This review focused on the recent reports related to the function, characterization and modification of oxygen-containing surface groups of activated carbon (AC). The Oxygen-containing surface groups were briefly desc...This review focused on the recent reports related to the function, characterization and modification of oxygen-containing surface groups of activated carbon (AC). The Oxygen-containing surface groups were briefly described, and the most frequently used techniques for characterization of the oxygen-containing surface groups on ACs were also briefly stated. A detailed discussion of the effects of the oxygen-containing surface groups on the adsorptive capacity of AC was given. The recent progresses in modification of the oxygen-containing surface groups of AC were also reviewed.展开更多
The synthetic parameters were changed to explore the formation mechanism of the oxygen-containing groups on the surfaces of the hypercrosslinked polymers. The FT-IR spectra and the Boehm titration were used to charact...The synthetic parameters were changed to explore the formation mechanism of the oxygen-containing groups on the surfaces of the hypercrosslinked polymers. The FT-IR spectra and the Boehm titration were used to characterize the surface chemistry of the synthesized polymers. The GC-MS was applied to analyze nitrobenzene which was the solvent in the reaction. The functionalities such as carbonyls and phenols were formed through the oxidation of residual chloromethyl groups by nitrobenzene and the carboxylic groups were formed through further oxidation by oxygen. The nitrobenzene was deoxidized to nitrosobenzene and further to aniline.展开更多
Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)combine the high power dens-ity of electrical double-layer capacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries.However,they face practical limitations due to the narrow operati...Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)combine the high power dens-ity of electrical double-layer capacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries.However,they face practical limitations due to the narrow operating voltage window of their activated carbon(AC)cathodes.We report a scalable thermal treatment strategy to develop high-voltage-tolerant AC cathodes.Through controlled thermal treatment of commer-cial activated carbon(Raw-AC)under a H_(2)/Ar atmosphere at 400-800℃,the targeted reduction of degradation-prone functional groups can be achieved while preserving the critical pore structure and increasing graph-itic microcrystalline ordering.The AC treated at 400℃(HAC-400)had a significant increase in specific capacity(96.0 vs.75.1 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g)and better rate capability(61.1 vs.36.1 mAh/g at 5 A/g)in half-cell LICs,along with an 83.5%capacity retention over 7400 cycles within an extended voltage range of 2.0-4.2 V in full-cell LICs.Scalability was demonstrated by a 120 g batch production,enabling fabrication of pouch-type LICs with commercial hard carbon anodes that delivered a higher energy density of 28.3 Wh/kg at 1 C,and a peak power density of 12.1 kW/kg compared to devices using raw AC.This simple,industry-compatible approach may be used for producing ad-vanced cathode materials for practical high-performance LICs.展开更多
As a potential adsorption material,it is still a challenge for activated carbon fiber(ACF)in efficient adsorption of ethanol due to its nonpolar surface,which is mainly emitted from the grain drying industry.This stud...As a potential adsorption material,it is still a challenge for activated carbon fiber(ACF)in efficient adsorption of ethanol due to its nonpolar surface,which is mainly emitted from the grain drying industry.This study prepared surface polarity-modified ACF using the heteroatom doping method.The modified ACF possessed a richer array of strongly polar oxygen/nitrogen-containing functional groups(primarily phenolic hydroxyl and lactone groups),a larger specific surface are1,and a more developed micropore structure.The adsorption capacities of ethanol for O-ACF and N-ACF were 4.110 mmol/g and 1.698 mmol/g,respectively,which were 11.3 times and 4.7 times those of unmodified ACF.This was a significant improvement over our previous work(0.363 mmol/g).The improvement of adsorption capacity for the N-ACF was mainly due to the higher specific surface are1,greater number of micropores(more adsorption sites)and abundant existence of defects,whereas,for O-ACF,the improvement mainly relied on the abundant presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface.However,water had a negative effect on the adsorption of ethanol for the modified ACF due to competitive adsorption and the disappearance of capillary condensation.It was further revealed that the adsorption process of ethanol and water was quite different.It obeyed the linear driving force(LDF)model for ethanol adsorption,however,the intraparticle diffusion(IPD)model for water adsorption.展开更多
The activated carbon with high surface area was prepared by KOH activation.It was further modified by H2SO4 and HNO3 to introduce more surface functional groups.The pore structure of the activated carbons before and a...The activated carbon with high surface area was prepared by KOH activation.It was further modified by H2SO4 and HNO3 to introduce more surface functional groups.The pore structure of the activated carbons before and after modification was analyzed based on the nitrogen adsorption isotherms.The morphology of those activated carbons was characterized using scanning electronic microscopy （SEM）.The surface functional groups were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）.The quantity of those groups was measured by the Boehm titration method.Cr（VI） removal by the activated carbons from aqueous solution was investigated at different pH values.The results show that compared with H2SO4,HNO3 destructs the original pore of the activated carbon more seriously and induces more acidic surface functional groups on the activated carbon.The pH value of the solution plays a key role in the Cr（VI） removal.The ability of reducing Cr（VI） to Cr（III） by the activated carbons is relative to the acidic surface functional groups.At higher pH values,the Cr（VI） removal ratio is improved by increasing the acidic surface functional groups of the activated carbons.At lower pH values,however,the acidic surface functional groups almost have no effect on the Cr（VI） removal by the activated carbon from aqueous solution.展开更多
Biochar(BC)are widely used as highly efficient adsorbents to alleviate aromatics-based contaminants due to their ease of preparation,wide availability,and high sustainability.The surface properties of BCs usually vary...Biochar(BC)are widely used as highly efficient adsorbents to alleviate aromatics-based contaminants due to their ease of preparation,wide availability,and high sustainability.The surface properties of BCs usually vary greatly due to their complex chemical constituents and different preparation processes and are reflected in the values of parameters such as the specific surface area(SSA),pore volume/size,and surface functional groups(SFGs).The effects of SSA and pore volume/size on the adsorption of aromatics have been widely reported.However,the corresponding mechanisms of BC SFGs towards aromatics adsorption remains unclear as the compositions of the SFGs are usually complex and hard to determine.To address in this gap in the literature,this review introduces a new perspective on the adsorption mechanisms of aromatics.Through collecting previously-reported results,the parameters log P(logarithm of the Kow),polar surface area,and the positive/negative charges were carefully calculated using Chem Draw3D,which allowed the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity properties,electron donor-acceptor interactions,Hbonding,and electrostatic interactions between SFGs and aromatics-based contaminates to be inferred intuitively.These predictions were consistent with the reported results and showed that tailor-made BCs can be designed according to the molecular weights,chemical structures,and polarities of the target aromatics.Overall,this review provides new insight into predicting the physicochemical properties of BCs through revealing the relationship between SFGs and adsorbates,which may provide useful guidance for the preparing of highly-efficient,functional BCs for the adsorption of aromatics.展开更多
The functional groups on graphene sheets surface affect their dispersion and interfacial adhesion in polymer matrix. We compared the mechanical property of polymethymethacrylate（PMMA） microcellular foams reinforced ...The functional groups on graphene sheets surface affect their dispersion and interfacial adhesion in polymer matrix. We compared the mechanical property of polymethymethacrylate（PMMA） microcellular foams reinforced with graphene oxide（GO） and reduced graphene oxide（RGO） to investigate this influence of functional groups. RGO sheets were fabricated by solvent thermal reduction in DMF medium. UV-Vis, FT-IR and XPS analyses indicate the difference of oxygen-containing groups on GO and RGO sheets surface. The observation of SEM illustrates that the addition of a smaller number of GO or RGO sheets causes a fine cellular structure of PMMA foams with a higher cell density(about 1011 cells/cm3) and smaller cell sizes（about 1-2 μm） owing to their remarkable heterogeneous nucleation effect. Compared to GO reinforced foams, the RGO/PMMA foams own lower cell density and bigger cell size in their microstructure, and their compressive strength is lower even when the reinforcement contents are the same and the foam bulk density is higher. These results indicate that the oxygen-containing groups on GO sheets’ surface are beneficial to adhere CO2 to realize a larger nucleation rate, and their strong interaction with PMMA matrix improves the mechanical property of PMMA foams.展开更多
The adsorption of aqueous cadmium ions(Cd(Ⅱ)) have been investigated for modified activated carbon(AC-T)with oxygen-containing functional groups.The oxygen-containing groups of AC-T play an important role in Cd(Ⅱ) i...The adsorption of aqueous cadmium ions(Cd(Ⅱ)) have been investigated for modified activated carbon(AC-T)with oxygen-containing functional groups.The oxygen-containing groups of AC-T play an important role in Cd(Ⅱ) ion adsorption onto AC-T.The modified activated carbon is characterized by scanning electron microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The results of batch experiments indicate that the maximal adsorption could be achieved over the broad pH range of 4.5 to 6.5.Adsorption isotherms and kinetic study suggest that the sorption of Cd(Ⅱ) onto AC-T produces monolayer coverage and that adsorption is controlled by chemical adsorption.And the adsorbent has a good reusability.According to the FT-IR and XPS analyses,electrostatic attraction and cation exchange between Cd(Ⅱ) and oxygen-containing functional groups on AC-T are dominant mechanisms for Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption.展开更多
Human acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF) are classic and well characterized members of the heparin binding growth factor family. Heparin is generally thought to play an extremely important rol...Human acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF) are classic and well characterized members of the heparin binding growth factor family. Heparin is generally thought to play an extremely important role in regulating aFGF and bFGF bioactivities through its strong binding with them. In order to unravel the mechanism of the interactions between heparin and FGFs, and evaluate the importance of heparin sulfate groups' binding with FGFs, surface plasmon resonance analyses were performed using IAsys Cuvettes System. Heparin and its regioselectively desulfated derivatives were immobilized on the cuvettes. aFGF and bFGF solutions with different concentrations were pipetted into the cuvettes and the progress of the interaction was monitored in real\|time by Windows based software, yielding kinetic and equilibrium constants for these interactions. In addition, in order to reduce the delicate difference among the cuvettes, inhibition analyses of mixture of FGFs and immobilized native heparin by modified heparins were also done. The data from these two methods were similar, indicating that all sulfate groups at 2 O, 6 O and N in heparin were required for the binding to aFGF; and that their contribution to the binding was in the order 2 O, N and 6 O sulfate group. In contrast, definite contribution of the 6 O sulfate group to the binding with bFGF was most apparent, while the other two sulfate groups appeared to be necessary in the order 2 O and N sulfate group. These methods established here can be used for analysing the effect of sulfate groups in heparin on the binding with other human FGF members or other heparin binding proteins.展开更多
Bacterial surface glycans perform a diverse and important set of biological roles,and have been widely used in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases.The majority of bacterial surface glycans are decorated wit...Bacterial surface glycans perform a diverse and important set of biological roles,and have been widely used in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases.The majority of bacterial surface glycans are decorated with diverse rare functional groups,including amido,acetamidino,carboxamido and pyruvate groups.These functional groups are thought to be important constituents for the biological activities of glycans.Chemical synthesis of glycans bearing these functional groups or their variants is essential for the investigation of structure-activity relationships by a medicinal chemistry approach.To date,a broad choice of synthetic methods is available for targeting the different rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans.This article reviews the structures of naturally occurring rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans,and the chemical methods used for installation of these groups.展开更多
Oxygen-containing functional groups were found to e ectively boost the K^(+)storage performance of carbonaceous materials,however,the mechanism behind the performance enhancement remains unclear.Herein,we report highe...Oxygen-containing functional groups were found to e ectively boost the K^(+)storage performance of carbonaceous materials,however,the mechanism behind the performance enhancement remains unclear.Herein,we report higher rate capability and better long-term cycle performance employing oxygen-doped graphite oxide(GO)as the anode material for potassium ion batteries(PIBs),compared to the raw graphite.The in situ Raman spectroscopy elucidates the adsorption-intercalation hybrid K^(+)storage mechanism,assigning the capacity enhancement to be mainly correlated with reversible K^(+)adsorption/desorption at the newly introduced oxygen sites.It is unraveled that the C=O and COOH rather than C-O-C and OH groups contribute to the capacity enhancement.Based on in situ Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectra and in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),it is found that the oxygen-containing functional groups regulate the components of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),leading to the formation of highly conductive,intact and robust SEI.Through the systematic investigations,we hereby uncover the K^(+)storage mechanism of GO-based PIB,and establish a clear relationship between the types/contents of oxygen functional groups and the regulated composition of SEI.展开更多
Stable adsorption and direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase （COx） occurred on nitric acid （HNO3）-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubcs （MWNTs） instead of as-received MWNTs, demonstrating the critical roles ...Stable adsorption and direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase （COx） occurred on nitric acid （HNO3）-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubcs （MWNTs） instead of as-received MWNTs, demonstrating the critical roles of oxygen-containing groups in stable adsorption and direct electrochemistry of GOx on carbon nanotubcs （CNTs）.展开更多
The thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles exerts a significant influence on the control strategy for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters(DPFs).This work focused on the changes in the surface functio...The thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles exerts a significant influence on the control strategy for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters(DPFs).This work focused on the changes in the surface functional groups,carbon chemical state,and graphitization degree during thermal treatment in an inert gas environment at intermediate temperatures of 600℃,800℃,and 1000℃ and explore the chemical species that were desorbed from the diesel soot surface during thermal treatment using a thermogravimetric analyser coupled with a gas-chromatograph mass spectrometer(TGA-GC/MS).The surface functional groups and carbon chemical statewere characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The graphitization degree was evaluated by means of Raman spectroscopy(RS).The concentrations of aliphatic C–H,C–OH,C=O,and O–C=O groups are reduced for diesel soot and carbon black when increasing the thermal treatment temperature,while the sp^(2)/sp^(3) hybridized ratio and graphitization degree enhance.These results provide comprehensive evidence of the decreased reactivity of soot samples.Among oxygenated functional groups,the percentage reduction during thermal treatment is the largest for the O–C=O groups owing to its worst thermodynamic stability.TGA-GC/MS results show that the aliphatic and aromatic chains and oxygenated species would be desorbed from the soot surface during 1000℃ thermal treatment of diesel soot.展开更多
MXene quantum dots(MQDs)offer wide applications owing to the abundant surface chemistry,tunable energy-level structure,and unique properties.However,the application of MQDs in electrochemical energy conversion,includi...MXene quantum dots(MQDs)offer wide applications owing to the abundant surface chemistry,tunable energy-level structure,and unique properties.However,the application of MQDs in electrochemical energy conversion,including hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),remains to be realized,as it remains a challenge to precisely control the types of surface groups and tune the structure of energy levels in MQDs,owing to the high surface energy-induced strong agglomeration in post-processing.Consequently,the determination of the exact catalytically active sites and processes involved in such an electrocatalysis is challenging because of the complexity of the synthetic process and reaction conditions.Herein,we demonstrated the spontaneous evolution of the surface groups of the Ti_(2)CT_(x)MQDs(x:the content of O atom),i.e.,replacement of the-Cl functional groups by O-terminated ones during the cathode reaction.This process resulted in a low Gibbs free energy(0.26 eV)in HER.Our steady Ti_(2)CO_(x)/Cu_(2)O/Cu foam systems exhibited a low overpotential of 175 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M aq.KOH,and excellent operational stability over 165 h at a constant current density of-10 mA cm^(-2).展开更多
Water pollution regarding dyes and heavy metal ions is crucial facing the world.How to effectively separate these contaminants from water has been a key issue.Graphene oxide(GO)promises the greenwater world as a long-...Water pollution regarding dyes and heavy metal ions is crucial facing the world.How to effectively separate these contaminants from water has been a key issue.Graphene oxide(GO)promises the greenwater world as a long-lasting spotlight adsorbent material and therefore,harnessing GO has been the research hotspot for over a decade.The state of GO as well as its surface functional groups plays an important role in adsorption.And the way of preparation and structural modification matters to the performance of GO.In this review,the significance of the state of existence of stock GO and surface functional groups is explored in terms of preparation,structural modification,and adsorption.Besides,various adsorbates for GO adsorption are also involved,the discussion of which is rarely established elsewhere.展开更多
FeO;supported on activated carbon(AC) has been shown to be an ideal catalyst for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation(CWPO) due to its high CWPO reaction activity and stability. Although there have been some studies on th...FeO;supported on activated carbon(AC) has been shown to be an ideal catalyst for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation(CWPO) due to its high CWPO reaction activity and stability. Although there have been some studies on the mechanism of Fe/AC catalysis in CWPO, the specific contribution of each component(surface oxygen groups and FeOxon AC) inside an Fe/AC catalyst and their corresponding reaction mechanism remain unclear, and the reaction stability of CWPO catalysts has rarely been discussed. Then the optimal CWPO catalyst in our laboratory, 3%Fe/AC, was selected.(1) By removing certain components on the AC through heat treatment, its contribution to the reaction and the corresponding reaction mechanism were investigated. With the aid of temperature-programmed desorption–mass spectrometry(TPD–MS) and the CWPO reaction, the normalized catalytic contributions of components were shown to be: 37.3%(carboxylic groups), 5.3%(anhydride), 19.3%(ether/hydroxyl),-71.4%(carbonyl groups) and 100%(FeOx),respectively. DFT calculation and EPR analysis confirmed that carboxylic groups and Fe_(2)O_(3) are able to activate the H_(2)O_(2) to generate·OH.(2) The catalysts at were characterized at different reaction times(0 h, 450 h, 900 h, 1350 h, and 1800 h) by TPD–MS and M?ssbauer spectroscopy. Results suggested that the number of carboxylic goups gradually increased and the size of paramagnetic Fe_(2)O_(3) particle crystallites gradually increased as the reactions progressed. The occurrence of strong interactions between metal oxides and AC was also confirmed. Due to these effects, the strong stability of 3%Fe/AC was further improved. Therefore, the reasons for the high activity and strong stability of 3%Fe/AC in CWPO were clearly shown. We believe that this work provides an idea of the removal of cresols from wastewater into the introduction to show the potential applications of CWPO.展开更多
A series of activated carbons（ACs） were prepared using HNO_3,H_2O_2 and steam as activation agents with the aim to introduce functional groups to carbon surface in the ACs preparation process.The effects of concentr...A series of activated carbons（ACs） were prepared using HNO_3,H_2O_2 and steam as activation agents with the aim to introduce functional groups to carbon surface in the ACs preparation process.The effects of concentration of activation agent,activation time on the surface functional groups and redox property of ACs were characterized by Temperature Program Desorption（TPD） and Cyclic Voltammetry（CV）.Results showed that lactone groups of ACs activated by HNO_3 increase with activation time,and the carboxyl groups increase with the concentration of HNO_3.Carbonyl/quinine groups of ACs activated by H_2O_2 increase with the activation time and the concentration of H_2O_2,although the acidic groups decrease with the concentration of H_2O_2.The redox property reflected by CV at 0 and 0.5 V is different with any kinds of oxygen functional groups characterized by TPD,but it is consistent with the SO_2 catalytic oxidization /oxidation properties indicated by TPR.展开更多
The oxidation heat of coal is the direct reason leading to coal spontaneous combustion. When coal is exposed in oxygen atmosphere, the physical adsorption and chemisorption happened, and then which resulting chemical ...The oxidation heat of coal is the direct reason leading to coal spontaneous combustion. When coal is exposed in oxygen atmosphere, the physical adsorption and chemisorption happened, and then which resulting chemical reaction followed heat between coal and oxygen. Owing to the complexity and uncertain of molecular structure of coal,it was only reduced that bridge bonds, side chains and O 2 containing functional groups in coal may be prone to oxidation in last year, but not to deeply investigate into the structures and the type of the active radicals. In this paper, according to the last achievements in coal structure research, the hypomethylether bond, hypoalkyl bond of α carbon atom with hydroxyl and α carbon atom with hypomethy side chain and hypomethyl bonds linking up two aromatic hydrocarbon in bridge bonds, and methoxy,aldehyde and alkyls of α carbon atom with hydroxy in side bonds are inferred to be free radical easily to lead to oxidize coal under the ambient temperature and pressure. The order from strong to weak of oxide activation of the seven surface active groups is aldehyde side chains, hypomethylether bonds, hypoalkyl bonds of α carbon atom with hydroxyl, hypoalkyl bonds of α carbon atom with hypomethyl, hypomethyl bonds linking up two aromatic hydrocarbon,methoxy, alkyls side chains of α carbon atom with hydroxyl. Because of the two unsaturated molecular tracks of O 2, unpaired electron clouds of the part of surface active groups of coal enter molecular tracks of O 2 to lead to chemisorb on the conjugate effect and induced effect of surface active groups, and then chemical reaction followed heat happens in them. On the basis of change of bond energy, weighted average method is adopted to count the reaction heat value of each mol CO,CO 2 and H 2O. The property of coal spontaneous combustion is different for the different number and oxidability of the active structure in the coal resulting in the different oxidation heat.展开更多
The exposed and transformed groups of fibrous brucite,wollastonite,chrysotile asbestos,sepiolite,palygorskite,clinoptilolite,crocidolite and diatomaceous earth mineral materials are analyzed by IR spectra after acid a...The exposed and transformed groups of fibrous brucite,wollastonite,chrysotile asbestos,sepiolite,palygorskite,clinoptilolite,crocidolite and diatomaceous earth mineral materials are analyzed by IR spectra after acid and alikali etching,strong mechanical and polarity molecular interaction.The results show the active sites concentrate on the ends in stick mineral materials and on the defect or hole edge in pipe mineral materials.The inside active site of mineral materials plays a main role in small molecular substance.The shape of minerals influence their distribution and density of active site.The strong mechanical impulsion and weak chemical force change the active site feature of minerals,the powder process enables minerals exposed more surface group and more combined types.The surface processing with the small polarity molecular or the brand of middle molecular may produce ionation and new coordinate bond,and change the active properties and level of original mineral materials.展开更多
Rayon-based carbon fibers were anodically oxidized in the presence of a variety of electrolytes. The functional groups produced on carbon fiber surface were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT...Rayon-based carbon fibers were anodically oxidized in the presence of a variety of electrolytes. The functional groups produced on carbon fiber surface were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Both K Br pellet spectra and ATR difference spectra indicate that carboxyl and phenolic and carbonyl groups were produced. The acidic groups, carboxyl and phenol, were measured by potentiometrie titration with standard solutions of acid and alkali. The results show that the amount of acidic groups is related to the electrolyte used.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20336020) and Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (2002C32103).
文摘This review focused on the recent reports related to the function, characterization and modification of oxygen-containing surface groups of activated carbon (AC). The Oxygen-containing surface groups were briefly described, and the most frequently used techniques for characterization of the oxygen-containing surface groups on ACs were also briefly stated. A detailed discussion of the effects of the oxygen-containing surface groups on the adsorptive capacity of AC was given. The recent progresses in modification of the oxygen-containing surface groups of AC were also reviewed.
文摘The synthetic parameters were changed to explore the formation mechanism of the oxygen-containing groups on the surfaces of the hypercrosslinked polymers. The FT-IR spectra and the Boehm titration were used to characterize the surface chemistry of the synthesized polymers. The GC-MS was applied to analyze nitrobenzene which was the solvent in the reaction. The functionalities such as carbonyls and phenols were formed through the oxidation of residual chloromethyl groups by nitrobenzene and the carboxylic groups were formed through further oxidation by oxygen. The nitrobenzene was deoxidized to nitrosobenzene and further to aniline.
文摘Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)combine the high power dens-ity of electrical double-layer capacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries.However,they face practical limitations due to the narrow operating voltage window of their activated carbon(AC)cathodes.We report a scalable thermal treatment strategy to develop high-voltage-tolerant AC cathodes.Through controlled thermal treatment of commer-cial activated carbon(Raw-AC)under a H_(2)/Ar atmosphere at 400-800℃,the targeted reduction of degradation-prone functional groups can be achieved while preserving the critical pore structure and increasing graph-itic microcrystalline ordering.The AC treated at 400℃(HAC-400)had a significant increase in specific capacity(96.0 vs.75.1 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g)and better rate capability(61.1 vs.36.1 mAh/g at 5 A/g)in half-cell LICs,along with an 83.5%capacity retention over 7400 cycles within an extended voltage range of 2.0-4.2 V in full-cell LICs.Scalability was demonstrated by a 120 g batch production,enabling fabrication of pouch-type LICs with commercial hard carbon anodes that delivered a higher energy density of 28.3 Wh/kg at 1 C,and a peak power density of 12.1 kW/kg compared to devices using raw AC.This simple,industry-compatible approach may be used for producing ad-vanced cathode materials for practical high-performance LICs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFB4101500 and 2022YFE0209500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22276191 and 21976177)the Qinghai Province Air Pollution Assessment and Fine Management Support Project,and the University of Chinese Academy of Science.
文摘As a potential adsorption material,it is still a challenge for activated carbon fiber(ACF)in efficient adsorption of ethanol due to its nonpolar surface,which is mainly emitted from the grain drying industry.This study prepared surface polarity-modified ACF using the heteroatom doping method.The modified ACF possessed a richer array of strongly polar oxygen/nitrogen-containing functional groups(primarily phenolic hydroxyl and lactone groups),a larger specific surface are1,and a more developed micropore structure.The adsorption capacities of ethanol for O-ACF and N-ACF were 4.110 mmol/g and 1.698 mmol/g,respectively,which were 11.3 times and 4.7 times those of unmodified ACF.This was a significant improvement over our previous work(0.363 mmol/g).The improvement of adsorption capacity for the N-ACF was mainly due to the higher specific surface are1,greater number of micropores(more adsorption sites)and abundant existence of defects,whereas,for O-ACF,the improvement mainly relied on the abundant presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface.However,water had a negative effect on the adsorption of ethanol for the modified ACF due to competitive adsorption and the disappearance of capillary condensation.It was further revealed that the adsorption process of ethanol and water was quite different.It obeyed the linear driving force(LDF)model for ethanol adsorption,however,the intraparticle diffusion(IPD)model for water adsorption.
文摘The activated carbon with high surface area was prepared by KOH activation.It was further modified by H2SO4 and HNO3 to introduce more surface functional groups.The pore structure of the activated carbons before and after modification was analyzed based on the nitrogen adsorption isotherms.The morphology of those activated carbons was characterized using scanning electronic microscopy （SEM）.The surface functional groups were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）.The quantity of those groups was measured by the Boehm titration method.Cr（VI） removal by the activated carbons from aqueous solution was investigated at different pH values.The results show that compared with H2SO4,HNO3 destructs the original pore of the activated carbon more seriously and induces more acidic surface functional groups on the activated carbon.The pH value of the solution plays a key role in the Cr（VI） removal.The ability of reducing Cr（VI） to Cr（III） by the activated carbons is relative to the acidic surface functional groups.At higher pH values,the Cr（VI） removal ratio is improved by increasing the acidic surface functional groups of the activated carbons.At lower pH values,however,the acidic surface functional groups almost have no effect on the Cr（VI） removal by the activated carbon from aqueous solution.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51961165104)Project of Thousand Youth Talents(No.AUGA2160100917)+1 种基金University Nursing Program for Young Scholars with Creative Talents in Heilongjiang Province(No.UNPYSCT-2020050)Provincial Leading Talent Echelon Cultivation Project of Heilongjiang Institute of Technology(No.2020LJ04)。
文摘Biochar(BC)are widely used as highly efficient adsorbents to alleviate aromatics-based contaminants due to their ease of preparation,wide availability,and high sustainability.The surface properties of BCs usually vary greatly due to their complex chemical constituents and different preparation processes and are reflected in the values of parameters such as the specific surface area(SSA),pore volume/size,and surface functional groups(SFGs).The effects of SSA and pore volume/size on the adsorption of aromatics have been widely reported.However,the corresponding mechanisms of BC SFGs towards aromatics adsorption remains unclear as the compositions of the SFGs are usually complex and hard to determine.To address in this gap in the literature,this review introduces a new perspective on the adsorption mechanisms of aromatics.Through collecting previously-reported results,the parameters log P(logarithm of the Kow),polar surface area,and the positive/negative charges were carefully calculated using Chem Draw3D,which allowed the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity properties,electron donor-acceptor interactions,Hbonding,and electrostatic interactions between SFGs and aromatics-based contaminates to be inferred intuitively.These predictions were consistent with the reported results and showed that tailor-made BCs can be designed according to the molecular weights,chemical structures,and polarities of the target aromatics.Overall,this review provides new insight into predicting the physicochemical properties of BCs through revealing the relationship between SFGs and adsorbates,which may provide useful guidance for the preparing of highly-efficient,functional BCs for the adsorption of aromatics.
基金Funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.51521001)
文摘The functional groups on graphene sheets surface affect their dispersion and interfacial adhesion in polymer matrix. We compared the mechanical property of polymethymethacrylate（PMMA） microcellular foams reinforced with graphene oxide（GO） and reduced graphene oxide（RGO） to investigate this influence of functional groups. RGO sheets were fabricated by solvent thermal reduction in DMF medium. UV-Vis, FT-IR and XPS analyses indicate the difference of oxygen-containing groups on GO and RGO sheets surface. The observation of SEM illustrates that the addition of a smaller number of GO or RGO sheets causes a fine cellular structure of PMMA foams with a higher cell density(about 1011 cells/cm3) and smaller cell sizes（about 1-2 μm） owing to their remarkable heterogeneous nucleation effect. Compared to GO reinforced foams, the RGO/PMMA foams own lower cell density and bigger cell size in their microstructure, and their compressive strength is lower even when the reinforcement contents are the same and the foam bulk density is higher. These results indicate that the oxygen-containing groups on GO sheets’ surface are beneficial to adhere CO2 to realize a larger nucleation rate, and their strong interaction with PMMA matrix improves the mechanical property of PMMA foams.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(TD2013-2,2012LYB33)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51278053,21373032)grant-in-aid from Kochi University of Technology and China Scholarship Council
文摘The adsorption of aqueous cadmium ions(Cd(Ⅱ)) have been investigated for modified activated carbon(AC-T)with oxygen-containing functional groups.The oxygen-containing groups of AC-T play an important role in Cd(Ⅱ) ion adsorption onto AC-T.The modified activated carbon is characterized by scanning electron microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The results of batch experiments indicate that the maximal adsorption could be achieved over the broad pH range of 4.5 to 6.5.Adsorption isotherms and kinetic study suggest that the sorption of Cd(Ⅱ) onto AC-T produces monolayer coverage and that adsorption is controlled by chemical adsorption.And the adsorbent has a good reusability.According to the FT-IR and XPS analyses,electrostatic attraction and cation exchange between Cd(Ⅱ) and oxygen-containing functional groups on AC-T are dominant mechanisms for Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption.
文摘Human acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF) are classic and well characterized members of the heparin binding growth factor family. Heparin is generally thought to play an extremely important role in regulating aFGF and bFGF bioactivities through its strong binding with them. In order to unravel the mechanism of the interactions between heparin and FGFs, and evaluate the importance of heparin sulfate groups' binding with FGFs, surface plasmon resonance analyses were performed using IAsys Cuvettes System. Heparin and its regioselectively desulfated derivatives were immobilized on the cuvettes. aFGF and bFGF solutions with different concentrations were pipetted into the cuvettes and the progress of the interaction was monitored in real\|time by Windows based software, yielding kinetic and equilibrium constants for these interactions. In addition, in order to reduce the delicate difference among the cuvettes, inhibition analyses of mixture of FGFs and immobilized native heparin by modified heparins were also done. The data from these two methods were similar, indicating that all sulfate groups at 2 O, 6 O and N in heparin were required for the binding to aFGF; and that their contribution to the binding was in the order 2 O, N and 6 O sulfate group. In contrast, definite contribution of the 6 O sulfate group to the binding with bFGF was most apparent, while the other two sulfate groups appeared to be necessary in the order 2 O and N sulfate group. These methods established here can be used for analysing the effect of sulfate groups in heparin on the binding with other human FGF members or other heparin binding proteins.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22077052,21877052,21907039,22107037)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M681487,2021M691279)+4 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0908304)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20180030,BK20190575)the National First-class Discipline Program of Light Industry Technology and Engineering(LITE2018-14)the 111 Project(111-2-06)the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology(Jiangnan University),Ministry of Education(KLCCB-KF202005).
文摘Bacterial surface glycans perform a diverse and important set of biological roles,and have been widely used in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases.The majority of bacterial surface glycans are decorated with diverse rare functional groups,including amido,acetamidino,carboxamido and pyruvate groups.These functional groups are thought to be important constituents for the biological activities of glycans.Chemical synthesis of glycans bearing these functional groups or their variants is essential for the investigation of structure-activity relationships by a medicinal chemistry approach.To date,a broad choice of synthetic methods is available for targeting the different rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans.This article reviews the structures of naturally occurring rare functional groups in bacterial surface glycans,and the chemical methods used for installation of these groups.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51802091,51902102,22075074)Outstanding Young Scientists Research Funds from Hunan Province(2020JJ2004)+2 种基金Major Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province(2020WK2013)Creative Research Funds from Hunan Province(2018RS3046)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2020JJ5035)。
文摘Oxygen-containing functional groups were found to e ectively boost the K^(+)storage performance of carbonaceous materials,however,the mechanism behind the performance enhancement remains unclear.Herein,we report higher rate capability and better long-term cycle performance employing oxygen-doped graphite oxide(GO)as the anode material for potassium ion batteries(PIBs),compared to the raw graphite.The in situ Raman spectroscopy elucidates the adsorption-intercalation hybrid K^(+)storage mechanism,assigning the capacity enhancement to be mainly correlated with reversible K^(+)adsorption/desorption at the newly introduced oxygen sites.It is unraveled that the C=O and COOH rather than C-O-C and OH groups contribute to the capacity enhancement.Based on in situ Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectra and in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),it is found that the oxygen-containing functional groups regulate the components of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),leading to the formation of highly conductive,intact and robust SEI.Through the systematic investigations,we hereby uncover the K^(+)storage mechanism of GO-based PIB,and establish a clear relationship between the types/contents of oxygen functional groups and the regulated composition of SEI.
基金This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.30370397 and 60571042).
文摘Stable adsorption and direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase （COx） occurred on nitric acid （HNO3）-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubcs （MWNTs） instead of as-received MWNTs, demonstrating the critical roles of oxygen-containing groups in stable adsorption and direct electrochemistry of GOx on carbon nanotubcs （CNTs）.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52006054)the State Key Laboratory of Engines at Tianjin University (No.K2021-05)+1 种基金the European Union’s projects MODALES (No.815189)nPETS (No.954377)
文摘The thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles exerts a significant influence on the control strategy for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters(DPFs).This work focused on the changes in the surface functional groups,carbon chemical state,and graphitization degree during thermal treatment in an inert gas environment at intermediate temperatures of 600℃,800℃,and 1000℃ and explore the chemical species that were desorbed from the diesel soot surface during thermal treatment using a thermogravimetric analyser coupled with a gas-chromatograph mass spectrometer(TGA-GC/MS).The surface functional groups and carbon chemical statewere characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The graphitization degree was evaluated by means of Raman spectroscopy(RS).The concentrations of aliphatic C–H,C–OH,C=O,and O–C=O groups are reduced for diesel soot and carbon black when increasing the thermal treatment temperature,while the sp^(2)/sp^(3) hybridized ratio and graphitization degree enhance.These results provide comprehensive evidence of the decreased reactivity of soot samples.Among oxygenated functional groups,the percentage reduction during thermal treatment is the largest for the O–C=O groups owing to its worst thermodynamic stability.TGA-GC/MS results show that the aliphatic and aromatic chains and oxygenated species would be desorbed from the soot surface during 1000℃ thermal treatment of diesel soot.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51872115,52101256,and 51932003)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Project(2020 M680043)+1 种基金Science and Technology Research Project of the Department of Education of Jilin Province(JJKH20211083KJ)2020 International Cooperation Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(20200801001GH).
文摘MXene quantum dots(MQDs)offer wide applications owing to the abundant surface chemistry,tunable energy-level structure,and unique properties.However,the application of MQDs in electrochemical energy conversion,including hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),remains to be realized,as it remains a challenge to precisely control the types of surface groups and tune the structure of energy levels in MQDs,owing to the high surface energy-induced strong agglomeration in post-processing.Consequently,the determination of the exact catalytically active sites and processes involved in such an electrocatalysis is challenging because of the complexity of the synthetic process and reaction conditions.Herein,we demonstrated the spontaneous evolution of the surface groups of the Ti_(2)CT_(x)MQDs(x:the content of O atom),i.e.,replacement of the-Cl functional groups by O-terminated ones during the cathode reaction.This process resulted in a low Gibbs free energy(0.26 eV)in HER.Our steady Ti_(2)CO_(x)/Cu_(2)O/Cu foam systems exhibited a low overpotential of 175 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M aq.KOH,and excellent operational stability over 165 h at a constant current density of-10 mA cm^(-2).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51902007)。
文摘Water pollution regarding dyes and heavy metal ions is crucial facing the world.How to effectively separate these contaminants from water has been a key issue.Graphene oxide(GO)promises the greenwater world as a long-lasting spotlight adsorbent material and therefore,harnessing GO has been the research hotspot for over a decade.The state of GO as well as its surface functional groups plays an important role in adsorption.And the way of preparation and structural modification matters to the performance of GO.In this review,the significance of the state of existence of stock GO and surface functional groups is explored in terms of preparation,structural modification,and adsorption.Besides,various adsorbates for GO adsorption are also involved,the discussion of which is rarely established elsewhere.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52100072)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(8214056)+2 种基金the special fund of Beijing Key Laboratory of Clean Fuels and Efficient Catalytic Emission Reduction Technology,the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA21021101)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019YFA0705803)Scientific Research Common Program of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education(KM202010017006)。
文摘FeO;supported on activated carbon(AC) has been shown to be an ideal catalyst for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation(CWPO) due to its high CWPO reaction activity and stability. Although there have been some studies on the mechanism of Fe/AC catalysis in CWPO, the specific contribution of each component(surface oxygen groups and FeOxon AC) inside an Fe/AC catalyst and their corresponding reaction mechanism remain unclear, and the reaction stability of CWPO catalysts has rarely been discussed. Then the optimal CWPO catalyst in our laboratory, 3%Fe/AC, was selected.(1) By removing certain components on the AC through heat treatment, its contribution to the reaction and the corresponding reaction mechanism were investigated. With the aid of temperature-programmed desorption–mass spectrometry(TPD–MS) and the CWPO reaction, the normalized catalytic contributions of components were shown to be: 37.3%(carboxylic groups), 5.3%(anhydride), 19.3%(ether/hydroxyl),-71.4%(carbonyl groups) and 100%(FeOx),respectively. DFT calculation and EPR analysis confirmed that carboxylic groups and Fe_(2)O_(3) are able to activate the H_(2)O_(2) to generate·OH.(2) The catalysts at were characterized at different reaction times(0 h, 450 h, 900 h, 1350 h, and 1800 h) by TPD–MS and M?ssbauer spectroscopy. Results suggested that the number of carboxylic goups gradually increased and the size of paramagnetic Fe_(2)O_(3) particle crystallites gradually increased as the reactions progressed. The occurrence of strong interactions between metal oxides and AC was also confirmed. Due to these effects, the strong stability of 3%Fe/AC was further improved. Therefore, the reasons for the high activity and strong stability of 3%Fe/AC in CWPO were clearly shown. We believe that this work provides an idea of the removal of cresols from wastewater into the introduction to show the potential applications of CWPO.
基金part of the Innovation Program for Undergraduate supported by China University of Mining & Technology,Beijing.
文摘A series of activated carbons（ACs） were prepared using HNO_3,H_2O_2 and steam as activation agents with the aim to introduce functional groups to carbon surface in the ACs preparation process.The effects of concentration of activation agent,activation time on the surface functional groups and redox property of ACs were characterized by Temperature Program Desorption（TPD） and Cyclic Voltammetry（CV）.Results showed that lactone groups of ACs activated by HNO_3 increase with activation time,and the carboxyl groups increase with the concentration of HNO_3.Carbonyl/quinine groups of ACs activated by H_2O_2 increase with the activation time and the concentration of H_2O_2,although the acidic groups decrease with the concentration of H_2O_2.The redox property reflected by CV at 0 and 0.5 V is different with any kinds of oxygen functional groups characterized by TPD,but it is consistent with the SO_2 catalytic oxidization /oxidation properties indicated by TPR.
文摘The oxidation heat of coal is the direct reason leading to coal spontaneous combustion. When coal is exposed in oxygen atmosphere, the physical adsorption and chemisorption happened, and then which resulting chemical reaction followed heat between coal and oxygen. Owing to the complexity and uncertain of molecular structure of coal,it was only reduced that bridge bonds, side chains and O 2 containing functional groups in coal may be prone to oxidation in last year, but not to deeply investigate into the structures and the type of the active radicals. In this paper, according to the last achievements in coal structure research, the hypomethylether bond, hypoalkyl bond of α carbon atom with hydroxyl and α carbon atom with hypomethy side chain and hypomethyl bonds linking up two aromatic hydrocarbon in bridge bonds, and methoxy,aldehyde and alkyls of α carbon atom with hydroxy in side bonds are inferred to be free radical easily to lead to oxidize coal under the ambient temperature and pressure. The order from strong to weak of oxide activation of the seven surface active groups is aldehyde side chains, hypomethylether bonds, hypoalkyl bonds of α carbon atom with hydroxyl, hypoalkyl bonds of α carbon atom with hypomethyl, hypomethyl bonds linking up two aromatic hydrocarbon,methoxy, alkyls side chains of α carbon atom with hydroxyl. Because of the two unsaturated molecular tracks of O 2, unpaired electron clouds of the part of surface active groups of coal enter molecular tracks of O 2 to lead to chemisorb on the conjugate effect and induced effect of surface active groups, and then chemical reaction followed heat happens in them. On the basis of change of bond energy, weighted average method is adopted to count the reaction heat value of each mol CO,CO 2 and H 2O. The property of coal spontaneous combustion is different for the different number and oxidability of the active structure in the coal resulting in the different oxidation heat.
基金FundedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChi na (No .4 0 0 72 0 2 0 )andtheTRAPforOutstandingYoungTeachersinHigherEducationInstitutionsofMOE China
文摘The exposed and transformed groups of fibrous brucite,wollastonite,chrysotile asbestos,sepiolite,palygorskite,clinoptilolite,crocidolite and diatomaceous earth mineral materials are analyzed by IR spectra after acid and alikali etching,strong mechanical and polarity molecular interaction.The results show the active sites concentrate on the ends in stick mineral materials and on the defect or hole edge in pipe mineral materials.The inside active site of mineral materials plays a main role in small molecular substance.The shape of minerals influence their distribution and density of active site.The strong mechanical impulsion and weak chemical force change the active site feature of minerals,the powder process enables minerals exposed more surface group and more combined types.The surface processing with the small polarity molecular or the brand of middle molecular may produce ionation and new coordinate bond,and change the active properties and level of original mineral materials.
文摘Rayon-based carbon fibers were anodically oxidized in the presence of a variety of electrolytes. The functional groups produced on carbon fiber surface were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Both K Br pellet spectra and ATR difference spectra indicate that carboxyl and phenolic and carbonyl groups were produced. The acidic groups, carboxyl and phenol, were measured by potentiometrie titration with standard solutions of acid and alkali. The results show that the amount of acidic groups is related to the electrolyte used.
