Comparisons were performed between self-propelled boom sprayer and traditional mechanis, such as knapsack sprayer and sprayer-duster, stretcher-type powered sprayer, as well as single rotor unmanned sprayer and multi-...Comparisons were performed between self-propelled boom sprayer and traditional mechanis, such as knapsack sprayer and sprayer-duster, stretcher-type powered sprayer, as well as single rotor unmanned sprayer and multi-rotor un- manned sprayer. The effects on rice injury, lodging, and rehabilitation were conclud- ed and drug uniform distribution, sedimentation and prevention effects were ana- lyzed. The results showed that the self-propelled boom sprayer is characterized by high degree of automation, convenient operation, high adaptability, and high work efficiency. What＇s more, the sprayed fog quality is better, and fog distribution is more uniform. During the work process, fog loss would be diminished substantially, improving work efficiency and cutting down drug and water. It is notable that the underpart of the sprayer can be widely applied to plant protection in large-scale ar- eas in Jiangsu Province, significantly advancing whole-process mechanization of rice production.展开更多
A smart sprayer comprises a detection system and a chemical spraying system.In this study,the development status and challenges of the detection systems of smart sprayers are discussed along with perspectives on these...A smart sprayer comprises a detection system and a chemical spraying system.In this study,the development status and challenges of the detection systems of smart sprayers are discussed along with perspectives on these technologies.The detection system of a smart sprayer is used to collect information on target areas and make spraying decisions.The spraying system controls sprayer operation.Various sensing technologies,such as machine vision,spectral analysis,and remote sensing,are used in target detection.In image processing,morphological features are employed to segment characteristics such as shape,structure,color,and pattern.In spectral analysis,the characteristics of reflectance and multispectral images are applied in crop detection.For the remote sensing application,vegetation indices and hyperspectral images are used to provide information on crop management.Other sensors,such as thermography,ultrasonic,laser,and X-ray sensors,are also used in the detection system and mentioned in the review.On the basis of this review,challenges and perspectives are suggested.The findings of this study may aid the understanding of smart sprayer systems and provide feasible methods for improving efficiency in chemical applications.展开更多
In order to explore the performance of the B-ULV-616A knapsack sprayer,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)was used to simulate the B-ULV-616A knapsack air-assisted device,which features an ultra-low-volume electric spra...In order to explore the performance of the B-ULV-616A knapsack sprayer,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)was used to simulate the B-ULV-616A knapsack air-assisted device,which features an ultra-low-volume electric sprayer.Field experiments were carried out to test the spraying effects,and the KANOMAX anemometer was used to verify the simulated results.First,the internal and external flow fields and droplet deposition distribution of the ultra-low-volume sprayer were established.The results showed that the air-assisted spray device can change the airflow speed and direction and produce a high-speed swirling airflow at the outlet of the air-assisted spray device.The high-speed airflow(maximum of 83.5 m/s)generates negative pressure(minimum of 0.099 MPa)and causes a rapid increase in the droplet velocity and a secondary droplets spray,allowing droplets to reach a longer distance.Then,the maximum relative error was 20.14%,and its average value was 9.59%,indicating that the CFD method is suitable for the flow field analysis of the air-assisted spray device.Finally,based on the greenhouse experiment,the knapsack air-assisted ultra-low-volume electric sprayer was found to effectively improve the deposition on the rear of the crop,increase the droplet density(maximum of 81/cm2;droplet density of conventional electric sprayer is 64/cm2),and reduce the deposition amount and coefficient of variation(below 20%)within and between regions.Further,it managed to reduce pesticide use(by 69.85%)and rural non-point source pollution.展开更多
During the chemical application process,droplet deposition on a target is an important reference indicator for evaluating the spraying technique and its performance.In order to quickly obtain deposition results in the...During the chemical application process,droplet deposition on a target is an important reference indicator for evaluating the spraying technique and its performance.In order to quickly obtain deposition results in the field,this study proposed a novel system based on surface humidity sensors.The basic principle is to convert the measured physical quantity change into a capacitance change,thereby realizing the physical quantity to electrical signal conversion.An Android application for mobile terminal and the corresponding coordinator were developed,which allowed operators to control multiple sensors simultaneously through the Bluetooth.The soluble tracer detected by spectrophotometer was used to calibrate the system.The obtained results indicated a good correlation between deposition volume and voltage increment output from the newly developed system(R2 of the six nozzles with Dv0.5 ranging from 107.28μm to 396.20μm were 0.8674-0.9729),and a power regression model based on the least squares technique(R2=0.8022)was developed.In the field test,the system exhibited an optimal performance in predicting the deposition volume.Compared with the conventional method of measuring tracer concentration,the deviation was less than 10%.In addition,the system exhibited good fitting curve of the deposition distribution with droplet number results measured by the water sensitive paper method.展开更多
Aiming at the problem of skidding in the operation of a self-propelled high-stem crop sprayer due to uneven road surface and uneven distribution of soil cohesive force,This study proposed a four-wheel drive hydraulic ...Aiming at the problem of skidding in the operation of a self-propelled high-stem crop sprayer due to uneven road surface and uneven distribution of soil cohesive force,This study proposed a four-wheel drive hydraulic anti-skid control system based on RTM valve.Through theoretical analysis of control components such as the RTM valve and steering cylinder,the control model of the anti-skid drive system of the spray machine is established,and the simulation test is carried out in Matlab/Simulink.The simulation results show that the slip rate of the anti-skid drive system based on the PID control strategy is controlled below 0.05,and the RTM valve keeps the driving pressure of the system basically stable.In order to verify the reliability of the simulation results,the designed drive anti-skid control system was carried out on a spray machine for the field test.The experimental results show that the slip rate of the drive anti-skid system decreases from 86.7%to 1.25%when the anti-skid function is turned on,indicating that the designed drive anti-skid system has good anti-skid performance.展开更多
We firstly introduce existing situations of development of electrostatic spraying technology both at home and abroad.On the basis of such problems as serious drift,loss and deterioration of environment during orchard ...We firstly introduce existing situations of development of electrostatic spraying technology both at home and abroad.On the basis of such problems as serious drift,loss and deterioration of environment during orchard spraying in Xinjiang,we design and develop a new electrostatic sprayer which can effectively reduce the pesticide,improve the adhesion rate of pesticide in the target,and reduce pollution on human body and environment.Using electrostatic induction principle,this electrostatic sprayer directly sprays charged droplet onto target in the action of electrostatic force and high speed air flow.Besides,this sprayer has outstanding economic and social benefits.For farmers,it can raise the utilization ratio of pesticide to 60%,reduce the pesticide loss by 50%,and reduce prevention cost for 10%to 20%;for enterprises,this investment project has a trial profit-tax rate up to 21.4%;the entire sprayer only needs one person to operate;it is highly efficient and low pollution,conforming to national environmental protection and policy concerning agriculture,farmers and countryside.Therefore,this new pneumatic electrostatic sprayer in orchard will have bright popularization and application prospect.展开更多
Two kinds of 2-dof parallel mechanisms are proposed in this paper which can be used as the actuator for the plane sprayer. The direct and inverse kinematics solutions of the two kinds of mechanisms are derived on the ...Two kinds of 2-dof parallel mechanisms are proposed in this paper which can be used as the actuator for the plane sprayer. The direct and inverse kinematics solutions of the two kinds of mechanisms are derived on the end operating point and two workspaces are analyzed and compared. The kinematics models of the end operating point of two mechanisms are simulated by Matlab examples obtaining variation of kinematics parameters of these two mechanisms. The research of this paper provides the basis for the selection of mechanism, trajectory planning of the end operating point on the sprayer and often some practical value for trajectory analysis and structure design of the plane sprayer.展开更多
[Objectives]The paper was to compare and verify the operation performance of precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer,and to select the optimum plant protection equipment suitable for greenhouse application...[Objectives]The paper was to compare and verify the operation performance of precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer,and to select the optimum plant protection equipment suitable for greenhouse application.[Methods]Agents were sprayed by precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer to control tomato downy mildew in greenhouse,and the control effect and pesticide utilization rate were compared.[Results]Compared with electric sprayer,precision electric mist duster improved the pesticide utilization rate by 31.7%,improved the spray efficiency by 20 times,and increased the control effect by 13.2%.[Conclusions]The study provides technical support for the popularization and application of precision electric mist duster in greenhouse and other facilities cultivation.展开更多
In conjunction with the working characteristics of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and the benefits of the closed hydraulic system,a series of reasonable working parameters should be established,and a hydraulic sys...In conjunction with the working characteristics of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and the benefits of the closed hydraulic system,a series of reasonable working parameters should be established,and a hydraulic system that fulfills the requisite specifications should be designed.The AMESim software model is employed to construct a closed hydraulic transmission system,and the simulation analysis is then performed according to the data of hydraulic components.According to analysis results,the prototype can be optimized and upgraded,and a verification test is further carried out.The test results demonstrate that the designed closed hydraulic transmission system meets the actual working requirements of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and provides a stable experimental platform for intelligent control of agricultural machinery.展开更多
The application and spraying effect of 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard were evaluated by investigating the droplet density, coverage and volume median diameter(VMD) in different ca...The application and spraying effect of 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard were evaluated by investigating the droplet density, coverage and volume median diameter(VMD) in different canopy layers(2.0, 1.5, 1.0 m) and five directions(east, south, west, north and middle) of apple trees. The results showed that the droplet density was 166.99 per square centimeter, the coverage was 48.23%, and the VMD was 138.63 μm. The droplet density in different canopy layers of the trees had consistent trend with the coverage. The droplet density and coverage in the upper and middle canopy(2.0 m and 1.5 m) had no significant difference, but they were both higher than those in the lower canopy, while the VMD in different canopy layers showed an opposite trend. The change trends of the coverage and VMD in the five directions were consistent, and the values in the middle and east were the highest, followed by the north, south and west, respectively. The results indicated that droplet characteristics of the 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer met the basic requirements for pest and pathogen control. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for the application and improvement of orchard application equipments in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard.展开更多
The study was aimed at determining the impacts of operating Manually Operated Hand Lever Knapsack Sprayers (MOHLKS) on physiological responses of the operators as dependent on anthropometric variations and sex. Twenty...The study was aimed at determining the impacts of operating Manually Operated Hand Lever Knapsack Sprayers (MOHLKS) on physiological responses of the operators as dependent on anthropometric variations and sex. Twenty eight subjects, (4 female, 24 male) Mean ± SD: Age 22.5 ± 1.92, 24.29 ± 2.2 years;Body Mass Index 24.6 ± 4.8, 21.7 ± 2.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were employed in the study. Selected anthropometric parameters of weight and height were used to determine body mass index (BMI), with these are arm-reach forward, elbow to fingertip, hand length and hand width were measured to establish human variations in diversity. Subjects undertook the operation at 5 replicates each, before and after which information about operators’ body pain locations and body physiological changes of heart rates were obtained. Measured parameters were used in the determination of expended energy (EE), physiological cost (PC), oxygen intake (VO<sub>2</sub>) and aerobic power (VO<sub>2</sub>max). Alongside with these were operational parameters of stroke, pace and time taken to get the operation done and environmental factors of temperature and relative humidity. The results revealed on the average that the BMI (24.61 ± 4.78 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) in female operators was higher, this corresponded to PC and VO<sub>2</sub>, while the VO<sub>2</sub>max (34.83 ± 3.30 ml/min/kg) in males is higher. More EE was obtained in female subjects (3.53 ± 3.76 kCal/min) as compared to male subjects (3.42 ± 7.48 kCal/min). The main effects plot of operational factors on EE displayed the stroke made by the subjects during spraying operation as parameter with largest effect on EE. Regression equation for EE and PCI is given as PCI = 1.97 + 25.2 EE, while the P-value at α = 0.05 is 0.000 and R<sup>2</sup> = 98.8%. Post operational body pain showed that 19 out of 28 subjects incurred at least one type of body pain, with shoulder pain as most frequent. The results of the study suggest that early incidence of fatigue may occur in female operators as compared to the males, and in addition, cumulative trauma at shoulder, back, and upper and lower arm may result over time. Hence, it is recommended that the tank volume should be reduced and the straps for the shoulders should be supported with additional cushion.展开更多
This paper describes the design and evaluation of a user interface for a remotely supervised autonomous agricultural sprayer. The interface was designed to help the remote supervisor to instruct the autonomous sprayer...This paper describes the design and evaluation of a user interface for a remotely supervised autonomous agricultural sprayer. The interface was designed to help the remote supervisor to instruct the autonomous sprayer to commence operation, monitor the status of the sprayer and its operation in the field, and intervene when needed (i.e., to stop or shut down). Design principles and guidelines were carefully selected to help develop a human-centered automation interface. Evaluation of the interface using a combination of heuristic, cognitive walkthrough, and user testing techniques revealed several strengths of the design as well as areas that needed further improvement. Overall, this paper provides guidelines that will assist other researchers to develop an ergonomic user interface for a fully autonomous agricultural machine.展开更多
Sprayers produced by the Zhuhai Huaxun Precision Chemicals Co. Ltd. Chinese-foreign joint venture are mainly used as packing containers for perfume, hair sprays, bathing shampoo. different kinds of freshener, deodoran...Sprayers produced by the Zhuhai Huaxun Precision Chemicals Co. Ltd. Chinese-foreign joint venture are mainly used as packing containers for perfume, hair sprays, bathing shampoo. different kinds of freshener, deodorant, insecticides, etc. Our products are made with imported equipment, imported model plates, imported raw materials. They are sophisticated in design, and can match the world’s advanced level of the 1990s in integral function. After scientific and technical appraisal by the Light Industry Bureau展开更多
This research explored a novel multimodal approach for disease management in cauliflower crops.With the rising challenges in sustainable agriculture,the research focused on a patch spraying method to control disease a...This research explored a novel multimodal approach for disease management in cauliflower crops.With the rising challenges in sustainable agriculture,the research focused on a patch spraying method to control disease and reduce crop losses and environmental impact.For non-destructive disease assessment,a spectral sensor was used to collect spectral information from diseased and healthy cauliflower parts.The spectral data sets were analyzed using decision tree and support vector machine(SVM)algorithms to identify the most accurate model for distinguishing diseased and healthy plants.The chosen model was integrated with a low-volume sprayer(50-150 L·ha^(-1)),equipped with an electronic control unit for targeted spraying based on sensor-detected regions.The decision tree model achieved 89.9% testing accuracy,while the SVM model achieved 96.7% accuracy using hyperparameters:cost of 10.0 and tolerance of 0.001.The research successfully demonstrated the integration of spectral sensors,machine learning,and targeted spraying technology for precise input application.Additionally,the optimized sprayer achieved a 72.5% reduction in chemical usage and a significant time-saving of 21.0% compared to a standard sprayer for black rot-infested crops.These findings highlight the potential efficiency and resource conservation benefits of innovative sprayer technology in precision agriculture and disease management.展开更多
In order to reduce the application dosage of pesticides,a targeting air-assisted(TAA)sprayer was developed and tested in this study.Fruit trees were assayed by an infrared detection system to determine if the canopy n...In order to reduce the application dosage of pesticides,a targeting air-assisted(TAA)sprayer was developed and tested in this study.Fruit trees were assayed by an infrared detection system to determine if the canopy needs to be sprayed.This TAA sprayer was compared with conventional air-assisted(CAA)sprayers,and the impacts of various fan speeds(0,800 r/min,1300 r/min,and 1800 r/min)on spray deposition,coverage,and drift amount were tested.Ponceau 2R was used as tracer to measure spray deposition under each treatment.Droplet coverage and canopy deposition were best when the CAA application fan speed was increased to 1300 r/min,but at higher fan speeds,spray deposition and coverage in canopy did not increase because extra air flow blew droplets from the ground into the air.During TAA spraying,droplet sizes increased at opening and closing moments.Optimal spray effects were achieved when the auxiliary airflow velocity was increased at a fan speed of 1800 r/min.The research provides a useful reference for the design of TAA and parameters optimization method with respect to the relationship between droplets deposition into tree canopy,ground and drift in the air.展开更多
There is an urgent need for new chemical application techniques and sprayers in Chinese orchard spraying.A new tractor-mounted automatic target detecting electrostatics,and air-assisted orchard sprayer was designed an...There is an urgent need for new chemical application techniques and sprayers in Chinese orchard spraying.A new tractor-mounted automatic target detecting electrostatics,and air-assisted orchard sprayer was designed and developed to meet the demand of chemical pest control in orchards.This sprayer light weighted,highly efficient,reduces pesticide use and is friendly to the environment.The techniques of automatic target detecting,electrostatics,and air-assisted spraying were combined in this system.The electrostatically charged droplets are projected toward the target by the assistance of an air stream that increases the droplets penetration within canopy.Experimental results show that the new automatic target detecting orchard sprayer with an infrared sensor can save more than 50%to 75%of pesticides,improve the utilization rate(over 55%),control efficiency,and significantly reduce environmental pollution caused by the pesticide application.At the same time the key technological problems related to air-assisted low volume and electrostatic spraying were solved.展开更多
During different growth periods,canopy size and density in orchards are variable,which need application conditions(flow rate and air flow)to be adjusted to match the canopy’s characteristics.In order to improve orcha...During different growth periods,canopy size and density in orchards are variable,which need application conditions(flow rate and air flow)to be adjusted to match the canopy’s characteristics.In order to improve orchard sprayer’s automatic operating performance,an automatic variable-rate orchard sprayer(VARS)fixed with 40 electromagnetic valves and 8 brushless fans was developed based on the canopy’s spatial dimensions.Each solenoid valve and brushless motor can be individually adjusted in real-time through pulse width modulation(PWM)signals emitted by a control system to adjust each nozzle’s spout and fan rotation speed.A high-precision laser scanning sensor(light detecting and ranging,LIDAR)was adopted as the detector to measure the canopy volume using the variable rate algorithm principle.Field experiments were conducted in an apple orchard,and conventional air blast sprayer(CABS)and directed air-jet sprayer(DAJS)were tested as a comparison.Results showed that on average,46%less spraying solution was applied compared to conventional applications,while penetration rate was similar to DAJS.Normalized deposition in the canopy with variable application was higher than that of conventional applications,indicating that electronic sprayers are more efficient than conventional sprayers.It was also observed that VARS could significantly reduce off-target loss.The field experiment showed that the newly developed variable-rate sprayer can greatly reduce pesticide use and protect the environment for the orchard fruit production,and also provide a reference for design and performance optimization for plant protection machinery.展开更多
Boom sprayer is widely used in large farm crops because of its high working efficiency and favorable spraying effect.But there are still some problems in cotton defoliant spraying in Xinjiang,China.Cotton is planted i...Boom sprayer is widely used in large farm crops because of its high working efficiency and favorable spraying effect.But there are still some problems in cotton defoliant spraying in Xinjiang,China.Cotton is planted in a high density in Xinjiang,the row space is(10+66)cm,leaves in two adjacent rows are seriously overlapped,the lower leavers are poorly sprayed,so the defoliation effect is poor,and the cotton quality is degraded.To solve this problem and improve the defoliant droplets coverage on the cotton canopy,the original boom spraying was modified,and the spraying pardameters was optimized by the central combination test and design concept of Box-Behnken based on a single-factor test.A quadratic polynomial model of droplets coverage was created by using working parameters including horizontal spraying boom height,hang boom height and nozzles angle as the influential factors and the mean droplets coverage on cotton canopy as the target function,and the effectiveness of mode and interaction of factors were analyzed.The model was optimized and analyzed using the regression analysis method and response surface analysis method of software Design-Expert 7.0.0,and the optimal combination of spraying parameters was obtained.The results showed that the droplets coverage on cotton canopy were influenced by boom height,sprayer height and angled nozzles sequentially from large to small,and the optimal combination of spraying parameters was under horizontal spraying boom height of 134 cm,hang spraying boom height of 27.5 cm and nozzles angle of 21°.The mean droplets coverage of experimental value and predicted value on cotton canopy were 19.6%and 20.43%respectively in such conditions,and the relative error to the estimated value on the model was–4.25%.The research result can provide a reference for further optimizing the spraying parameters of cotton defoliant sprayer.展开更多
Droplet drift wastes pesticide,pollutes the environment,and has become one of the focus issues of agricultural crop protection.Electrostatic spray technology reduces drift to a certain degree.In order to investigate t...Droplet drift wastes pesticide,pollutes the environment,and has become one of the focus issues of agricultural crop protection.Electrostatic spray technology reduces drift to a certain degree.In order to investigate the droplet drift pattern of a conical electrostatic nozzle,the droplet drift mass center distance was defined as an experimental index and used to conduct experimental wind tunnel studies on droplet drift.A mathematical model of the droplet drift mass center distance versus electrostatic voltage and wind speed was created via the regression method.The test results showed that the electrostatic voltage had an insignificant effect on droplet drift,the wind speed and its interaction with the electrostatic voltage had significant effects on droplet drift.When the wind speed was less than 3 m/s and stable,the crop adsorbability of a droplet had a dominant effect on the droplet drift;the droplet drift decreased with the increase of electrostatic voltage.When the wind speed exceeded 3 m/s and was stable,the reduced droplet particle size had a dominant effect on droplet drift,where droplet drift increased as the electrostatic voltage increased.When the wind speed was 0 m/s and the electrostatic voltage was 12 kV,the minimum droplet drift mass center distance was 35.5 mm,which was 56 mm less than that of conventional nozzle droplet drift.Therefore,a conical electrostatic nozzle is inapplicable for operation in an environment where wind speeds exceed 3 m/s.This study provides a reference for optimizing operational parameters of conical electrostatic nozzles and improving the anti-drift capability of droplets.展开更多
Spray deposit distribution from a field sprayer is mainly affected by the boom movements when the tractor is driven over a rough soil surface,the pendulum suspension that used to reduce and control the movement of spr...Spray deposit distribution from a field sprayer is mainly affected by the boom movements when the tractor is driven over a rough soil surface,the pendulum suspension that used to reduce and control the movement of spray boom by isolating the boom from vibrations of the tractor will directly enhance uniform deposition of chemicals.However,how to match the parameters of the suspension with the properties of the boom is the key problem.The dynamic rigid-flexible coupling model of the virtual prototype of the spray boom suspension system was established by using ADAMS and ABAQUS software.An optimization of the suspension parameters for a large spay boom was carried out based on the optimal Latin hypercube design,radial basis function neural network,and multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-II.After modified parameters of the suspension,the travel of the sprayer on a typical field motion track was simulated based on a six DOF motion simulator,and the dynamic behavior of the boom suspension was measured.The results show that RMS of the measured boom roll angle and the boom center displacement for optimized solution were reduced by 14.76%and 12.43%compared with the original suspension.Finally,the inertial measurement unit(IMU)was used to measure the movements of the sprayer vehicle during the pesticide application on the Hongze Lake Farm,the experiment of field condition reproduced by using the six DOF motion simulator,the standard deviation of the roll angle and vibration displacement for the optimized sprayer boom are only 0.6382°and 62.279 mm respectively.The research provides theoretical basis and experimental method for parameter optimization of large scale boom suspension.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31401296)Independent Innovation Foundation of Science and Technology in Jiangsu Province(CX(14)2101)
文摘Comparisons were performed between self-propelled boom sprayer and traditional mechanis, such as knapsack sprayer and sprayer-duster, stretcher-type powered sprayer, as well as single rotor unmanned sprayer and multi-rotor un- manned sprayer. The effects on rice injury, lodging, and rehabilitation were conclud- ed and drug uniform distribution, sedimentation and prevention effects were ana- lyzed. The results showed that the self-propelled boom sprayer is characterized by high degree of automation, convenient operation, high adaptability, and high work efficiency. What＇s more, the sprayed fog quality is better, and fog distribution is more uniform. During the work process, fog loss would be diminished substantially, improving work efficiency and cutting down drug and water. It is notable that the underpart of the sprayer can be widely applied to plant protection in large-scale ar- eas in Jiangsu Province, significantly advancing whole-process mechanization of rice production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.U0931001,31071330)the 863 Program(2012BAH29 B04,2012AA101901)the Science Research Foundation for Young Teachers(Project No.2011JS151)。
文摘A smart sprayer comprises a detection system and a chemical spraying system.In this study,the development status and challenges of the detection systems of smart sprayers are discussed along with perspectives on these technologies.The detection system of a smart sprayer is used to collect information on target areas and make spraying decisions.The spraying system controls sprayer operation.Various sensing technologies,such as machine vision,spectral analysis,and remote sensing,are used in target detection.In image processing,morphological features are employed to segment characteristics such as shape,structure,color,and pattern.In spectral analysis,the characteristics of reflectance and multispectral images are applied in crop detection.For the remote sensing application,vegetation indices and hyperspectral images are used to provide information on crop management.Other sensors,such as thermography,ultrasonic,laser,and X-ray sensors,are also used in the detection system and mentioned in the review.On the basis of this review,challenges and perspectives are suggested.The findings of this study may aid the understanding of smart sprayer systems and provide feasible methods for improving efficiency in chemical applications.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2017YFD0200303)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0201304)the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-25).
文摘In order to explore the performance of the B-ULV-616A knapsack sprayer,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)was used to simulate the B-ULV-616A knapsack air-assisted device,which features an ultra-low-volume electric sprayer.Field experiments were carried out to test the spraying effects,and the KANOMAX anemometer was used to verify the simulated results.First,the internal and external flow fields and droplet deposition distribution of the ultra-low-volume sprayer were established.The results showed that the air-assisted spray device can change the airflow speed and direction and produce a high-speed swirling airflow at the outlet of the air-assisted spray device.The high-speed airflow(maximum of 83.5 m/s)generates negative pressure(minimum of 0.099 MPa)and causes a rapid increase in the droplet velocity and a secondary droplets spray,allowing droplets to reach a longer distance.Then,the maximum relative error was 20.14%,and its average value was 9.59%,indicating that the CFD method is suitable for the flow field analysis of the air-assisted spray device.Finally,based on the greenhouse experiment,the knapsack air-assisted ultra-low-volume electric sprayer was found to effectively improve the deposition on the rear of the crop,increase the droplet density(maximum of 81/cm2;droplet density of conventional electric sprayer is 64/cm2),and reduce the deposition amount and coefficient of variation(below 20%)within and between regions.Further,it managed to reduce pesticide use(by 69.85%)and rural non-point source pollution.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(Grant No.2019YFD1101102-3)Youth Research Fund of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(Grant No.QNJJ202009)+2 种基金Outstanding Scientist Cultivation Project of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences(Grant No.JKZX201903)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32071907)and Outstanding Young Talents Projects of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences-Research on positioning and control technology and equipment of unmanned vehicles in orchards.Also,Shuaihui Feng,Shufan Chai,Mingjia Zhang and Jiaxing Song’s contributions to this experimental work are highly appreciated.
文摘During the chemical application process,droplet deposition on a target is an important reference indicator for evaluating the spraying technique and its performance.In order to quickly obtain deposition results in the field,this study proposed a novel system based on surface humidity sensors.The basic principle is to convert the measured physical quantity change into a capacitance change,thereby realizing the physical quantity to electrical signal conversion.An Android application for mobile terminal and the corresponding coordinator were developed,which allowed operators to control multiple sensors simultaneously through the Bluetooth.The soluble tracer detected by spectrophotometer was used to calibrate the system.The obtained results indicated a good correlation between deposition volume and voltage increment output from the newly developed system(R2 of the six nozzles with Dv0.5 ranging from 107.28μm to 396.20μm were 0.8674-0.9729),and a power regression model based on the least squares technique(R2=0.8022)was developed.In the field test,the system exhibited an optimal performance in predicting the deposition volume.Compared with the conventional method of measuring tracer concentration,the deviation was less than 10%.In addition,the system exhibited good fitting curve of the deposition distribution with droplet number results measured by the water sensitive paper method.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2016YFD0200705)the Key Laboratory of Northwest Agricultural Equipment of the Ministry of Agriculture and Zhongnong Fengmao Plant Protection Machinery Co.,Ltd.
文摘Aiming at the problem of skidding in the operation of a self-propelled high-stem crop sprayer due to uneven road surface and uneven distribution of soil cohesive force,This study proposed a four-wheel drive hydraulic anti-skid control system based on RTM valve.Through theoretical analysis of control components such as the RTM valve and steering cylinder,the control model of the anti-skid drive system of the spray machine is established,and the simulation test is carried out in Matlab/Simulink.The simulation results show that the slip rate of the anti-skid drive system based on the PID control strategy is controlled below 0.05,and the RTM valve keeps the driving pressure of the system basically stable.In order to verify the reliability of the simulation results,the designed drive anti-skid control system was carried out on a spray machine for the field test.The experimental results show that the slip rate of the drive anti-skid system decreases from 86.7%to 1.25%when the anti-skid function is turned on,indicating that the designed drive anti-skid system has good anti-skid performance.
基金Supported by Technical Key Problem Tackling Project of Xinjiang Corps Industry(2008GG21)
文摘We firstly introduce existing situations of development of electrostatic spraying technology both at home and abroad.On the basis of such problems as serious drift,loss and deterioration of environment during orchard spraying in Xinjiang,we design and develop a new electrostatic sprayer which can effectively reduce the pesticide,improve the adhesion rate of pesticide in the target,and reduce pollution on human body and environment.Using electrostatic induction principle,this electrostatic sprayer directly sprays charged droplet onto target in the action of electrostatic force and high speed air flow.Besides,this sprayer has outstanding economic and social benefits.For farmers,it can raise the utilization ratio of pesticide to 60%,reduce the pesticide loss by 50%,and reduce prevention cost for 10%to 20%;for enterprises,this investment project has a trial profit-tax rate up to 21.4%;the entire sprayer only needs one person to operate;it is highly efficient and low pollution,conforming to national environmental protection and policy concerning agriculture,farmers and countryside.Therefore,this new pneumatic electrostatic sprayer in orchard will have bright popularization and application prospect.
文摘Two kinds of 2-dof parallel mechanisms are proposed in this paper which can be used as the actuator for the plane sprayer. The direct and inverse kinematics solutions of the two kinds of mechanisms are derived on the end operating point and two workspaces are analyzed and compared. The kinematics models of the end operating point of two mechanisms are simulated by Matlab examples obtaining variation of kinematics parameters of these two mechanisms. The research of this paper provides the basis for the selection of mechanism, trajectory planning of the end operating point on the sprayer and often some practical value for trajectory analysis and structure design of the plane sprayer.
基金Experimental Research Project of Qingdao Agricultural Technology Extension Center"Introduction of Efficient Greenhouse Plant Protection Machinery and Tools".
文摘[Objectives]The paper was to compare and verify the operation performance of precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer,and to select the optimum plant protection equipment suitable for greenhouse application.[Methods]Agents were sprayed by precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer to control tomato downy mildew in greenhouse,and the control effect and pesticide utilization rate were compared.[Results]Compared with electric sprayer,precision electric mist duster improved the pesticide utilization rate by 31.7%,improved the spray efficiency by 20 times,and increased the control effect by 13.2%.[Conclusions]The study provides technical support for the popularization and application of precision electric mist duster in greenhouse and other facilities cultivation.
基金Supported by 2023 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region R&D and Promotion and Application of Key Technologies of CNC Sprayer for Seed Corn(2023NC010).
文摘In conjunction with the working characteristics of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and the benefits of the closed hydraulic system,a series of reasonable working parameters should be established,and a hydraulic system that fulfills the requisite specifications should be designed.The AMESim software model is employed to construct a closed hydraulic transmission system,and the simulation analysis is then performed according to the data of hydraulic components.According to analysis results,the prototype can be optimized and upgraded,and a verification test is further carried out.The test results demonstrate that the designed closed hydraulic transmission system meets the actual working requirements of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and provides a stable experimental platform for intelligent control of agricultural machinery.
基金Supported by Shandong Key Research and Development Program(2017CXGC0214)Tai’an Science and Technology Development Project(2017NS0091)
文摘The application and spraying effect of 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard were evaluated by investigating the droplet density, coverage and volume median diameter(VMD) in different canopy layers(2.0, 1.5, 1.0 m) and five directions(east, south, west, north and middle) of apple trees. The results showed that the droplet density was 166.99 per square centimeter, the coverage was 48.23%, and the VMD was 138.63 μm. The droplet density in different canopy layers of the trees had consistent trend with the coverage. The droplet density and coverage in the upper and middle canopy(2.0 m and 1.5 m) had no significant difference, but they were both higher than those in the lower canopy, while the VMD in different canopy layers showed an opposite trend. The change trends of the coverage and VMD in the five directions were consistent, and the values in the middle and east were the highest, followed by the north, south and west, respectively. The results indicated that droplet characteristics of the 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer met the basic requirements for pest and pathogen control. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for the application and improvement of orchard application equipments in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard.
文摘The study was aimed at determining the impacts of operating Manually Operated Hand Lever Knapsack Sprayers (MOHLKS) on physiological responses of the operators as dependent on anthropometric variations and sex. Twenty eight subjects, (4 female, 24 male) Mean ± SD: Age 22.5 ± 1.92, 24.29 ± 2.2 years;Body Mass Index 24.6 ± 4.8, 21.7 ± 2.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were employed in the study. Selected anthropometric parameters of weight and height were used to determine body mass index (BMI), with these are arm-reach forward, elbow to fingertip, hand length and hand width were measured to establish human variations in diversity. Subjects undertook the operation at 5 replicates each, before and after which information about operators’ body pain locations and body physiological changes of heart rates were obtained. Measured parameters were used in the determination of expended energy (EE), physiological cost (PC), oxygen intake (VO<sub>2</sub>) and aerobic power (VO<sub>2</sub>max). Alongside with these were operational parameters of stroke, pace and time taken to get the operation done and environmental factors of temperature and relative humidity. The results revealed on the average that the BMI (24.61 ± 4.78 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) in female operators was higher, this corresponded to PC and VO<sub>2</sub>, while the VO<sub>2</sub>max (34.83 ± 3.30 ml/min/kg) in males is higher. More EE was obtained in female subjects (3.53 ± 3.76 kCal/min) as compared to male subjects (3.42 ± 7.48 kCal/min). The main effects plot of operational factors on EE displayed the stroke made by the subjects during spraying operation as parameter with largest effect on EE. Regression equation for EE and PCI is given as PCI = 1.97 + 25.2 EE, while the P-value at α = 0.05 is 0.000 and R<sup>2</sup> = 98.8%. Post operational body pain showed that 19 out of 28 subjects incurred at least one type of body pain, with shoulder pain as most frequent. The results of the study suggest that early incidence of fatigue may occur in female operators as compared to the males, and in addition, cumulative trauma at shoulder, back, and upper and lower arm may result over time. Hence, it is recommended that the tank volume should be reduced and the straps for the shoulders should be supported with additional cushion.
文摘This paper describes the design and evaluation of a user interface for a remotely supervised autonomous agricultural sprayer. The interface was designed to help the remote supervisor to instruct the autonomous sprayer to commence operation, monitor the status of the sprayer and its operation in the field, and intervene when needed (i.e., to stop or shut down). Design principles and guidelines were carefully selected to help develop a human-centered automation interface. Evaluation of the interface using a combination of heuristic, cognitive walkthrough, and user testing techniques revealed several strengths of the design as well as areas that needed further improvement. Overall, this paper provides guidelines that will assist other researchers to develop an ergonomic user interface for a fully autonomous agricultural machine.
文摘Sprayers produced by the Zhuhai Huaxun Precision Chemicals Co. Ltd. Chinese-foreign joint venture are mainly used as packing containers for perfume, hair sprays, bathing shampoo. different kinds of freshener, deodorant, insecticides, etc. Our products are made with imported equipment, imported model plates, imported raw materials. They are sophisticated in design, and can match the world’s advanced level of the 1990s in integral function. After scientific and technical appraisal by the Light Industry Bureau
基金supported by the Technology Development Programme of Department of Science and Technology,Government of India(DST/TDT/TDP-22/2022)。
文摘This research explored a novel multimodal approach for disease management in cauliflower crops.With the rising challenges in sustainable agriculture,the research focused on a patch spraying method to control disease and reduce crop losses and environmental impact.For non-destructive disease assessment,a spectral sensor was used to collect spectral information from diseased and healthy cauliflower parts.The spectral data sets were analyzed using decision tree and support vector machine(SVM)algorithms to identify the most accurate model for distinguishing diseased and healthy plants.The chosen model was integrated with a low-volume sprayer(50-150 L·ha^(-1)),equipped with an electronic control unit for targeted spraying based on sensor-detected regions.The decision tree model achieved 89.9% testing accuracy,while the SVM model achieved 96.7% accuracy using hyperparameters:cost of 10.0 and tolerance of 0.001.The research successfully demonstrated the integration of spectral sensors,machine learning,and targeted spraying technology for precise input application.Additionally,the optimized sprayer achieved a 72.5% reduction in chemical usage and a significant time-saving of 21.0% compared to a standard sprayer for black rot-infested crops.These findings highlight the potential efficiency and resource conservation benefits of innovative sprayer technology in precision agriculture and disease management.
基金Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation(BK20130670)Jiangxi Province 2011 Collaborative Innovation Special Funds“Co-Innovation Center of the South China Mountain Orchard Intelligent Management Technology and Equipment”(Jiangxi Finance Refers to[2014]NO156)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301687)and the Jiangsu Union Innovation Foundation(BY2013050).
文摘In order to reduce the application dosage of pesticides,a targeting air-assisted(TAA)sprayer was developed and tested in this study.Fruit trees were assayed by an infrared detection system to determine if the canopy needs to be sprayed.This TAA sprayer was compared with conventional air-assisted(CAA)sprayers,and the impacts of various fan speeds(0,800 r/min,1300 r/min,and 1800 r/min)on spray deposition,coverage,and drift amount were tested.Ponceau 2R was used as tracer to measure spray deposition under each treatment.Droplet coverage and canopy deposition were best when the CAA application fan speed was increased to 1300 r/min,but at higher fan speeds,spray deposition and coverage in canopy did not increase because extra air flow blew droplets from the ground into the air.During TAA spraying,droplet sizes increased at opening and closing moments.Optimal spray effects were achieved when the auxiliary airflow velocity was increased at a fan speed of 1800 r/min.The research provides a useful reference for the design of TAA and parameters optimization method with respect to the relationship between droplets deposition into tree canopy,ground and drift in the air.
文摘There is an urgent need for new chemical application techniques and sprayers in Chinese orchard spraying.A new tractor-mounted automatic target detecting electrostatics,and air-assisted orchard sprayer was designed and developed to meet the demand of chemical pest control in orchards.This sprayer light weighted,highly efficient,reduces pesticide use and is friendly to the environment.The techniques of automatic target detecting,electrostatics,and air-assisted spraying were combined in this system.The electrostatically charged droplets are projected toward the target by the assistance of an air stream that increases the droplets penetration within canopy.Experimental results show that the new automatic target detecting orchard sprayer with an infrared sensor can save more than 50%to 75%of pesticides,improve the utilization rate(over 55%),control efficiency,and significantly reduce environmental pollution caused by the pesticide application.At the same time the key technological problems related to air-assisted low volume and electrostatic spraying were solved.
基金The authors acknowledge that this work was financially supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in Public Interest(No.201503130)Beijing Science and technology plan projects(No.D171100002317003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31470099).
文摘During different growth periods,canopy size and density in orchards are variable,which need application conditions(flow rate and air flow)to be adjusted to match the canopy’s characteristics.In order to improve orchard sprayer’s automatic operating performance,an automatic variable-rate orchard sprayer(VARS)fixed with 40 electromagnetic valves and 8 brushless fans was developed based on the canopy’s spatial dimensions.Each solenoid valve and brushless motor can be individually adjusted in real-time through pulse width modulation(PWM)signals emitted by a control system to adjust each nozzle’s spout and fan rotation speed.A high-precision laser scanning sensor(light detecting and ranging,LIDAR)was adopted as the detector to measure the canopy volume using the variable rate algorithm principle.Field experiments were conducted in an apple orchard,and conventional air blast sprayer(CABS)and directed air-jet sprayer(DAJS)were tested as a comparison.Results showed that on average,46%less spraying solution was applied compared to conventional applications,while penetration rate was similar to DAJS.Normalized deposition in the canopy with variable application was higher than that of conventional applications,indicating that electronic sprayers are more efficient than conventional sprayers.It was also observed that VARS could significantly reduce off-target loss.The field experiment showed that the newly developed variable-rate sprayer can greatly reduce pesticide use and protect the environment for the orchard fruit production,and also provide a reference for design and performance optimization for plant protection machinery.
基金2012 Foundation Project of Technology Innovation for Graduate in Jiangsu Province of China(No.CXLX12_0658)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201203025)+2 种基金National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 program,2013AA102303)Synergistic Innovation Center of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology in Jiangsu Province(NZXT01201403)Agriculture intelligent equipment and technology research key laboratory open research topic in Jiangsu province(NZ201005).
文摘Boom sprayer is widely used in large farm crops because of its high working efficiency and favorable spraying effect.But there are still some problems in cotton defoliant spraying in Xinjiang,China.Cotton is planted in a high density in Xinjiang,the row space is(10+66)cm,leaves in two adjacent rows are seriously overlapped,the lower leavers are poorly sprayed,so the defoliation effect is poor,and the cotton quality is degraded.To solve this problem and improve the defoliant droplets coverage on the cotton canopy,the original boom spraying was modified,and the spraying pardameters was optimized by the central combination test and design concept of Box-Behnken based on a single-factor test.A quadratic polynomial model of droplets coverage was created by using working parameters including horizontal spraying boom height,hang boom height and nozzles angle as the influential factors and the mean droplets coverage on cotton canopy as the target function,and the effectiveness of mode and interaction of factors were analyzed.The model was optimized and analyzed using the regression analysis method and response surface analysis method of software Design-Expert 7.0.0,and the optimal combination of spraying parameters was obtained.The results showed that the droplets coverage on cotton canopy were influenced by boom height,sprayer height and angled nozzles sequentially from large to small,and the optimal combination of spraying parameters was under horizontal spraying boom height of 134 cm,hang spraying boom height of 27.5 cm and nozzles angle of 21°.The mean droplets coverage of experimental value and predicted value on cotton canopy were 19.6%and 20.43%respectively in such conditions,and the relative error to the estimated value on the model was–4.25%.The research result can provide a reference for further optimizing the spraying parameters of cotton defoliant sprayer.
基金the National Key Technology R&D Program:Study and demonstration of technology and equipment for the entire cycle of large-scale production of high-quality rice(2014BAD06B01).
文摘Droplet drift wastes pesticide,pollutes the environment,and has become one of the focus issues of agricultural crop protection.Electrostatic spray technology reduces drift to a certain degree.In order to investigate the droplet drift pattern of a conical electrostatic nozzle,the droplet drift mass center distance was defined as an experimental index and used to conduct experimental wind tunnel studies on droplet drift.A mathematical model of the droplet drift mass center distance versus electrostatic voltage and wind speed was created via the regression method.The test results showed that the electrostatic voltage had an insignificant effect on droplet drift,the wind speed and its interaction with the electrostatic voltage had significant effects on droplet drift.When the wind speed was less than 3 m/s and stable,the crop adsorbability of a droplet had a dominant effect on the droplet drift;the droplet drift decreased with the increase of electrostatic voltage.When the wind speed exceeded 3 m/s and was stable,the reduced droplet particle size had a dominant effect on droplet drift,where droplet drift increased as the electrostatic voltage increased.When the wind speed was 0 m/s and the electrostatic voltage was 12 kV,the minimum droplet drift mass center distance was 35.5 mm,which was 56 mm less than that of conventional nozzle droplet drift.Therefore,a conical electrostatic nozzle is inapplicable for operation in an environment where wind speeds exceed 3 m/s.This study provides a reference for optimizing operational parameters of conical electrostatic nozzles and improving the anti-drift capability of droplets.
基金This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0200705)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51605236)the Independent Innovation Fund of Agricultural Science and Technology of Jiangsu Province(CX(16)1043).
文摘Spray deposit distribution from a field sprayer is mainly affected by the boom movements when the tractor is driven over a rough soil surface,the pendulum suspension that used to reduce and control the movement of spray boom by isolating the boom from vibrations of the tractor will directly enhance uniform deposition of chemicals.However,how to match the parameters of the suspension with the properties of the boom is the key problem.The dynamic rigid-flexible coupling model of the virtual prototype of the spray boom suspension system was established by using ADAMS and ABAQUS software.An optimization of the suspension parameters for a large spay boom was carried out based on the optimal Latin hypercube design,radial basis function neural network,and multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-II.After modified parameters of the suspension,the travel of the sprayer on a typical field motion track was simulated based on a six DOF motion simulator,and the dynamic behavior of the boom suspension was measured.The results show that RMS of the measured boom roll angle and the boom center displacement for optimized solution were reduced by 14.76%and 12.43%compared with the original suspension.Finally,the inertial measurement unit(IMU)was used to measure the movements of the sprayer vehicle during the pesticide application on the Hongze Lake Farm,the experiment of field condition reproduced by using the six DOF motion simulator,the standard deviation of the roll angle and vibration displacement for the optimized sprayer boom are only 0.6382°and 62.279 mm respectively.The research provides theoretical basis and experimental method for parameter optimization of large scale boom suspension.
