Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Jap...Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Japanese Tits(Parus minor) can alter the calling rate and number and combination of notes in response to predators. We previously found the combinations of note types in Japanese Tit alarm calls to be significantly different in response to the Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus) and Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).Methods: Through playback experiments, we tested whether the note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions in conveying information. The note strings of selected alarm calls were divided into the categories of C and D, and different calls were then constructed separately based on the two note string categories. Original alarm calls(C–D), C calls and D calls were played back to male Japanese Tits during the incubation period.Results: Male Japanese Tits had a significantly stronger response to C calls than to C–D calls, and they showed a significantly stronger response to both C and C–D calls than to D calls, suggesting that Japanese Tits discriminated between the C and D calls.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the C-and D-category note strings of Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions, which supports the previous finding that different note strings in an alarm call can provide different information to receivers. However, the exact meanings of these note strings are not yet known, and further investigation is therefore required.展开更多
The meson productions in Au+Au and/or Pb+Pb collisions at AGS, SPS, RHIC, and LHC energies have been studied systematically with a hadron and string cascade model LUCIAE. After considering the energy dependence of th...The meson productions in Au+Au and/or Pb+Pb collisions at AGS, SPS, RHIC, and LHC energies have been studied systematically with a hadron and string cascade model LUCIAE. After considering the energy dependence of the model parameter α in string fragmentation function and adjusting it to the experimental data of charged multiplicity to a certain extent, the model predictions for meson yield, rapidity, and transverse mass distributions are compatible with the experimental data at AGS, SPS and RHIC energies. A calculation for Pb+Pb collisions at LHC energy is given as well. The obtained fractional variable in string fragmentation function shows a saturation in energy dependence. It is discussed that the saturation of fractional variable in string fragmentation function might be a qualitative representation of the energy dependence of nuclear transparency.展开更多
In this note, we analyze a few major claims about . As a consequence, we rewrite a major theorem, nullify its proof and one remark of importance, and offer a valid proof for it. The most important gift of this paper i...In this note, we analyze a few major claims about . As a consequence, we rewrite a major theorem, nullify its proof and one remark of importance, and offer a valid proof for it. The most important gift of this paper is probably the reasoning involved in all: We observe that a constant, namely t, has been changed into a variable, and we then tell why such a move could not have been made, we observe the discrepancy between the claimed domain and the actual domain of a supposed function that is created and we then explain why such a function could not, or should not, have been created, along with others.展开更多
In this article, we study the string equation of type (2,5), which is derived from 2D gravity theory or the string theory. We consider the equation as a 4th order analogue of the first Painlevé equation, take the...In this article, we study the string equation of type (2,5), which is derived from 2D gravity theory or the string theory. We consider the equation as a 4th order analogue of the first Painlevé equation, take the autonomous limit, and solve it concretely by use of the Weierstrass’ elliptic function.展开更多
The multiverse is a hypothesis created to solve certain problems in cosmology. Currently, this scheme is still largely ad hoc, rather than derived from fundamental laws and principles. Because of this, the predictive ...The multiverse is a hypothesis created to solve certain problems in cosmology. Currently, this scheme is still largely ad hoc, rather than derived from fundamental laws and principles. Because of this, the predictive power of this theory is rather limited. Furthermore, there are concerns that this theory will make it impossible to calculate some measured quantities, such as the masses of quarks and the electron. In this paper, we will show that a new development in string theory, the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, provides a way to derive the mathematical expression of the multiverse. We will demonstrate that the Weyl invariance existing in string theory indicates that our observed universe is a projection from a hologram. We will present how the laws of physics can be derived from this fact. Furthermore, we suggest it may also provide a way to calculate the masses of fundamental particles such as quarks and the electron.展开更多
Inflation is the most commonly accepted theory in cosmology to explain why the universe appears flat, homogeneous, and isotropic, as well as the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos and why no magnetic mo...Inflation is the most commonly accepted theory in cosmology to explain why the universe appears flat, homogeneous, and isotropic, as well as the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos and why no magnetic monopoles have been detected. However, so far, the origin of the inflation epoch and what is the hypothetical field, the inflation, giving rise to inflation, remains unknown. String theory is one of the promising candidates for the grand unification theory. Grand unification theory is to use one mathematic formula to describe everything. In this work, we study the inflation scheme in a new development in string theory, UWFIST （universal wave function interpretation of string theory）. We show that from UWFIST we can derive from the fundamental theory that the long-range vibration is the possible candidate of inflation. We estimate the vacuum energy created by the long-range vibration and show that it can indeed drive the inflation.展开更多
In this article, we study the string equation of type (2, 2n + 1), which is derived from 2D gravity theory or the string theory. We consider the equation as a 2n-th order analogue of the first Painlevéequation, t...In this article, we study the string equation of type (2, 2n + 1), which is derived from 2D gravity theory or the string theory. We consider the equation as a 2n-th order analogue of the first Painlevéequation, take the autonomous limit, and solve it concretely by use of the Weierstrass’ elliptic function.展开更多
The class of bi-directional optimal velocity models can describe the bi-directional looking effect that usually exists in the reality and is even enhanced with the development of the connected vehicle technologies. It...The class of bi-directional optimal velocity models can describe the bi-directional looking effect that usually exists in the reality and is even enhanced with the development of the connected vehicle technologies. Its combined string stability condition can be obtained through the method of the ring-road based string stability analysis. However, the partial string stability about traffic fluctuation propagated backward or forward was neglected, which will be analyzed in detail in this work by the method of transfer function and its H∞ norm from the viewpoint of control theory. Then, through comparing the conditions of combined and partial string stabilities, their relationships can make traffic flow be divided into three distinguishable regions, displaying various combined and partial string stability performance. Finally, the numerical experiments verify the theoretical results and find that the final displaying string stability or instability performance results from the accumulated and offset effects of traffic fluctuations propagated from different directions.展开更多
Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis of drill string structure in annulus of curvedwellbore is done by using the theory of finite element and Newton-Raphson method.According to the characteristics of its deformation,...Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis of drill string structure in annulus of curvedwellbore is done by using the theory of finite element and Newton-Raphson method.According to the characteristics of its deformation,a method of the description andcomputation of taking different forms of elements for different parameters is advanced.The penalty function method is applied for finding the unknown boundary .the nonlinear effects of curvature of wellbore on the side forces on bit ae shown by thecomputation.展开更多
The notion of string stability of a countably infinite interconnection of a class of nonlinear system was introduced. Intuitively, string stability implies uniform boundedness of all the stares of the interconnected s...The notion of string stability of a countably infinite interconnection of a class of nonlinear system was introduced. Intuitively, string stability implies uniform boundedness of all the stares of the interconnected system for all time if the initial states of the interconnected system are uniformly bounded. Vector V-function method used to judge the stability is generalized for infinite interconnected system and sufficient conditions which guarantee the asymptotic string stability of a class of interconnected system are given. The stability regions obtained here are much larger than those in previous papers. The method given here overcomes some difficulties to deal with stability of infinite nonlinear interconnected system in previous papers.展开更多
A numerical method is proposed to simulate the transverse vibrations of a viscoelastic moving string constituted by an integral law. In the numerical computation, the Galerkin method based on the Hermite functions is ...A numerical method is proposed to simulate the transverse vibrations of a viscoelastic moving string constituted by an integral law. In the numerical computation, the Galerkin method based on the Hermite functions is applied to discretize the state variables, and the Runge- Kutta method is applied to solve the resulting differential-integral equation system. A linear iterative process is designed to compute the integral terms at each time step, which makes the numerical method more efficient and accurate. As examples, nonlinear parametric vibrations of an axially moving viscoelastic string are analyzed.展开更多
Density functional theory at the BP86 level was used to investigate the influence of equatorial ligands on the Ni–Ni interactions and magnetic coupling properties of metal string complexes [Ni3（L）4（NCS）2] （L rep...Density functional theory at the BP86 level was used to investigate the influence of equatorial ligands on the Ni–Ni interactions and magnetic coupling properties of metal string complexes [Ni3（L）4（NCS）2] （L represents the rigid equatorial ligands; L = dzp- （1）, mpmpa- （2）, mppda- （3）, mptpa- （4））. The following conclusions can be drawn. （1） With increasing the radius of the connecting atom in the cental ring in equatorial ligands, the two pyridine rings bend down, resulting in the decreasing distance between the two pyridine-nitrogen atoms and the Ni–Ni distance. Therefore, the strength order of the Ni–Ni interaction is 4 〉 2 〉 3 〉 1. The Ni–Ni interactions in 2 and 4 are stronger than those in Ni3（dpa）4（NCS）2 containing no-rigid equatorial ligands. （2） The calculated -Jab is 4 〉 2 〉 3 〉 1. There are two types of magnetic exchange pathways in these complexes： the σ-type pathway through the Ni36＋ chains and the δ-type pathway through the equatorial ligands. The magnetic coupling through the metals is the dominant part. Hence, the magnetic coupling strength increases with increasing the Ni–Ni interaction. Modifying the radius of the connecting atom may be one of the means to fine tuning of magnetic coupling strength of this kind of metal string complexes.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31272331 and 31470458 to HW,31472013 and 31772453 to WL)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2412016KJ043)the Open Project Program of Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization(130028685)
文摘Background: Birds produce alarm calls to convey information about threats. Some Passerine alarm calls consist of several note strings, but few studies have examined their function. Previous studies have shown that Japanese Tits(Parus minor) can alter the calling rate and number and combination of notes in response to predators. We previously found the combinations of note types in Japanese Tit alarm calls to be significantly different in response to the Sparrowhawk(Accipiter nisus) and Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus).Methods: Through playback experiments, we tested whether the note strings in Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions in conveying information. The note strings of selected alarm calls were divided into the categories of C and D, and different calls were then constructed separately based on the two note string categories. Original alarm calls(C–D), C calls and D calls were played back to male Japanese Tits during the incubation period.Results: Male Japanese Tits had a significantly stronger response to C calls than to C–D calls, and they showed a significantly stronger response to both C and C–D calls than to D calls, suggesting that Japanese Tits discriminated between the C and D calls.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the C-and D-category note strings of Japanese Tit alarm calls to the Common Cuckoo have different functions, which supports the previous finding that different note strings in an alarm call can provide different information to receivers. However, the exact meanings of these note strings are not yet known, and further investigation is therefore required.
基金The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.19975075,10135030,and 10075035,National Research Council of Thailand (1.CH7/2454)
文摘The meson productions in Au+Au and/or Pb+Pb collisions at AGS, SPS, RHIC, and LHC energies have been studied systematically with a hadron and string cascade model LUCIAE. After considering the energy dependence of the model parameter α in string fragmentation function and adjusting it to the experimental data of charged multiplicity to a certain extent, the model predictions for meson yield, rapidity, and transverse mass distributions are compatible with the experimental data at AGS, SPS and RHIC energies. A calculation for Pb+Pb collisions at LHC energy is given as well. The obtained fractional variable in string fragmentation function shows a saturation in energy dependence. It is discussed that the saturation of fractional variable in string fragmentation function might be a qualitative representation of the energy dependence of nuclear transparency.
文摘In this note, we analyze a few major claims about . As a consequence, we rewrite a major theorem, nullify its proof and one remark of importance, and offer a valid proof for it. The most important gift of this paper is probably the reasoning involved in all: We observe that a constant, namely t, has been changed into a variable, and we then tell why such a move could not have been made, we observe the discrepancy between the claimed domain and the actual domain of a supposed function that is created and we then explain why such a function could not, or should not, have been created, along with others.
文摘In this article, we study the string equation of type (2,5), which is derived from 2D gravity theory or the string theory. We consider the equation as a 4th order analogue of the first Painlevé equation, take the autonomous limit, and solve it concretely by use of the Weierstrass’ elliptic function.
文摘The multiverse is a hypothesis created to solve certain problems in cosmology. Currently, this scheme is still largely ad hoc, rather than derived from fundamental laws and principles. Because of this, the predictive power of this theory is rather limited. Furthermore, there are concerns that this theory will make it impossible to calculate some measured quantities, such as the masses of quarks and the electron. In this paper, we will show that a new development in string theory, the universal wave function interpretation of string theory, provides a way to derive the mathematical expression of the multiverse. We will demonstrate that the Weyl invariance existing in string theory indicates that our observed universe is a projection from a hologram. We will present how the laws of physics can be derived from this fact. Furthermore, we suggest it may also provide a way to calculate the masses of fundamental particles such as quarks and the electron.
文摘Inflation is the most commonly accepted theory in cosmology to explain why the universe appears flat, homogeneous, and isotropic, as well as the origin of the large-scale structure of the cosmos and why no magnetic monopoles have been detected. However, so far, the origin of the inflation epoch and what is the hypothetical field, the inflation, giving rise to inflation, remains unknown. String theory is one of the promising candidates for the grand unification theory. Grand unification theory is to use one mathematic formula to describe everything. In this work, we study the inflation scheme in a new development in string theory, UWFIST （universal wave function interpretation of string theory）. We show that from UWFIST we can derive from the fundamental theory that the long-range vibration is the possible candidate of inflation. We estimate the vacuum energy created by the long-range vibration and show that it can indeed drive the inflation.
文摘In this article, we study the string equation of type (2, 2n + 1), which is derived from 2D gravity theory or the string theory. We consider the equation as a 2n-th order analogue of the first Painlevéequation, take the autonomous limit, and solve it concretely by use of the Weierstrass’ elliptic function.
基金Projects(51108465,71371192)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2014M552165)supported by China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject(20113187851460)supported by Technology Project of the Ministry of Transport of China
文摘The class of bi-directional optimal velocity models can describe the bi-directional looking effect that usually exists in the reality and is even enhanced with the development of the connected vehicle technologies. Its combined string stability condition can be obtained through the method of the ring-road based string stability analysis. However, the partial string stability about traffic fluctuation propagated backward or forward was neglected, which will be analyzed in detail in this work by the method of transfer function and its H∞ norm from the viewpoint of control theory. Then, through comparing the conditions of combined and partial string stabilities, their relationships can make traffic flow be divided into three distinguishable regions, displaying various combined and partial string stability performance. Finally, the numerical experiments verify the theoretical results and find that the final displaying string stability or instability performance results from the accumulated and offset effects of traffic fluctuations propagated from different directions.
文摘Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis of drill string structure in annulus of curvedwellbore is done by using the theory of finite element and Newton-Raphson method.According to the characteristics of its deformation,a method of the description andcomputation of taking different forms of elements for different parameters is advanced.The penalty function method is applied for finding the unknown boundary .the nonlinear effects of curvature of wellbore on the side forces on bit ae shown by thecomputation.
文摘The notion of string stability of a countably infinite interconnection of a class of nonlinear system was introduced. Intuitively, string stability implies uniform boundedness of all the stares of the interconnected system for all time if the initial states of the interconnected system are uniformly bounded. Vector V-function method used to judge the stability is generalized for infinite interconnected system and sufficient conditions which guarantee the asymptotic string stability of a class of interconnected system are given. The stability regions obtained here are much larger than those in previous papers. The method given here overcomes some difficulties to deal with stability of infinite nonlinear interconnected system in previous papers.
基金supported by the National Outstanding Young Scientists Fund of China (No. 10725209)the National ScienceFoundation of China (No. 10672092)+1 种基金Shanghai Municipal Education Commission Scientific Research Project (No. 07ZZ07)Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (No. Y0103).
文摘A numerical method is proposed to simulate the transverse vibrations of a viscoelastic moving string constituted by an integral law. In the numerical computation, the Galerkin method based on the Hermite functions is applied to discretize the state variables, and the Runge- Kutta method is applied to solve the resulting differential-integral equation system. A linear iterative process is designed to compute the integral terms at each time step, which makes the numerical method more efficient and accurate. As examples, nonlinear parametric vibrations of an axially moving viscoelastic string are analyzed.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(S2012010008763)Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province(2010B090400184)Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou City(2011J4300063)
文摘Density functional theory at the BP86 level was used to investigate the influence of equatorial ligands on the Ni–Ni interactions and magnetic coupling properties of metal string complexes [Ni3（L）4（NCS）2] （L represents the rigid equatorial ligands; L = dzp- （1）, mpmpa- （2）, mppda- （3）, mptpa- （4））. The following conclusions can be drawn. （1） With increasing the radius of the connecting atom in the cental ring in equatorial ligands, the two pyridine rings bend down, resulting in the decreasing distance between the two pyridine-nitrogen atoms and the Ni–Ni distance. Therefore, the strength order of the Ni–Ni interaction is 4 〉 2 〉 3 〉 1. The Ni–Ni interactions in 2 and 4 are stronger than those in Ni3（dpa）4（NCS）2 containing no-rigid equatorial ligands. （2） The calculated -Jab is 4 〉 2 〉 3 〉 1. There are two types of magnetic exchange pathways in these complexes： the σ-type pathway through the Ni36＋ chains and the δ-type pathway through the equatorial ligands. The magnetic coupling through the metals is the dominant part. Hence, the magnetic coupling strength increases with increasing the Ni–Ni interaction. Modifying the radius of the connecting atom may be one of the means to fine tuning of magnetic coupling strength of this kind of metal string complexes.
