The tensile behavior of(Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10))_(100-x)Si_(x)(x=0(Si0),2(Si2))metastable HEAs prepared by selective laser melting was studied at cryogenic temperatures.The results demonstrate that the addition o...The tensile behavior of(Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10))_(100-x)Si_(x)(x=0(Si0),2(Si2))metastable HEAs prepared by selective laser melting was studied at cryogenic temperatures.The results demonstrate that the addition of Si leads to lattice distortion and a decrease in stacking fault energy,especially at 77 K,which significantly promotes transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)in Si2 HEAs.The yield strength,tensile strength,and ductility of Si2 HEAs are 505.2 MPa,1364.1 MPa,and 19%,which are 43%,53% and 58% higher than those of Si0 alloy,respectively.TRIP is the main deformation mode,in addition to dislocation slip,and plays a key role in strengthening.The reinforced and continuously sustained TRIP maintains a dynamic strain distribution during deformation.Ultrahigh strain hardening greatly enhances the strength and ductility.展开更多
Control of the formation and stability of reverted austenite is critical in achieving a favorable combination of strength,ductility,and toughness in high-strength steels.In this work,the effects of Cu precipitation on...Control of the formation and stability of reverted austenite is critical in achieving a favorable combination of strength,ductility,and toughness in high-strength steels.In this work,the effects of Cu precipitation on the austenite reversion and mechanical properties of maraging stainless steels were investigated by atom probe tomography,transmission electron microscopy,and mechanical tests.Our results indicate that Cu accelerates the austenite reversion kinetics in two manners:first,Cu,as an austenite stabilizer,increases the equilibrium austenite fraction and hence enhances the chemical driving force for the austenite formation,and second,Cu-rich nanoprecipitates promote the austenite reversion by serving as heterogeneous nucleation sites and providing Ni-enriched chemical conditions through interfacial segregation.In addition,the Cu precipitation hardening compensates the strength drop induced by the formation of soft reverted austenite.During tensile deformation,the metastable reverted austenite transforms to martensite,which substantially improves the ductility and toughness through a transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)effect.The Cu-added maraging stainless steel exhibits a superior combination of a yield strength of~1.3 GPa,an elongation of~15%,and an impact toughness of~58 J.展开更多
Multiple strategies and technological pathways exist in developing new advanced high strength steels.For plain carbon steels,carbon partitioning has been utilized to generate a mixture of ferrite/martensite and retain...Multiple strategies and technological pathways exist in developing new advanced high strength steels.For plain carbon steels,carbon partitioning has been utilized to generate a mixture of ferrite/martensite and retained austenite,whereas higher carbon content will stabilize austenite phase.The austenite can be metastable,which can trigger phase transition under stress,so called phase-transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP).For highly alloyed steels with Ni,Al,Ti or other elements,precipitates of the body-centered cubic,hexagonal close-packed,L2_(1),L1_(2)types can form during aging/partitioning.L1_(2)phase shows exceptional deformation capability because itself can sustain significant plastic deformation.Motivated by these two design strategies,this work started from a Fe-Ni alloy by added with appropriate amounts of Al,Ti,and C to obtain a series of Fe-Ni-Al-Ti-C steels by melting,cold rolling and a simple heat treatment(recrystallization and aging/partitioning)history.Microstructural observation and mechanical property testing reveal that the Fe-Ni-Al-Ti-C steels successfully achieves:(1)nanosized and densely populated L1_(2)precipitates in both ferrite and austenite phases,(2)enhanced stability of austenitic phase with TRIP capability,(3)ultrafine-grained microstructure due to precipitate-retarded ferrite grain growth,and(4)extra dislocation storage of precipitate-cutting dislocation loops.The synergy of all these factors results into tensile strengths of 1.2-1.8 GPa and uniform ductility of 10%-30%,which is comparable to twining-induced plasticity steels.展开更多
The controlled cooling technology following hot rolling process is a vital factor that affects the final micro- structure and mechanical properties of the hot-rolled transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） steels. ...The controlled cooling technology following hot rolling process is a vital factor that affects the final micro- structure and mechanical properties of the hot-rolled transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） steels. In the present study, low alloy C-Si-Mn TRIP steel was successfully fabricated by hot rolling process with a 4450 hot roiling mill. To maximize the volume fraction and stability of retained austenite of the steel, two different cooling methods （aircooling and ultra-fast cooling ＂AC-UFC＂ and ultrmfast cooling, air cooling and ultra-fast cooling ＂UFC-AC-UFC＂） were conducted. The effects of the cooling method on the microstructure of hot-rolled TRIP steel were investigated via optical microscope, transmission electron microscope and conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscope. The mechanical properties of the steel were also evaluated by conventional tensile test. The results indicated that ferrite and bainite in the microstructure were refined with the cooling method of UFC-AC-UFC. The morphology of retained austenite was also changed from small islands distributing in bainite district （obtained with AC-UFC） to granular shape locating at the triple junction of the ferrite grain boundaries （obtained with UFC-AC-UFC）. As a result, the TRIP steel with a content of retained austenite of 11. 52%, total elongation of 32% and product of tensile strength and total elongation of 27 552 MPa·% was obtained.展开更多
A three-step cooling pattern on the runout table（ROT）was conducted for the hot rolled TRIP steel.Microstructural evolution during thermomechanical controlled processing（TMCP）was investigated.Processing condition o...A three-step cooling pattern on the runout table（ROT）was conducted for the hot rolled TRIP steel.Microstructural evolution during thermomechanical controlled processing（TMCP）was investigated.Processing condition of controlled cooling on a ROT in the laboratory rolling mill was discussed.The results indicated that the microstructure containing polygonal ferrite,granular bainite and a significant amount of the stable retained austenite can be obtained through three-step cooling on the ROT after hot rolling.TMCP led to ferrite grain refinement.Controlled cooling after hot rolling resulted in the stability of the remaining austenite and a satisfactory TRIP effect.Excellent mechanical properties were obtained through TMCP for the hot rolled TRIP steel.展开更多
The effect of thermomechanical control processing（TMCP）on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-0.2C-1.44Si-1.32Mn hot rolled TRIP steel was investigated through experiments.Strain-induced transformation an...The effect of thermomechanical control processing（TMCP）on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-0.2C-1.44Si-1.32Mn hot rolled TRIP steel was investigated through experiments.Strain-induced transformation and transformation-induced plasticity behavior of retained austenite were analyzed.The results show that with multipass deformation,reduction per pass of more than critical deformation in austenite recrystallization region and total reduction of more than 58% in non-recrystallization region and high temperature section of two-phase region,austenite can be refined before γ→α transformation.It is beneficial to obtain refined ferrite grain in final microstructure.To obtain fine and uniform microstructure and excellent strength-ductility balance,a three-stage cooling process（laminar cooling-air cooling-ultra-fast cooling）after hot rolling was conducted.The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the investigated steel can reach 663 MPa and 41%,respectively.展开更多
Warm deformation tests were performed using a kind of tubby heater. The microstructures and mechanical properties of an Fe-C-Mn-Si multiphase steel resulting from different warm deformation temperatures were investiga...Warm deformation tests were performed using a kind of tubby heater. The microstructures and mechanical properties of an Fe-C-Mn-Si multiphase steel resulting from different warm deformation temperatures were investiga- ted by using LOM （light optical microscopy）, SEM and XRD. The results indicated that the microstructure contai- ning polygonal ferrite, granular bainite and a significant amount of the stable retained austenite can be obtained through hot deformation and subsequent austempering. Warm deformation temperature affects the mechanical prop- erties of the hot rolled TRIP steels. Ultimate tensile strength balance reached maximum （881 MPa） when the speci- men was deformed at 250 ~C, and the total elongation and strength-ductility reached maximum （38% and 28 614 MPa ~ ~, respectively） at deforming temperature of 100 ~C. Martensite could nucleate when austenite was deformed above M~, because mechanical driving force compensates the decrease of chemical driving force. The TRIP effect occurs in the Fe-C-Mn-Si multiphase steel at deforming temperature ranging from 15 to 350 ~C. The results of the effects of warm deformation on the mechanical properties of the Fe-C-Mn-Si multiphase steel can provide theoretical basis for the ap- plications and the warm working of the hot rolled TRIP sheet steels in industrial manufacturing.展开更多
Stainless steels are used in a wide range of complex environments due to their excellent corrosion resistance.Multiphase stainless steels can offer an excellent combination of strength,toughness and corrosion resistan...Stainless steels are used in a wide range of complex environments due to their excellent corrosion resistance.Multiphase stainless steels can offer an excellent combination of strength,toughness and corrosion resistance due to the coexistence of different microstructures.The microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel cast multiphase stainless steel,composed of martensite,ferrite,and austenite,were investigated following appropriate heat treatment processes:solution treatment at 1,050℃ for 0.5 h followed by water quenching to room temperature,and aging treatment at 500℃ for 4 h followed by water quenching to room temperature.Results show reversed austenite is formed by diffusion of Ni element during aging process,and the enrichment of Ni atoms directly determines the mechanical stability of austenite.The austenite with a lower Ni content undergoes a martensitic transformation during plastic deformation.The tensile strength of the specimen exceeds 1,100 MPa and the elongation exceeds 24%after solid solution,and further increases to 1,247 MPa and 25%after aging treatment.This enhancement is due to the TRIP effect of austenite and the precipitation of the nanoscale G-phase pinning dislocations in ferrite and martensite.展开更多
Forest bathing trip is a short, leisurely visit to forest. In this study we determined the health effects of forest bathing trip on elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）. The patients we...Forest bathing trip is a short, leisurely visit to forest. In this study we determined the health effects of forest bathing trip on elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group was sent to forest, and the other was sent to an urban area as control. Flow cytometry, ELISA, and profile of mood states （POMS） evaluation were performed. In the forest group,展开更多
基金supported by Program for Innovative Research Team in Science and Technology in Fujian Province University,Chinathe Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(Nos.2023J011013,2020J01898)。
文摘The tensile behavior of(Fe_(50)Mn_(30)Co_(10)Cr_(10))_(100-x)Si_(x)(x=0(Si0),2(Si2))metastable HEAs prepared by selective laser melting was studied at cryogenic temperatures.The results demonstrate that the addition of Si leads to lattice distortion and a decrease in stacking fault energy,especially at 77 K,which significantly promotes transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)in Si2 HEAs.The yield strength,tensile strength,and ductility of Si2 HEAs are 505.2 MPa,1364.1 MPa,and 19%,which are 43%,53% and 58% higher than those of Si0 alloy,respectively.TRIP is the main deformation mode,in addition to dislocation slip,and plays a key role in strengthening.The reinforced and continuously sustained TRIP maintains a dynamic strain distribution during deformation.Ultrahigh strain hardening greatly enhances the strength and ductility.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51801169)State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials Open Fund(2017-ZD01)+5 种基金Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Steel Construction(Hong Kong Branch)at PolyU(P0013862)Guangzhou International Science&Technology Cooperation Program(201907010026)financial support from the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2017233)the Innovation Project of Institute of Metal Research(2015-ZD04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Research Fund for International Young Scientists(No.51750110515)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51472249)。
文摘Control of the formation and stability of reverted austenite is critical in achieving a favorable combination of strength,ductility,and toughness in high-strength steels.In this work,the effects of Cu precipitation on the austenite reversion and mechanical properties of maraging stainless steels were investigated by atom probe tomography,transmission electron microscopy,and mechanical tests.Our results indicate that Cu accelerates the austenite reversion kinetics in two manners:first,Cu,as an austenite stabilizer,increases the equilibrium austenite fraction and hence enhances the chemical driving force for the austenite formation,and second,Cu-rich nanoprecipitates promote the austenite reversion by serving as heterogeneous nucleation sites and providing Ni-enriched chemical conditions through interfacial segregation.In addition,the Cu precipitation hardening compensates the strength drop induced by the formation of soft reverted austenite.During tensile deformation,the metastable reverted austenite transforms to martensite,which substantially improves the ductility and toughness through a transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP)effect.The Cu-added maraging stainless steel exhibits a superior combination of a yield strength of~1.3 GPa,an elongation of~15%,and an impact toughness of~58 J.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52201027,52471019)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.LR24E010001the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2024-00044).
文摘Multiple strategies and technological pathways exist in developing new advanced high strength steels.For plain carbon steels,carbon partitioning has been utilized to generate a mixture of ferrite/martensite and retained austenite,whereas higher carbon content will stabilize austenite phase.The austenite can be metastable,which can trigger phase transition under stress,so called phase-transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP).For highly alloyed steels with Ni,Al,Ti or other elements,precipitates of the body-centered cubic,hexagonal close-packed,L2_(1),L1_(2)types can form during aging/partitioning.L1_(2)phase shows exceptional deformation capability because itself can sustain significant plastic deformation.Motivated by these two design strategies,this work started from a Fe-Ni alloy by added with appropriate amounts of Al,Ti,and C to obtain a series of Fe-Ni-Al-Ti-C steels by melting,cold rolling and a simple heat treatment(recrystallization and aging/partitioning)history.Microstructural observation and mechanical property testing reveal that the Fe-Ni-Al-Ti-C steels successfully achieves:(1)nanosized and densely populated L1_(2)precipitates in both ferrite and austenite phases,(2)enhanced stability of austenitic phase with TRIP capability,(3)ultrafine-grained microstructure due to precipitate-retarded ferrite grain growth,and(4)extra dislocation storage of precipitate-cutting dislocation loops.The synergy of all these factors results into tensile strengths of 1.2-1.8 GPa and uniform ductility of 10%-30%,which is comparable to twining-induced plasticity steels.
基金Key Projects in National Science and Technology Pillar Program During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period of China(2006BAE03A08)
文摘The controlled cooling technology following hot rolling process is a vital factor that affects the final micro- structure and mechanical properties of the hot-rolled transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） steels. In the present study, low alloy C-Si-Mn TRIP steel was successfully fabricated by hot rolling process with a 4450 hot roiling mill. To maximize the volume fraction and stability of retained austenite of the steel, two different cooling methods （aircooling and ultra-fast cooling ＂AC-UFC＂ and ultrmfast cooling, air cooling and ultra-fast cooling ＂UFC-AC-UFC＂） were conducted. The effects of the cooling method on the microstructure of hot-rolled TRIP steel were investigated via optical microscope, transmission electron microscope and conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscope. The mechanical properties of the steel were also evaluated by conventional tensile test. The results indicated that ferrite and bainite in the microstructure were refined with the cooling method of UFC-AC-UFC. The morphology of retained austenite was also changed from small islands distributing in bainite district （obtained with AC-UFC） to granular shape locating at the triple junction of the ferrite grain boundaries （obtained with UFC-AC-UFC）. As a result, the TRIP steel with a content of retained austenite of 11. 52%, total elongation of 32% and product of tensile strength and total elongation of 27 552 MPa·% was obtained.
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50334010)
文摘A three-step cooling pattern on the runout table（ROT）was conducted for the hot rolled TRIP steel.Microstructural evolution during thermomechanical controlled processing（TMCP）was investigated.Processing condition of controlled cooling on a ROT in the laboratory rolling mill was discussed.The results indicated that the microstructure containing polygonal ferrite,granular bainite and a significant amount of the stable retained austenite can be obtained through three-step cooling on the ROT after hot rolling.TMCP led to ferrite grain refinement.Controlled cooling after hot rolling resulted in the stability of the remaining austenite and a satisfactory TRIP effect.Excellent mechanical properties were obtained through TMCP for the hot rolled TRIP steel.
基金Item Sponsored by National Fundamental Project of Science and Technology of China(ZZ0113A0101)
文摘The effect of thermomechanical control processing（TMCP）on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-0.2C-1.44Si-1.32Mn hot rolled TRIP steel was investigated through experiments.Strain-induced transformation and transformation-induced plasticity behavior of retained austenite were analyzed.The results show that with multipass deformation,reduction per pass of more than critical deformation in austenite recrystallization region and total reduction of more than 58% in non-recrystallization region and high temperature section of two-phase region,austenite can be refined before γ→α transformation.It is beneficial to obtain refined ferrite grain in final microstructure.To obtain fine and uniform microstructure and excellent strength-ductility balance,a three-stage cooling process（laminar cooling-air cooling-ultra-fast cooling）after hot rolling was conducted.The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the investigated steel can reach 663 MPa and 41%,respectively.
基金Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50334010)
文摘Warm deformation tests were performed using a kind of tubby heater. The microstructures and mechanical properties of an Fe-C-Mn-Si multiphase steel resulting from different warm deformation temperatures were investiga- ted by using LOM （light optical microscopy）, SEM and XRD. The results indicated that the microstructure contai- ning polygonal ferrite, granular bainite and a significant amount of the stable retained austenite can be obtained through hot deformation and subsequent austempering. Warm deformation temperature affects the mechanical prop- erties of the hot rolled TRIP steels. Ultimate tensile strength balance reached maximum （881 MPa） when the speci- men was deformed at 250 ~C, and the total elongation and strength-ductility reached maximum （38% and 28 614 MPa ~ ~, respectively） at deforming temperature of 100 ~C. Martensite could nucleate when austenite was deformed above M~, because mechanical driving force compensates the decrease of chemical driving force. The TRIP effect occurs in the Fe-C-Mn-Si multiphase steel at deforming temperature ranging from 15 to 350 ~C. The results of the effects of warm deformation on the mechanical properties of the Fe-C-Mn-Si multiphase steel can provide theoretical basis for the ap- plications and the warm working of the hot rolled TRIP sheet steels in industrial manufacturing.
基金supported by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Major Special Project(Grant No.2021SZD0082).
文摘Stainless steels are used in a wide range of complex environments due to their excellent corrosion resistance.Multiphase stainless steels can offer an excellent combination of strength,toughness and corrosion resistance due to the coexistence of different microstructures.The microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel cast multiphase stainless steel,composed of martensite,ferrite,and austenite,were investigated following appropriate heat treatment processes:solution treatment at 1,050℃ for 0.5 h followed by water quenching to room temperature,and aging treatment at 500℃ for 4 h followed by water quenching to room temperature.Results show reversed austenite is formed by diffusion of Ni element during aging process,and the enrichment of Ni atoms directly determines the mechanical stability of austenite.The austenite with a lower Ni content undergoes a martensitic transformation during plastic deformation.The tensile strength of the specimen exceeds 1,100 MPa and the elongation exceeds 24%after solid solution,and further increases to 1,247 MPa and 25%after aging treatment.This enhancement is due to the TRIP effect of austenite and the precipitation of the nanoscale G-phase pinning dislocations in ferrite and martensite.
基金supported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301139&31201040)funds from Science Technology Department of Zhejiang Province(2012C24005&2014C33130)+2 种基金Health Bureau of Zhejiang Province(11-CX01&2013ZDA002)Zhejiang Provincial Key Disciplinary Fields of Geriatrics Program
文摘Forest bathing trip is a short, leisurely visit to forest. In this study we determined the health effects of forest bathing trip on elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）. The patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group was sent to forest, and the other was sent to an urban area as control. Flow cytometry, ELISA, and profile of mood states （POMS） evaluation were performed. In the forest group,
