sup>29</sup>Si NMR spectrum and microstructure of Taiping orthoclase occurring ingranitic dyke.展开更多
The publication of The Tat＇ping Heavenly Chronicle （Taiping tianr） in 1862 marks a critical moment in the development of the Taiping propaganda machine. Printed with copper plate printing technology that evinces im...The publication of The Tat＇ping Heavenly Chronicle （Taiping tianr） in 1862 marks a critical moment in the development of the Taiping propaganda machine. Printed with copper plate printing technology that evinces imperial authority, this text is the only official history written by the Taipings in their quest to institute an overarching narrative of the movement. A systematic description of the origin and nature of the Taiping movement, The Taiping Heavenly Chronicle aims to establish Hong Xiuquan as the sole religious and political leader after the internecine Tianjing Incident （1856）, which radically restructured the Taiping leadership. Using imagery, popular literary tropes, and narrative devices, this text incorporates the heterogeneous elements found in the Christian-inspired Taiping discourse to rewrite thousands of years of Chinese history.展开更多
Between 1853 and 1858, the militia and hired braves of Luhe county, Jiangsu, distinguished themselves by successfully defending against Taiping attack when surrounding counties and cities all fell. The historian Xu Zi...Between 1853 and 1858, the militia and hired braves of Luhe county, Jiangsu, distinguished themselves by successfully defending against Taiping attack when surrounding counties and cities all fell. The historian Xu Zi （1810-62） served as a militia leader, commanding a company of troops and working to raise funds to pay for provisions. At the same time, he was writing his history of the Southern Ming Courts： Annals of a Fallen State, With Appended Annotations （Xiaotian jinian fukao）. In his history, Xu Zi included anecdotes of his wartime experiences, writing the Taiping War into the history of the Southern Ming. What does history do？ Xu Zi hoped it could help establish and maintain the coherence of the forces fighting the Taiping. To that end, he presented exemplary figures from the past for people of his own time to emulate, and he narrated those stories to his fellow soldiers. At the same time, his work suggests that the practices of the historian--including investigation of sources, expressions of emotion, and evaluation of policy--could provide avenues for defeating the Taiping. By writing himself into his history of the Southern Ming, he showed how the past could become a tool of war.展开更多
Taiping leaders were adept at using material from traditional Chinese sources and Western Protestant writings. The Taiping Three Character Classic, or Sanzijing （SZJ） exemplifies the Taipings＇ skillful adaptation o...Taiping leaders were adept at using material from traditional Chinese sources and Western Protestant writings. The Taiping Three Character Classic, or Sanzijing （SZJ） exemplifies the Taipings＇ skillful adaptation of a pre-existing popular text in order to propagate its religious doctrine and political ideology. The traditional SZJfeatured an appealing style and imparted Neo-Confucian values to readers. The style of traditional SZJ contained a unique pattern that was kept in latter adaptations, while the text＇s content was modified to suit new realities. The Taiping SZJfollowed the structure of the traditional SZJ, but it provided its own historical ideas and utopian visions, which differed from Christian Millennialism. The Taiping utopian vision was not about the future, but about a return to the period of the ＂the three dynasties＂ in Chinese history, an approach also used by Confucian intellectuals. The persuasive power in Taiping propaganda text lies in Taiping＇s exploitation of Chinese and Western resources, especially in utilizing existing concepts, popular texts and cultural patterns.展开更多
Previous scholarship has made it abundantly clear that the Taiping War impacted urban hierarchies in the Yangzi delta region, wreaking havoc in economic, commercial, administrative, and cultural centers like Hangzhou,...Previous scholarship has made it abundantly clear that the Taiping War impacted urban hierarchies in the Yangzi delta region, wreaking havoc in economic, commercial, administrative, and cultural centers like Hangzhou, Suzhou, Yangzhou, Changzhou, and Wuxi, thereby hastening the rise of Shanghai. But how did this war affect cities beyond the core Jiangnan region？ In a case study of the prefectural city of Hefei （Luzhou）, this article explores the ways in which war led to the reconfiguration and reimagining of urban space, both through wartime destruction and the patronage of post-war reconstruction.展开更多
Among the dramatists who depicted the Taiping Civil War, attempting to find meaning in the carnage and chaos, Yu Zhi （1809-74） is unique. He wrote plays during and after the war, so he considers the chaos from two h...Among the dramatists who depicted the Taiping Civil War, attempting to find meaning in the carnage and chaos, Yu Zhi （1809-74） is unique. He wrote plays during and after the war, so he considers the chaos from two historical vantage points. As one of the earliest literati to write plays in the newly popular pihuang form, he addressed different actual and imagined audiences compared to his peers. Although virtually all extant plays take an absolute anti-Taiping stance, his plays differ from his contemporaries＇ in their focus on morality rather than sentiment, and on edification rather than commemoration. At the root of these differences is an understanding of the nature of evil, redemption, and belief.展开更多
Since 1990, New Chinese Military History in the West has remedied scholarly neglect of Chinese warfare and changed the usual stories of modern China. These studies disproved Orientalist assumptions of a unique ＂Chine...Since 1990, New Chinese Military History in the West has remedied scholarly neglect of Chinese warfare and changed the usual stories of modern China. These studies disproved Orientalist assumptions of a unique ＂Chinese way of war＂ or a strategic culture that avoided aggressive confrontation. Scholars also challenge the assumption that Confucian immobility led to a clash of civilizations and decisive defeat in the Opium Wars, First Sino-Japanese War, and Boxer War of 1900. In fact, Qing officials were quick and successful in creating a new military regime. New military histories of the warlords, the Sino-Japanese Wars, and the Chinese Civil War show that developing new types of warfare was central in creating the new nation. All these wars split the country into factions that were supported by outside powers： they were internationalized civil wars. The article also asks how the choice of terms, labels, and categories shapes interpretations and political messages.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No 40576061
文摘Nematode assemblage composition, trophic structure and biodiversity were followed over an annual cycle in a sandy beach of the Taiping Bay of Qingdao, China. Nematode assemblage in the sandy beach maintained a high genus diversity （75 genera）. Mlero- laimus and Bathylaimus were the dominant genus of the nematode assemblage, accounting for 66% of the total nematode abundance. The nematodes＇ dominant trophic structure changed seasonally as a response to the seasonal changes in food quality. Epigrowth-feeder nematodes （2A） were the dominant trophic groups in the trophic structure with the highest abundance in spring because of phytoplankton bloom, while the feeding type （ 1 B） showed higher abundance in summer that was due to the increasing of sediment detritus after spring bloom. Furthermore, species diversity and evenness calculated on nematodes identified to the genus level displayed significant temporal changes, which was also reflected by the index of trophic diversity. According to the cluster analysis, the nematode community structure of the whole year was clearly separated into two periods （A and B）. Biota-Envlron- ment matching （BIOENV） results showed that seawater temperature, sediment Chl a and grain size were responsible for the nema- tode community structure variation in spring and summer period （Period A）. However, seawater/interstitial water temperature, interstitial water dissolved oxygen concentration,interstitial water salinity, and sediment Ph a a were more important in constructing the autumn and winter period （Period B） nematode community structure.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 4073087440576061 and 41076090
文摘One new species of free-living marine nematodes Enoplus taipingensis sp. nov. from the rocky intertidal seaweeds in the Taiping Bay, Qingdao is described and illustrated with scanning electron microscopy observation and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Enoplus taipingensis is characterized by special arrangement of lateral setae on the tail, three cervical setae, distal structure on the supplement, and much longer body length with bigger De Man ratio ＂a＂. Type specimens are deposited in the College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China.
基金The National Social Science Foundation Youth Project of China(No.20CZS038).
文摘The“anti-Confucianism”constituted the main feature of the cultural policy of the Taiping Rebellion.However,the anti-Confucianism movement of the Taiping Rebellion was mainly in form rather than in content,and mainly in action rather than in thought,which manifested itself in a policy of banning and destroying the physical forms of Confucian memorial tablets,Confucian temples,and Confucian classics.The core elements of Confucianism were all inherited and retained by Hong Xiuquan,who was committed to subverting Confucius’position as the cultural authority of Chinese society,so Confucianism,together with Christian thought and folk religious thought,constituted the main source of the ideology of the Taiping Rebellion.It was the influence of Confucianism and folk religious thought on Hong Xiuquan that gave the idea of worshipping God a localized character and made a new type of religion that combined Chinese and Western elements.The“anti-Confucianism”was mostly based on an irrational political movement,and the Taiping Rebellion never criticized the doctrine of Confucius and Mencius from a theoretical point of view.Thus the political submission of civil society to the Taiping Rebellion hardly rose to the level of political identification.Cultural antipathy,to some extent,led to the eventual defeat of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
文摘A song tomb was discovered in Panle village(盘乐村)of Hancheng city(韩城),Shaanxi Province(陕西省)in 2009.Although it was not of high standard,the tomb contained extremely exquisite frescoes with striking contents.The relation between the identity of the tomb owner and the frescoes had been discussed by scholars,while this paper focused on the social status of doctors in the Song dynasty(宋朝)and the medical scenes reflected in the frescoes,to form different perspectives toward the profession of the tomb owner and the properties of the frescoes.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2011ZX05043-005)
文摘As an important part of urban green space system, wetland parks have good ecological environment and various landscape resources, which play an irreplaceable role in adjusting the climate, beautifying the environment and maintaining regional ecological balance. Therefore, research on humidifying effect of wetland park is of great significance. Air humidity below the height of 1.5 m above various underlying surfaces was measured in Taiping Riparian Wetland Park of Shijiazhuang. Monitoring time was selected in October 10–12, 2012 and six days among September and October, 2013 which were sunny days without wind(or the speed of wind less than 0.2 m/s). By analyzing the basic distribution regularity of humidity from horizontal and vertical directions at different times in autumn days, humidifying effect of various types of plants could be summarized from the sampled data. The humidifying effect of arbor-grasses can strengthen with the increase of temperature. The humidifying effect is the strongest at 10:00–14:00, then, it weakens after noon and the reduction rate tends to be smaller. Second, the humidity above the height of 0.2 m changes at a small scale and is much lower than that close to ground, which reveals great effect of ground cover plants and soil moisture. According to the monitoring data below the height of 1.5 m, the humidifying effect of shrubs is stronger than that of arbor-grasses. Last, the humidifying effect of surfaces with different land covers from strong to weak are shrubs, arbor-grasses, river. The rational allocation on various types of wetlands with a wide variety of structures can improve the atmospheric environment more effectively.
基金Sponsored by General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (8212009)Tip-top Young Talents Training Program of High-level Teacher Team Construction Support Plan in Universities Affiliated to Beijing Municipality in 2019 (CIT&TCD201904010)Key Projects of Science and Technology Winter Olympics of National Key Research and Development Program (2020YFF0304900)。
文摘In the process of rapid development of urbanization and constant adjustment of urban space,urban characteristics are faced with many challenges.Taking Taiping Bay wharf area of Yantai City as an example,the paper sorts out the spatial construction problems from the aspects of historical development,urban texture and cultural characteristics by exploring the research process and methods of regional urban design,and put forward optimization strategies from the perspectives of urban structure optimization,street image design,industrial building transformation and cultural space establishment based on the characteristic resources of the area,thus providing experiences for future regional urban design.
文摘Chinese astronomy reached its pinnacle in the Song Dynasty(960-1279)as culture continued to prosper to a new height.The invention of the“Taiping Armillary Sphere”by Zhang Sixun,who was from Bazhong in the Shu area(today’s Sichuan province),marked a milestone in the astronomical development in China.This article delves into the driving forces behind Zhang Sixun’s outstanding contributions to astronomy from the perspectives of the important role of astronomy in the politics of the Song Dynasty,the great attention the imperial court paid to astronomy,and the influence of the Shu culture,which centers on the belief“Tian Shu Zai Shu”(the rule of the universe is best observed in Shu).
基金This thesis was made possible by funding from the project“Destiny,Freedom and Foresight:Strategies for the Future in East Asia and Europe”of the International Centre for Humanistic Studies(Internationales Kolleg für Geisteswissenschaftliche Forschung)at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Germany(supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research).
文摘Millenarianism refers usually to a radical mass movement which reflects a particular mode of thinking and action with a sense of redemption.Taiping Rebellion is considered as a millenarian movement due to its“Taiping”ideal,coming of the savior,mass appeal and crusade against evil.However,the millenarianism exemplified in the Taiping Rebellion should not be regarded as a pure Western Christian Millenarianism.Instead it should be viewed as a particular kind of theology derived from Hong Xiuquan’s combination of traditional Chinese culture and Christianity.A political-regional comparative study engaging worldwide millenarian movements of the 19th century reveals that Taiping Rebellion actually represents Chinese people’s own particular response towards the coming of modernity which was stimulated and encouraged by the western power’s invasion.
文摘After the death of Princess Taiping,Geshu Liancheng left Chang'an and continued westward to the Anxi Grand Prote ctorate.He was once an ice-cold weapon wielded by the empress regent Wu Zetian.He was one of many shadowy figures of the internal security system.They struck fear into the hearts of the lilylivered civil service.Their targets had included,among others,PrinceJing of Yue,the mighty general XuJingye,and the poet-bureaucrat Luo Binwang—anyone who dared challenge the sovereign.After the Shenlong Revolution,they were forced to find new masters:Geshu threw his lot in with Princess Taiping,while his comrade Yuwen Xin clandestinely offered his services to Li Longji while swearing allegiance to his father,the Prince of Xiang.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40772048, 40503006 and 40472035)China Geological Survey (Grant No. 1212010711814)
文摘The Taiping-Huangshan composite intrusion is a unique complex with characteristics changing from calc-alkaline (Taiping intrusion) to alkaline (Huangshan intrusion). Huangshan intrusion samples show a spectacular tetrad effect in their REE distribution patterns as well as non-CHARAC (charge-and radius-controlled) trace element behavior, indicating a highly evolved late-stage magma component. This composite intrusion provides a rare opportunity to investigate the variance of tectonic setting and lithospheric thinning of the southeastern Yangtze Craton in late Mesozoic era. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb analyses yield an emplacement age of 140.6±1.2 Ma for the Taiping intrusion, and ages of 127.7±1.3, 125.7±1.4, 125.1±1.5, and 125.2±5.5 Ma for four samples from the Huangshan intrusion respectively. The ages for four different phases of the Huangshan intrusion agree within their small analytical errors, indicating that the emplacement was in a short time. The Taiping and Huangshan intrusions are intimately associated, but there is about 15 Ma interval between their intrusion, and the magma characters change from calc-alkaline to alkaline without transition. This probably corresponds to lithospheric thinning of the southeastern Yangtze Craton. This event possibly happened from about 141 Ma (the emplacement age of the Taiping intrusion), to 128 Ma (start of emplacement of the Huangshan intrusion). The thinning mechanism is dominantly delamination.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Based on the study of <sup>29</sup>Si,<sup>27</sup>Al NMR spectra for some orthoclases determined byX-ray powder diffraction method,Zhou et al.found that there are three maxima for the<sup>29</sup>Si NMR spectra of these orthoclases.In order to explain the three maxima the authorsexamined the <sup>29</sup>Si NMR spectrum and microstructure of Taiping orthoclase occurring ingranitic dyke.
文摘The publication of The Tat＇ping Heavenly Chronicle （Taiping tianr） in 1862 marks a critical moment in the development of the Taiping propaganda machine. Printed with copper plate printing technology that evinces imperial authority, this text is the only official history written by the Taipings in their quest to institute an overarching narrative of the movement. A systematic description of the origin and nature of the Taiping movement, The Taiping Heavenly Chronicle aims to establish Hong Xiuquan as the sole religious and political leader after the internecine Tianjing Incident （1856）, which radically restructured the Taiping leadership. Using imagery, popular literary tropes, and narrative devices, this text incorporates the heterogeneous elements found in the Christian-inspired Taiping discourse to rewrite thousands of years of Chinese history.
文摘Between 1853 and 1858, the militia and hired braves of Luhe county, Jiangsu, distinguished themselves by successfully defending against Taiping attack when surrounding counties and cities all fell. The historian Xu Zi （1810-62） served as a militia leader, commanding a company of troops and working to raise funds to pay for provisions. At the same time, he was writing his history of the Southern Ming Courts： Annals of a Fallen State, With Appended Annotations （Xiaotian jinian fukao）. In his history, Xu Zi included anecdotes of his wartime experiences, writing the Taiping War into the history of the Southern Ming. What does history do？ Xu Zi hoped it could help establish and maintain the coherence of the forces fighting the Taiping. To that end, he presented exemplary figures from the past for people of his own time to emulate, and he narrated those stories to his fellow soldiers. At the same time, his work suggests that the practices of the historian--including investigation of sources, expressions of emotion, and evaluation of policy--could provide avenues for defeating the Taiping. By writing himself into his history of the Southern Ming, he showed how the past could become a tool of war.
文摘Taiping leaders were adept at using material from traditional Chinese sources and Western Protestant writings. The Taiping Three Character Classic, or Sanzijing （SZJ） exemplifies the Taipings＇ skillful adaptation of a pre-existing popular text in order to propagate its religious doctrine and political ideology. The traditional SZJfeatured an appealing style and imparted Neo-Confucian values to readers. The style of traditional SZJ contained a unique pattern that was kept in latter adaptations, while the text＇s content was modified to suit new realities. The Taiping SZJfollowed the structure of the traditional SZJ, but it provided its own historical ideas and utopian visions, which differed from Christian Millennialism. The Taiping utopian vision was not about the future, but about a return to the period of the ＂the three dynasties＂ in Chinese history, an approach also used by Confucian intellectuals. The persuasive power in Taiping propaganda text lies in Taiping＇s exploitation of Chinese and Western resources, especially in utilizing existing concepts, popular texts and cultural patterns.
文摘Previous scholarship has made it abundantly clear that the Taiping War impacted urban hierarchies in the Yangzi delta region, wreaking havoc in economic, commercial, administrative, and cultural centers like Hangzhou, Suzhou, Yangzhou, Changzhou, and Wuxi, thereby hastening the rise of Shanghai. But how did this war affect cities beyond the core Jiangnan region？ In a case study of the prefectural city of Hefei （Luzhou）, this article explores the ways in which war led to the reconfiguration and reimagining of urban space, both through wartime destruction and the patronage of post-war reconstruction.
文摘Among the dramatists who depicted the Taiping Civil War, attempting to find meaning in the carnage and chaos, Yu Zhi （1809-74） is unique. He wrote plays during and after the war, so he considers the chaos from two historical vantage points. As one of the earliest literati to write plays in the newly popular pihuang form, he addressed different actual and imagined audiences compared to his peers. Although virtually all extant plays take an absolute anti-Taiping stance, his plays differ from his contemporaries＇ in their focus on morality rather than sentiment, and on edification rather than commemoration. At the root of these differences is an understanding of the nature of evil, redemption, and belief.
文摘Since 1990, New Chinese Military History in the West has remedied scholarly neglect of Chinese warfare and changed the usual stories of modern China. These studies disproved Orientalist assumptions of a unique ＂Chinese way of war＂ or a strategic culture that avoided aggressive confrontation. Scholars also challenge the assumption that Confucian immobility led to a clash of civilizations and decisive defeat in the Opium Wars, First Sino-Japanese War, and Boxer War of 1900. In fact, Qing officials were quick and successful in creating a new military regime. New military histories of the warlords, the Sino-Japanese Wars, and the Chinese Civil War show that developing new types of warfare was central in creating the new nation. All these wars split the country into factions that were supported by outside powers： they were internationalized civil wars. The article also asks how the choice of terms, labels, and categories shapes interpretations and political messages.
