Soil borne pathogens result in serious losses in yield of crops grown in the United States (US) and various parts of the world. One of the most effective chemicals used to control these pathogens was methyl bromide (C...Soil borne pathogens result in serious losses in yield of crops grown in the United States (US) and various parts of the world. One of the most effective chemicals used to control these pathogens was methyl bromide (CH3Br, MeBr), a pre-plant fumigant with a broad spectrum of activity. Sodium azide has been proposed in combination with solarization as a viable alternative to replace MeBr due to environmental concerns with respect to ozone depletion in the stratosphere and as a possible carcinogen. However, the possible impacts of sodium azide as a soil pollutant and its effect on soil biological processes have not been fully studied. In this study the effect of sodium azide used alone and in combination with solarization and mulching on selected soil enzyme activities (phosphomonoesterases, arylsulfatase and phosphodiesterase) were assessed. Responses of arylsulfatase and phosphodiesterase to solarization and mulching and azide treatment were found to be affected in the same way, suggesting a similar mode of action. Soil pH in control soils was significantly increased by azide application;however, in mulched soils, pH was decreased. The significant decrease in soil pH in mulched soils may be very important in explaining the increase in the acid phosphatase activity observed in mulched soils. Overall, solarization and sodium azide treatment significantly reduced both fungi and bacterial populations but the responses among the various treatments varied significantly.展开更多
Photocatalysis is an important technology for using solar energy to produce hydrogen,convert CO_(2) to synthetic fuels,and decrease persistent pollutant.However,conventional photocatalysts have limitations,including p...Photocatalysis is an important technology for using solar energy to produce hydrogen,convert CO_(2) to synthetic fuels,and decrease persistent pollutant.However,conventional photocatalysts have limitations,including poor spectral absorption,inefficient charge separation,and structural instability under operational stress,which demand innovative durable materials with tailored electronic properties.Nanodiamond(ND)has recently been recognized as a suitable material because of its exceptional chemical stability,superior charge carrier mobility,and possible surface functionalization.While its intrinsic wide bandgap limits its response to visible-light,different methods have been demonstrated to activate its catalytic potential.Here,several emerging strategies for improving the catalytic performance of ND-based photocatalytic systems are summarized,including surface functionalization,plasmonic hybridization,heteroatom doping,and heterostructure design.And the structure-activity relationship and design principle are proposed to improve the light harvesting,charge transport,and redox kinetics for constructing high efficiency ND-based photocatalysts used in the renewable energy and environmental industries.展开更多
Space-Based Solar Power(SBSP) presents a promising solution for achieving carbon neutrality and Renewable Electricity 100%(RE100) goals by offering a stable and continuous energy supply. However, its commercialization...Space-Based Solar Power(SBSP) presents a promising solution for achieving carbon neutrality and Renewable Electricity 100%(RE100) goals by offering a stable and continuous energy supply. However, its commercialization faces significant obstacles due to the technical challenges of long-distance microwave Wireless Power Transmission(WPT) from geostationary orbit. Even ground-based kilometer-scale WPT experiments remain difficult because of limited testing infrastructure, high costs, and strict electromagnetic wave regulations. Since the 1975 NASA-Raytheon experiment, which successfully recovered 30 kW of power over 1.55 km, there has been little progress in extending the transmission distance or increasing the retrieved power. This study proposes a cost-effective methodology for conducting long-range WPT experiments in constrained environments by utilizing existing infrastructure. A deep space antenna operating at 2.08 GHz with an output power of 2.3 kW and a gain of 55.3 dBi was used as the transmitter. Two test configurations were implemented: a 1.81 km ground-to-air test using an aerostat to elevate the receiver and a 1.82 km ground-to-ground test using a ladder truck positioned on a plateau. The rectenna consists of a lightweight 3×3 patch antenna array(0.9 m × 0.9 m), accompanied by a steering device and LED indicators to verify power reception. The aerostat-based test achieved a power density of 154.6 mW/m2, which corresponds to approximately 6.2% of the theoretical maximum. The performance gap is primarily attributed to near-field interference, detuning of the patch antenna, rectifier mismatch, and alignment issues. These limitations are expected to be mitigated through improved patch antenna fabrication, a transition from GaN to GaAs rectifiers optimized for lower input power, and the implementation of an automated alignment system. With these enhancements, the recovered power is expected to improve by approximately four to five times. The results demonstrate a practical and scalable framework for long-range WPT experiments under constrained conditions and provide key insights for advancing SBSP technology.展开更多
The morphology of active layer plays a critical role in determining the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells(OSCs).However,binary blends often suffer from suboptimal phase separation,which limits the effici...The morphology of active layer plays a critical role in determining the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells(OSCs).However,binary blends often suffer from suboptimal phase separation,which limits the efficiency of OSCs.Herein,two bridging polymer acceptors(PAs)—benzodithiophene-(2-ethylhexyl)oxy(BDT-C2C4)and benzodithiophene-octyloxy(BDT-C_(8))—are designed and synthesized by combining a benzodithiophene(BDT)unit as the donor moiety[poly({4,8-bis[5-(2-ethylhexyl)-4-fluorothiophen-2-yl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl}){5,8-bis[4-(2-butyloctyl)thiophen-2-yl]dithieno[3',2':3,4]},D18],and a 2,2′-((2Z,2′Z)-{[12,13-Bis(2-butyloctyl)-12,13-dihydro-3,9-dinonylthieno[2,3]thieno[3,2-b]pyrrolo[4,5-g]thieno[2,3-b]indole-2,10-diyl]bis(methanylylidene)}bis(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile(Y6)derivative as the acceptor moiety.BDT-C2C4 and BDT-C_(8) are functionalized with(2-ethylhexyl)oxy and octyloxy side chains on the BDT unit,respectively.Both PAs show complementary absorption and cascaded energy levels with the donor D18 and the acceptor 2,2′-((2Z,2′Z)-{[12,13-bis(3-ethylheptyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2″,3″∶4′,5′]thieno[2′,3′∶4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2′,3′∶4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl]bis(meth⁃aneylylidene)}bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile(N3),but BDT-C_(8) exhibits better compatibility with D18 and N3 compared to BDT-C2C4.When incorporated as a third component into the D18∶N3 blend,both PAs improve the active layer morphology.In particular,the D18∶N3∶BDT-C_(8) blend shows significantly optimized morphology,featuring reduced phase separation and a fibrous network structure.As a result,the device based on D18∶N3∶BDT-C_(8) achieves a power conversion efficiency of 18.18%,significantly higher than that of the device based on D18∶N3(ca.17.37%).This work presents a compatibilizer strategy for optimizing blend morphology towards high-performance ternary OSCs.展开更多
Limited adoption of solar energy in the Northwestern region of Russia is associated with insufficient data on annual solar radiation indicators and on the potential of solar collectors for water heating.The study aims...Limited adoption of solar energy in the Northwestern region of Russia is associated with insufficient data on annual solar radiation indicators and on the potential of solar collectors for water heating.The study aims to evaluate the potential of solar water heating for domestic use in Northwestern Russia,using Tyumen city as the case.In this region,the number of cloudy days ranges from 5% to 50%,with cloud cover increasing in winter.New data on the total solar radiation,availability duration,and cloud cover have been collected.Solar irradiance could reach 900 MJ/m^(2) during summer months,while decreasing to 50–150 MJ/m^(2) significantly in winter.Notably,the solar radiation demonstrates predictable and stable characteristics between the hours of 9 a.m.and 3 p.m.Consequently,the heating system is equipped with a gas-supplied boiler as the primary heat source,with the solar collector being the secondary clean energy source to meet the demand of a residential house.A is designed to compensate for the heat losses in the evening and at night.The results of unmatching energy demand and production highlight the need for a water tank for energy storage to facilitate a wider use of solar power.The peak thermal energy requirement for domestic hot water(DHW)occurs in January,amounting to 6046.8 MJ.In summer,from May to August,the thermal energy produced by solar collectors is not utilized due to the lack of heating load.The annual data indicate that the solar collectors contribute approximately 14%of the total heat required for DHW.展开更多
Bradysia cellarum Frey (Diptera: Sciaridae) is an important subterranean pestand is especially damaging to Chinese chive. An effective and moreenvironmentally safe method than pesticides is needed for its control. The...Bradysia cellarum Frey (Diptera: Sciaridae) is an important subterranean pestand is especially damaging to Chinese chive. An effective and moreenvironmentally safe method than pesticides is needed for its control. Theefficacy of B. cellarum control, growth of Chinese chive and soil microbialdiversity were investigated after uae of soil solarization to exterminate thisinsect pest. The results show that on the first day after soil solarization 100%control of B. cellarum was achieved. Growth of Chinese chive was lower insolarized plots than in control plots over the first 10 days after treatment. Chivegrowth in solarized plots increased subsequently to match that in the controlplots. Moreover, the soil microbial community diversity in the treatment groupdecreased initially before gradually recovering. In addition, the abundance ofbeneficial microorganisms in the genus Bacillus and the phyla Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi and Firmicutes increased significantly. Soil solarization is thereforepractical and worthy of promotion in Chinese chive-growing regions.展开更多
Despite significant advancements in solar collector technology,persistent challenges remain in improving the overall efficiency of solar systems.This paper investigates the use of mini-channel aluminum tubes mounted o...Despite significant advancements in solar collector technology,persistent challenges remain in improving the overall efficiency of solar systems.This paper investigates the use of mini-channel aluminum tubes mounted on the reflective surface as preliminary heating stages to enhance the overall system thermal performance.Experimental assessments were conducted with flow rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 LPM and tilt angles of 180°South and 225°Southwest in Al-Kut,Iraq,from 9:00 AM to 2:00 PM.Fluid flows sequentially through five flat aluminum tubes totaling 50 channels,named stage-1,then flows through four aluminum tubes totaling 40 channels,named stage-2,and lastly through the copper tube receiver,named stage-3.Results indicate that the copper tube contributes 65%–80% of total heating,while the aluminum tubes contribute 20%–35%.The maximum thermal efficiency reached 84%at a flow rate of 0.5 LPM and a tilt angle of 180°South at 1:00 PM.The pressure drop behavior was analyzed through three stages with different flow distributions.In stages 1 and 2,the pressure drop increased linearly with flow rate.In stage-3,the pressure drop rose more sharply with flow rate showing a nonlinear trend.The results contribute to the optimization of solar thermal systems by clarifying the roles of flow rate,collector orientation,and the use of mini-channel aluminum tubes in enhancing thermal efficiency.This study contributes to solar thermal technology by showing that the use of aluminum preheating tubes in a modified PTC can enhance thermal performance and provide sustainable energy solutions.展开更多
Chalcogenide perovskites(CPs)based on zirconium(Zr)and hafnium(Hf)are becoming increasingly attractive as a new class of materials for next-generation solar cells.CPs with the ABX_(3) structure stand out due to their ...Chalcogenide perovskites(CPs)based on zirconium(Zr)and hafnium(Hf)are becoming increasingly attractive as a new class of materials for next-generation solar cells.CPs with the ABX_(3) structure stand out due to their attractive optical and electrical properties,such as efficient light absorption,direct bandgaps in the range of 1.1–2.1 eV,and remarkable defect tolerance,making them a compelling alternative to hybrid and double perovskites for solar energy conversion.Although theoretical studies have progressed rapidly,experimental verification still faces challenges such as the high synthesis temperatures required(>900℃),particularly in producing high-quality,phase-pure thin films and scalable solution-based processes.In this review,we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and remaining obstacles in advancing CP-based materials and devices.First,we describe the structure and composition as well as the different CPs in which the B site is occupied by Zr and Hf.Second,we summarize the methods used and the challenges that researchers face in producing an effective device.We highlight the main features that make CPs a preferred option for photovoltaic and other applications.Third,we look at the progress made in simulating solar cells that can achieve a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of over 30%using SCAPS-1D software.In the end,challenges and future research directions toward the development of CP materials and devices are provided.Overall,this review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers in selecting suitable strategies to achieve high-performance optoelectronic devices.展开更多
Crystalline silicon(c-Si)solar cells,though dominating the photovoltaic market,are nearing their theoretical power conversion efficiencies(PCE)limit of 29.4%,necessitating the adoption of multi-junction technology to ...Crystalline silicon(c-Si)solar cells,though dominating the photovoltaic market,are nearing their theoretical power conversion efficiencies(PCE)limit of 29.4%,necessitating the adoption of multi-junction technology to achieve higher performance.Among these,perovskiteon-silicon-based multi-junction solar cells have emerged as a promising alternative,where the perovskite offering tunable bandgaps,superior optoelectronic properties,and cost-effective manufacturing.Recent announced double-junction solar cells(PSDJSCs)have achieved the PCE of 34.85%,surpassing all other double-junction technologies.Encouragingly,the rapid advancements in PSDJSCs have spurred increased research interest in perovskite/perovskite/silicon triple-junction solar cells(PSTJSCs)in 2024.This triple-junction solar cell configuration demonstrates immense potential due to their optimum balance between achieving a high PCE limit and managing device complexity.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of PSTJSCs,covering fundamental principles,and technological milestones.Current challenges,including current mismatch,open-circuit voltage deficits,phase segregation,and stability issues,and their corresponding strategies are also discussed,alongside future directions to achieve long-term stability and high PCE.This work aims to advance the understanding of the development in PSTJSCs,paving the way for their practical implementation.展开更多
Demonstrating significant achievements in efficiency,perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have acquired unique positions in photovoltaics,offering alternatives to conventional commercial silicon solar cells.While there has bee...Demonstrating significant achievements in efficiency,perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have acquired unique positions in photovoltaics,offering alternatives to conventional commercial silicon solar cells.While there has been significant progress in enhancing photovoltaic performance,obvious stability problems remain a primary challenge that continues to hinder the commercial viability of PSCs.This present review first comprehensively discusses the main challenges to the commercialization of PSCs,including stability problems,ion migration,toxicity,and complexities in large-scale fabrication.It then effectively presents universal strategies to overcome the mentioned problems.Moreover,this review article examines various printing techniques that can be used to improve PSCs,emphasizing their benefits like low-cost components and procedures.Several printing processes are covered in the discussion,such as slot-die coating,spray coating,inkjet printing,doctor-blade coating,roll-to-roll printing,and screen printing.The potential uses of PSCs for the implementation of greenhouses,building-integrated photovoltaic systems,and indoor light energy harvesting.These uses highlight the adaptability of PSCs and demonstrate their ability to transform energy production technologies.Additionally,this review highlights the special qualities of perovskite materials that present chances to surpass silicon solar cells'efficiency restrictions and get close to the Shockley-Queisser limit.In conclusion,the current review provides a brief overview of recent developments,existing challenges,and opportunities of PSCs.It provides a thorough understanding of the merits of highly efficient PSCs fabricated by adopting printing methods to tackle stability problems along with facile fabrication of PSCs using simplified and cost-effective strategies.展开更多
Recent progress in inverted perovskite solar cells(i PSCs)highlights the critical role of interface engineering between the charge transport layer and perovskite.Self-assembled monolayers(SAM)on transparent conductive...Recent progress in inverted perovskite solar cells(i PSCs)highlights the critical role of interface engineering between the charge transport layer and perovskite.Self-assembled monolayers(SAM)on transparent conductive oxide electrodes serve effectively as hole transport layers,though challenges such as energy mismatches and surface inhomogeneities remain.Here,a blended self-assembled monolayer of(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid(2PACz)and(4-(3,6-Dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid(Me-4PACz)is developed,offering improved surface potential uniformity and interfacial energy alignment compared to individual SAMs.Interactions between the SAMs and ionic species are investigated with simulation analysis conducted,revealing the elimination of interfacial energy barriers through precise energy-level tuning.This strategy enables wide-bandgap(1.67 e V)perovskite solar cells with inverted structures with over 24%efficiency,an open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 1.268 V,and a certified fill factor(FF)of 86.8%,leading to a certified efficiency of 23.42%.The approach also enables high-efficiency semi-transparent devices and a mechanically stacked four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell reaching 30.97%efficiency.展开更多
The calculation of viewing and solar geometry angles is a critical first step in retrieving atmospheric and surface variables from geostationary satellite observations.Whereas the viewing angles for geostationary sate...The calculation of viewing and solar geometry angles is a critical first step in retrieving atmospheric and surface variables from geostationary satellite observations.Whereas the viewing angles for geostationary satellites are not timevarying,a primary source of inaccuracy in solar positioning is the use of a single timestamp.Since pixel scanning times can differ significantly across the field-of-view disk(e.g.,by approximately 13 min for Fengyun-4B),this practice leads to errors of up to±2°in solar zenith angle,which translates to±50 W m^(−2) in extraterrestrial irradiance;the errors in solar azimuth angle can exceed±100°.Beyond scanning time,this work also quantifies the impact of other inputs—including altitude,surface pressure,air temperature,difference between Terrestrial Time and Universal Time,and atmospheric refraction—on the resulting angles.A comparison of our precise calculations with the official National Satellite Meteorological Center L1_GEO product shows an accuracy within 0.1°,confirming its utility for most retrieval tasks.To facilitate higher precision when required,this work releases the corresponding satellite and solar positioning codes in both R and Python.展开更多
The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is suscept...The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is susceptible to processing conditions,resulting in an uncontrollable variance in device performance.Here,we demonstrate a supramolecule confined approach to reproducibly fabricate perovskite films with an ultrasmooth,electronically homogeneous surface.The assembly of a calixarene capping layer on precursor surface can induce host-vip interactions with solvent molecules to tailor the desolvation kinetics,and initiate the perovskite crystallization from the sharp molecule-precursor interface.These combined effects significantly reduced the spatial variance and extended the processing window of perovskite films.As a result,the standard efficiency deviations of device-to-device and batch-to-batch devices were reduced from 0.64-0.26%to 0.67-0.23%,respectively.In addition,the perovskite films with ultrasmooth top surfaces exhibited photoluminescence quantum yield>10%and surface recombination velocities<100 cm s^(-1)for both interfaces that yielded p-i-n structured solar cells with power conversion efficiency over 25%.展开更多
Modelling non-planar perovskite solar cells(PSCs)in 1D is very challenging due to strong interfacial and geometric interactions.This affects especially mesoporous,structured tandem,phase segregated and bulk heterojunc...Modelling non-planar perovskite solar cells(PSCs)in 1D is very challenging due to strong interfacial and geometric interactions.This affects especially mesoporous,structured tandem,phase segregated and bulk heterojunction solar cells.We present ChargeFabrica,an open-source,two-dimensional electro-ionic drift-diffusion simulation tool designed to address these challenges by simultaneously solving the coupled electronic and ionic transport equations across complex device geometries.Using ChargeFabrica,we successfully replicate experimentally observed thickness-dependent trends in current-voltage(JV)curves,the influence of ionic prebiasing and associated EQE,which cannot be fully captured by conventional one-dimensional models.By incorporating realistic device morphologies and experimentally demonstrated defect densities,the simulator accurately predicts performance losses,field inversion effects,and the impact of geometric and interfacial properties.ChargeFabrica thus provides a robust platform for understanding and optimizing the interplay between ion migration and charge collection in mesoporous PSCs and will aid future development of perovskite device architectures.展开更多
The solar cycle(SC),a phenomenon caused by the quasi-periodic regular activities in the Sun,occurs approximately every 11 years.Intense solar activity can disrupt the Earth’s ionosphere,affecting communication and na...The solar cycle(SC),a phenomenon caused by the quasi-periodic regular activities in the Sun,occurs approximately every 11 years.Intense solar activity can disrupt the Earth’s ionosphere,affecting communication and navigation systems.Consequently,accurately predicting the intensity of the SC holds great significance,but predicting the SC involves a long-term time series,and many existing time series forecasting methods have fallen short in terms of accuracy and efficiency.The Time-series Dense Encoder model is a deep learning solution tailored for long time series prediction.Based on a multi-layer perceptron structure,it outperforms the best previously existing models in accuracy,while being efficiently trainable on general datasets.We propose a method based on this model for SC forecasting.Using a trained model,we predict the test set from SC 19 to SC 25 with an average mean absolute percentage error of 32.02,root mean square error of 30.3,mean absolute error of 23.32,and R^(2)(coefficient of determination)of 0.76,outperforming other deep learning models in terms of accuracy and training efficiency on sunspot number datasets.Subsequently,we use it to predict the peaks of SC 25 and SC 26.For SC 25,the peak time has ended,but a stronger peak is predicted for SC 26,of 199.3,within a range of 170.8-221.9,projected to occur during April 2034.展开更多
This study presents a systematic investigation of high-efficiency flexible copper indium gallium selenide(CIGS)thin-film solar cells fabricated using an optimized three-stage co-evaporation process.The research focuse...This study presents a systematic investigation of high-efficiency flexible copper indium gallium selenide(CIGS)thin-film solar cells fabricated using an optimized three-stage co-evaporation process.The research focuses on two key innovations:(1)NaF pre-deposition for controlled alkali metal doping and(2)active regulation of In/Ga evaporation timing during the initial growth stage to precisely engineer the Ga/(Ga+In)(GGI)ratio gradient throughout the absorber layer depth.Through comprehensive characterization of structural properties,elemental distributions,and device performance,we demonstrate that the synergistic combination of Na doping and tailored Ga grading effectively addresses critical challenges in flexible CIGS devices,including back-surface Ga accumulation and non-ideal bandgap profiles.Our results reveal that this dual optimization strategy significantly enhances charge carrier mobility and collection efficiency,ultimately leading to substantial improvements in overall solar cell performance.The findings establish a robust materials engineering approach for developing high-performance flexible photovoltaic devices through precise control of compositional gradients and defect passivation.展开更多
Lead-halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have rapidly achieved certified efficiencies>27%,rivaling silicon photovoltaics.However,their commercialization is hindered by intrinsic material challenges:poor operational ...Lead-halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have rapidly achieved certified efficiencies>27%,rivaling silicon photovoltaics.However,their commercialization is hindered by intrinsic material challenges:poor operational stability under moisture,heat,and light;toxic lead leakage from degraded films.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),with their unique framework structure,large specific surface area,high heavy metal capturing capacity,and tunable conductivity,offer promising solutions to these issues.Recent studies have integrated MOFs into PSCs architectures to enhance performance and durability.This comprehensive review begins with an in-depth discussion of the structure,optical properties,electrical characteristics,and stability of MOFs,as well as their theoretical compatibility with perovskites.Subsequently,it provides a detailed analysis of how MOFs enhance charge carrier transport,promote perovskite crystallinity,improve device stability,and suppress lead leakage in PSCs.In summary,this review examines the research progress and potential of integrating MOFs with perovskites to address the critical PSCs challenges of efficiency,instability,and toxicity.展开更多
Controlling film morphology remains an inherent challenge limiting the performance of all-smallmolecule organic solar cells(ASM-OSCs),primarily due to excessive donor-acceptor compatibility restricting further improve...Controlling film morphology remains an inherent challenge limiting the performance of all-smallmolecule organic solar cells(ASM-OSCs),primarily due to excessive donor-acceptor compatibility restricting further improvements.Here,we introduce a novel strategy employing rhodanine-based film-forming kinetic modulators-specifically tailored for the high-performance donor BTR-Clincluding 3-methylrhodanine(C1),3-ethylrhodanine(C2),3-buty lr hod a nine(C4),and 3-hexylrhodanine(C6).We demonstrate that the C2 modulator uniquely optimizes morphology by extending film-formation time and fine-tuning donor-acceptor miscibility,leading to enhanced molecular ordering,uniform vertical distributio n,and optimal phase sepa ration.This synergistic morphological control significantly boosts BTR-Cl crystallinity and facilitates efficient three-dimensional charge transport networks.Consequently,C2-treated BTR-Cl:N3 ASM-OSCs achieve an outstanding power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 17.12%,ranking among the highest reported for this system.Crucially,this work introduces a novel"donor-modulator structural matching"strategy,providing a powerful new avenue for controlling film-forming kinetics to realize high-performance ASM-OSCs.展开更多
Despite the intrinsic durability of polymeric hole transport materials,poly-triarylamines(PTAA)-based inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have lagged behind their counterparts in efficiency,primarily due to poor surf...Despite the intrinsic durability of polymeric hole transport materials,poly-triarylamines(PTAA)-based inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have lagged behind their counterparts in efficiency,primarily due to poor surface wettability,insufficient interfacial contact,and unfavorable energy level alignment at the PTAA/perovskite interface.Here,we report a highly effective interfacial engineering strategy employing the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate(DMIMPH)as a multifunctional interfacial modifier.The incorporation of DMIMPH improves PTAA wettability,promoting the growth of high-quality perovskite films with enhanced interfacial contact.Concurrently,DMIMPH effectively tunes the energy levels of PTAA,enhances its electrical conductivity,and passivates interfacial defects with more efficient hole extraction and charge transport.Moreover,its interaction with residual PbI_(2) modulates perovskite crystallization kinetics,yielding highly crystalline perovskite films with enlarged grain sizes,reduced PbI_(2) residue,and suppressed trap densities.As a result,PTAA-based p-i-n PSCs employing this approach achieve a record certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 24.52%,with a champion efficiency of 25.12%—the highest certified value for PTAA-based perovskite devices to date.Impressively,the DMIMPH-modified PSCs without encapsulation maintained 87.48%of their initial efficiency after 1600 h in air.This strategy offers an effective pathway for advancing the performance and stability of polymer-based inverted PSCs.展开更多
Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remain...Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remains an urgent issue to be resolved for the commercialization.Defect passivation emerged as a viable approach to enhance the operational stability of the solar devices.Herein,phenylthiourea(PhTu)derivatives are selected as effective passivation agents to enhance the optoelectronic properties of printed methylammonium lead iodide(MAPbI_(3))films.It is demonstrated that incorporating a small amount of 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-thiourea(PhTu-COOH)significantly reduces the trap-state density and leads to longer carrier lifetime of the perovskite films.As a result,the inverted solar device made of Ph Tu-COOH-modified MAPbI_(3) perovskite film shows remarkably improved efficiency(from 17.29%to 20.22%)and obviously increased open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))(from 1.043 to 1.143 V),as compared with the pristine device.Moreover,the Ph Tu-COOH-modified PSCs exhibit enhanced operational stability due to the significantly reduced trap-state density.Finally,the optimized solar module fabricated with an active area of 11.28 cm^(2) delivers a high PCE of 17.07%with negligible V_(OC)loss,demonstrating the feasibility of the blade-coating method for large-area perovskite film deposition.展开更多
文摘Soil borne pathogens result in serious losses in yield of crops grown in the United States (US) and various parts of the world. One of the most effective chemicals used to control these pathogens was methyl bromide (CH3Br, MeBr), a pre-plant fumigant with a broad spectrum of activity. Sodium azide has been proposed in combination with solarization as a viable alternative to replace MeBr due to environmental concerns with respect to ozone depletion in the stratosphere and as a possible carcinogen. However, the possible impacts of sodium azide as a soil pollutant and its effect on soil biological processes have not been fully studied. In this study the effect of sodium azide used alone and in combination with solarization and mulching on selected soil enzyme activities (phosphomonoesterases, arylsulfatase and phosphodiesterase) were assessed. Responses of arylsulfatase and phosphodiesterase to solarization and mulching and azide treatment were found to be affected in the same way, suggesting a similar mode of action. Soil pH in control soils was significantly increased by azide application;however, in mulched soils, pH was decreased. The significant decrease in soil pH in mulched soils may be very important in explaining the increase in the acid phosphatase activity observed in mulched soils. Overall, solarization and sodium azide treatment significantly reduced both fungi and bacterial populations but the responses among the various treatments varied significantly.
文摘Photocatalysis is an important technology for using solar energy to produce hydrogen,convert CO_(2) to synthetic fuels,and decrease persistent pollutant.However,conventional photocatalysts have limitations,including poor spectral absorption,inefficient charge separation,and structural instability under operational stress,which demand innovative durable materials with tailored electronic properties.Nanodiamond(ND)has recently been recognized as a suitable material because of its exceptional chemical stability,superior charge carrier mobility,and possible surface functionalization.While its intrinsic wide bandgap limits its response to visible-light,different methods have been demonstrated to activate its catalytic potential.Here,several emerging strategies for improving the catalytic performance of ND-based photocatalytic systems are summarized,including surface functionalization,plasmonic hybridization,heteroatom doping,and heterostructure design.And the structure-activity relationship and design principle are proposed to improve the light harvesting,charge transport,and redox kinetics for constructing high efficiency ND-based photocatalysts used in the renewable energy and environmental industries.
文摘Space-Based Solar Power(SBSP) presents a promising solution for achieving carbon neutrality and Renewable Electricity 100%(RE100) goals by offering a stable and continuous energy supply. However, its commercialization faces significant obstacles due to the technical challenges of long-distance microwave Wireless Power Transmission(WPT) from geostationary orbit. Even ground-based kilometer-scale WPT experiments remain difficult because of limited testing infrastructure, high costs, and strict electromagnetic wave regulations. Since the 1975 NASA-Raytheon experiment, which successfully recovered 30 kW of power over 1.55 km, there has been little progress in extending the transmission distance or increasing the retrieved power. This study proposes a cost-effective methodology for conducting long-range WPT experiments in constrained environments by utilizing existing infrastructure. A deep space antenna operating at 2.08 GHz with an output power of 2.3 kW and a gain of 55.3 dBi was used as the transmitter. Two test configurations were implemented: a 1.81 km ground-to-air test using an aerostat to elevate the receiver and a 1.82 km ground-to-ground test using a ladder truck positioned on a plateau. The rectenna consists of a lightweight 3×3 patch antenna array(0.9 m × 0.9 m), accompanied by a steering device and LED indicators to verify power reception. The aerostat-based test achieved a power density of 154.6 mW/m2, which corresponds to approximately 6.2% of the theoretical maximum. The performance gap is primarily attributed to near-field interference, detuning of the patch antenna, rectifier mismatch, and alignment issues. These limitations are expected to be mitigated through improved patch antenna fabrication, a transition from GaN to GaAs rectifiers optimized for lower input power, and the implementation of an automated alignment system. With these enhancements, the recovered power is expected to improve by approximately four to five times. The results demonstrate a practical and scalable framework for long-range WPT experiments under constrained conditions and provide key insights for advancing SBSP technology.
文摘The morphology of active layer plays a critical role in determining the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells(OSCs).However,binary blends often suffer from suboptimal phase separation,which limits the efficiency of OSCs.Herein,two bridging polymer acceptors(PAs)—benzodithiophene-(2-ethylhexyl)oxy(BDT-C2C4)and benzodithiophene-octyloxy(BDT-C_(8))—are designed and synthesized by combining a benzodithiophene(BDT)unit as the donor moiety[poly({4,8-bis[5-(2-ethylhexyl)-4-fluorothiophen-2-yl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl}){5,8-bis[4-(2-butyloctyl)thiophen-2-yl]dithieno[3',2':3,4]},D18],and a 2,2′-((2Z,2′Z)-{[12,13-Bis(2-butyloctyl)-12,13-dihydro-3,9-dinonylthieno[2,3]thieno[3,2-b]pyrrolo[4,5-g]thieno[2,3-b]indole-2,10-diyl]bis(methanylylidene)}bis(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile(Y6)derivative as the acceptor moiety.BDT-C2C4 and BDT-C_(8) are functionalized with(2-ethylhexyl)oxy and octyloxy side chains on the BDT unit,respectively.Both PAs show complementary absorption and cascaded energy levels with the donor D18 and the acceptor 2,2′-((2Z,2′Z)-{[12,13-bis(3-ethylheptyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2″,3″∶4′,5′]thieno[2′,3′∶4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2′,3′∶4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl]bis(meth⁃aneylylidene)}bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile(N3),but BDT-C_(8) exhibits better compatibility with D18 and N3 compared to BDT-C2C4.When incorporated as a third component into the D18∶N3 blend,both PAs improve the active layer morphology.In particular,the D18∶N3∶BDT-C_(8) blend shows significantly optimized morphology,featuring reduced phase separation and a fibrous network structure.As a result,the device based on D18∶N3∶BDT-C_(8) achieves a power conversion efficiency of 18.18%,significantly higher than that of the device based on D18∶N3(ca.17.37%).This work presents a compatibilizer strategy for optimizing blend morphology towards high-performance ternary OSCs.
文摘Limited adoption of solar energy in the Northwestern region of Russia is associated with insufficient data on annual solar radiation indicators and on the potential of solar collectors for water heating.The study aims to evaluate the potential of solar water heating for domestic use in Northwestern Russia,using Tyumen city as the case.In this region,the number of cloudy days ranges from 5% to 50%,with cloud cover increasing in winter.New data on the total solar radiation,availability duration,and cloud cover have been collected.Solar irradiance could reach 900 MJ/m^(2) during summer months,while decreasing to 50–150 MJ/m^(2) significantly in winter.Notably,the solar radiation demonstrates predictable and stable characteristics between the hours of 9 a.m.and 3 p.m.Consequently,the heating system is equipped with a gas-supplied boiler as the primary heat source,with the solar collector being the secondary clean energy source to meet the demand of a residential house.A is designed to compensate for the heat losses in the evening and at night.The results of unmatching energy demand and production highlight the need for a water tank for energy storage to facilitate a wider use of solar power.The peak thermal energy requirement for domestic hot water(DHW)occurs in January,amounting to 6046.8 MJ.In summer,from May to August,the thermal energy produced by solar collectors is not utilized due to the lack of heating load.The annual data indicate that the solar collectors contribute approximately 14%of the total heat required for DHW.
基金This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772170)the Project of the Education Department in Hubei Province(B2020038)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jingzhou City(2020CB21-30)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-24-C-02)the Beijing Key Laboratory for Pest Control and Sustainable Cultivation of Vegetablesthe Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(AAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS).
文摘Bradysia cellarum Frey (Diptera: Sciaridae) is an important subterranean pestand is especially damaging to Chinese chive. An effective and moreenvironmentally safe method than pesticides is needed for its control. Theefficacy of B. cellarum control, growth of Chinese chive and soil microbialdiversity were investigated after uae of soil solarization to exterminate thisinsect pest. The results show that on the first day after soil solarization 100%control of B. cellarum was achieved. Growth of Chinese chive was lower insolarized plots than in control plots over the first 10 days after treatment. Chivegrowth in solarized plots increased subsequently to match that in the controlplots. Moreover, the soil microbial community diversity in the treatment groupdecreased initially before gradually recovering. In addition, the abundance ofbeneficial microorganisms in the genus Bacillus and the phyla Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi and Firmicutes increased significantly. Soil solarization is thereforepractical and worthy of promotion in Chinese chive-growing regions.
文摘Despite significant advancements in solar collector technology,persistent challenges remain in improving the overall efficiency of solar systems.This paper investigates the use of mini-channel aluminum tubes mounted on the reflective surface as preliminary heating stages to enhance the overall system thermal performance.Experimental assessments were conducted with flow rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 LPM and tilt angles of 180°South and 225°Southwest in Al-Kut,Iraq,from 9:00 AM to 2:00 PM.Fluid flows sequentially through five flat aluminum tubes totaling 50 channels,named stage-1,then flows through four aluminum tubes totaling 40 channels,named stage-2,and lastly through the copper tube receiver,named stage-3.Results indicate that the copper tube contributes 65%–80% of total heating,while the aluminum tubes contribute 20%–35%.The maximum thermal efficiency reached 84%at a flow rate of 0.5 LPM and a tilt angle of 180°South at 1:00 PM.The pressure drop behavior was analyzed through three stages with different flow distributions.In stages 1 and 2,the pressure drop increased linearly with flow rate.In stage-3,the pressure drop rose more sharply with flow rate showing a nonlinear trend.The results contribute to the optimization of solar thermal systems by clarifying the roles of flow rate,collector orientation,and the use of mini-channel aluminum tubes in enhancing thermal efficiency.This study contributes to solar thermal technology by showing that the use of aluminum preheating tubes in a modified PTC can enhance thermal performance and provide sustainable energy solutions.
基金the“Initiative on Energy Research”,founded by the University Mohammed VI Polytechnic,for the financial support through the project“Toward efficient,stable,environmentally friendly,and scalable Perovskite Solar Cells”the financial support from DAAD and BMZ through the WE-AFRICA project+1 种基金the U.S.Department of Energy,Office of Science,Basic Energy Sciences,Early Career Program,under Award No.DOE DESC0025350the National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine for their support through the U.S.-Africa Frontiers Fellowship。
文摘Chalcogenide perovskites(CPs)based on zirconium(Zr)and hafnium(Hf)are becoming increasingly attractive as a new class of materials for next-generation solar cells.CPs with the ABX_(3) structure stand out due to their attractive optical and electrical properties,such as efficient light absorption,direct bandgaps in the range of 1.1–2.1 eV,and remarkable defect tolerance,making them a compelling alternative to hybrid and double perovskites for solar energy conversion.Although theoretical studies have progressed rapidly,experimental verification still faces challenges such as the high synthesis temperatures required(>900℃),particularly in producing high-quality,phase-pure thin films and scalable solution-based processes.In this review,we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and remaining obstacles in advancing CP-based materials and devices.First,we describe the structure and composition as well as the different CPs in which the B site is occupied by Zr and Hf.Second,we summarize the methods used and the challenges that researchers face in producing an effective device.We highlight the main features that make CPs a preferred option for photovoltaic and other applications.Third,we look at the progress made in simulating solar cells that can achieve a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of over 30%using SCAPS-1D software.In the end,challenges and future research directions toward the development of CP materials and devices are provided.Overall,this review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers in selecting suitable strategies to achieve high-performance optoelectronic devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 62404185the industry-academia joint laboratory collaboration between Hiking PV and Xiamen University(20243160C0010)J.Z.is supported by Nanqiang Outstanding Young Talents Program X2450215 of Xiamen University.
文摘Crystalline silicon(c-Si)solar cells,though dominating the photovoltaic market,are nearing their theoretical power conversion efficiencies(PCE)limit of 29.4%,necessitating the adoption of multi-junction technology to achieve higher performance.Among these,perovskiteon-silicon-based multi-junction solar cells have emerged as a promising alternative,where the perovskite offering tunable bandgaps,superior optoelectronic properties,and cost-effective manufacturing.Recent announced double-junction solar cells(PSDJSCs)have achieved the PCE of 34.85%,surpassing all other double-junction technologies.Encouragingly,the rapid advancements in PSDJSCs have spurred increased research interest in perovskite/perovskite/silicon triple-junction solar cells(PSTJSCs)in 2024.This triple-junction solar cell configuration demonstrates immense potential due to their optimum balance between achieving a high PCE limit and managing device complexity.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of PSTJSCs,covering fundamental principles,and technological milestones.Current challenges,including current mismatch,open-circuit voltage deficits,phase segregation,and stability issues,and their corresponding strategies are also discussed,alongside future directions to achieve long-term stability and high PCE.This work aims to advance the understanding of the development in PSTJSCs,paving the way for their practical implementation.
基金Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Research Project under grant number(R.G.P.2/472/46)Anhui Provoncial Natural Science Foundation(NO.2308085MF211).
文摘Demonstrating significant achievements in efficiency,perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have acquired unique positions in photovoltaics,offering alternatives to conventional commercial silicon solar cells.While there has been significant progress in enhancing photovoltaic performance,obvious stability problems remain a primary challenge that continues to hinder the commercial viability of PSCs.This present review first comprehensively discusses the main challenges to the commercialization of PSCs,including stability problems,ion migration,toxicity,and complexities in large-scale fabrication.It then effectively presents universal strategies to overcome the mentioned problems.Moreover,this review article examines various printing techniques that can be used to improve PSCs,emphasizing their benefits like low-cost components and procedures.Several printing processes are covered in the discussion,such as slot-die coating,spray coating,inkjet printing,doctor-blade coating,roll-to-roll printing,and screen printing.The potential uses of PSCs for the implementation of greenhouses,building-integrated photovoltaic systems,and indoor light energy harvesting.These uses highlight the adaptability of PSCs and demonstrate their ability to transform energy production technologies.Additionally,this review highlights the special qualities of perovskite materials that present chances to surpass silicon solar cells'efficiency restrictions and get close to the Shockley-Queisser limit.In conclusion,the current review provides a brief overview of recent developments,existing challenges,and opportunities of PSCs.It provides a thorough understanding of the merits of highly efficient PSCs fabricated by adopting printing methods to tackle stability problems along with facile fabrication of PSCs using simplified and cost-effective strategies.
文摘Recent progress in inverted perovskite solar cells(i PSCs)highlights the critical role of interface engineering between the charge transport layer and perovskite.Self-assembled monolayers(SAM)on transparent conductive oxide electrodes serve effectively as hole transport layers,though challenges such as energy mismatches and surface inhomogeneities remain.Here,a blended self-assembled monolayer of(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid(2PACz)and(4-(3,6-Dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid(Me-4PACz)is developed,offering improved surface potential uniformity and interfacial energy alignment compared to individual SAMs.Interactions between the SAMs and ionic species are investigated with simulation analysis conducted,revealing the elimination of interfacial energy barriers through precise energy-level tuning.This strategy enables wide-bandgap(1.67 e V)perovskite solar cells with inverted structures with over 24%efficiency,an open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 1.268 V,and a certified fill factor(FF)of 86.8%,leading to a certified efficiency of 23.42%.The approach also enables high-efficiency semi-transparent devices and a mechanically stacked four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell reaching 30.97%efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42375192).
文摘The calculation of viewing and solar geometry angles is a critical first step in retrieving atmospheric and surface variables from geostationary satellite observations.Whereas the viewing angles for geostationary satellites are not timevarying,a primary source of inaccuracy in solar positioning is the use of a single timestamp.Since pixel scanning times can differ significantly across the field-of-view disk(e.g.,by approximately 13 min for Fengyun-4B),this practice leads to errors of up to±2°in solar zenith angle,which translates to±50 W m^(−2) in extraterrestrial irradiance;the errors in solar azimuth angle can exceed±100°.Beyond scanning time,this work also quantifies the impact of other inputs—including altitude,surface pressure,air temperature,difference between Terrestrial Time and Universal Time,and atmospheric refraction—on the resulting angles.A comparison of our precise calculations with the official National Satellite Meteorological Center L1_GEO product shows an accuracy within 0.1°,confirming its utility for most retrieval tasks.To facilitate higher precision when required,this work releases the corresponding satellite and solar positioning codes in both R and Python.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22379044,22472053)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(23520710700)+6 种基金the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22239001)the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research(22TQ1400100-5)the ShanghaiMunicipal Natural Science Foundation(25ZR1401081)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JKD01251505,JKVD1251041)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20250071)the Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials(18DZ2252400)the Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism(Shanghai Municipal Education Commission)。
文摘The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is susceptible to processing conditions,resulting in an uncontrollable variance in device performance.Here,we demonstrate a supramolecule confined approach to reproducibly fabricate perovskite films with an ultrasmooth,electronically homogeneous surface.The assembly of a calixarene capping layer on precursor surface can induce host-vip interactions with solvent molecules to tailor the desolvation kinetics,and initiate the perovskite crystallization from the sharp molecule-precursor interface.These combined effects significantly reduced the spatial variance and extended the processing window of perovskite films.As a result,the standard efficiency deviations of device-to-device and batch-to-batch devices were reduced from 0.64-0.26%to 0.67-0.23%,respectively.In addition,the perovskite films with ultrasmooth top surfaces exhibited photoluminescence quantum yield>10%and surface recombination velocities<100 cm s^(-1)for both interfaces that yielded p-i-n structured solar cells with power conversion efficiency over 25%.
基金funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant No.851676(ERC StGrt)the Swiss National Science Foundation(Grant No.219739).
文摘Modelling non-planar perovskite solar cells(PSCs)in 1D is very challenging due to strong interfacial and geometric interactions.This affects especially mesoporous,structured tandem,phase segregated and bulk heterojunction solar cells.We present ChargeFabrica,an open-source,two-dimensional electro-ionic drift-diffusion simulation tool designed to address these challenges by simultaneously solving the coupled electronic and ionic transport equations across complex device geometries.Using ChargeFabrica,we successfully replicate experimentally observed thickness-dependent trends in current-voltage(JV)curves,the influence of ionic prebiasing and associated EQE,which cannot be fully captured by conventional one-dimensional models.By incorporating realistic device morphologies and experimentally demonstrated defect densities,the simulator accurately predicts performance losses,field inversion effects,and the impact of geometric and interfacial properties.ChargeFabrica thus provides a robust platform for understanding and optimizing the interplay between ion migration and charge collection in mesoporous PSCs and will aid future development of perovskite device architectures.
基金supported by the Academic Research Projects of Beijing Union University(ZK20202204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12250005,12073040,12273059,11973056,12003051,11573037,12073041,11427901,11572005,11611530679 and 12473052)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the China Academy of Sciences(XDB0560000,XDA15052200,XDB09040200,XDA15010700,XDB0560301,and XDA15320102)the Chinese Meridian Project(CMP).
文摘The solar cycle(SC),a phenomenon caused by the quasi-periodic regular activities in the Sun,occurs approximately every 11 years.Intense solar activity can disrupt the Earth’s ionosphere,affecting communication and navigation systems.Consequently,accurately predicting the intensity of the SC holds great significance,but predicting the SC involves a long-term time series,and many existing time series forecasting methods have fallen short in terms of accuracy and efficiency.The Time-series Dense Encoder model is a deep learning solution tailored for long time series prediction.Based on a multi-layer perceptron structure,it outperforms the best previously existing models in accuracy,while being efficiently trainable on general datasets.We propose a method based on this model for SC forecasting.Using a trained model,we predict the test set from SC 19 to SC 25 with an average mean absolute percentage error of 32.02,root mean square error of 30.3,mean absolute error of 23.32,and R^(2)(coefficient of determination)of 0.76,outperforming other deep learning models in terms of accuracy and training efficiency on sunspot number datasets.Subsequently,we use it to predict the peaks of SC 25 and SC 26.For SC 25,the peak time has ended,but a stronger peak is predicted for SC 26,of 199.3,within a range of 170.8-221.9,projected to occur during April 2034.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFB4205300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52173243)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2021A1515011409)Shenzhen&Hong Kong Joint Research Program(Grant No.SGDX20201103095605015)SIAT-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Photovoltaic Solar Energy.
文摘This study presents a systematic investigation of high-efficiency flexible copper indium gallium selenide(CIGS)thin-film solar cells fabricated using an optimized three-stage co-evaporation process.The research focuses on two key innovations:(1)NaF pre-deposition for controlled alkali metal doping and(2)active regulation of In/Ga evaporation timing during the initial growth stage to precisely engineer the Ga/(Ga+In)(GGI)ratio gradient throughout the absorber layer depth.Through comprehensive characterization of structural properties,elemental distributions,and device performance,we demonstrate that the synergistic combination of Na doping and tailored Ga grading effectively addresses critical challenges in flexible CIGS devices,including back-surface Ga accumulation and non-ideal bandgap profiles.Our results reveal that this dual optimization strategy significantly enhances charge carrier mobility and collection efficiency,ultimately leading to substantial improvements in overall solar cell performance.The findings establish a robust materials engineering approach for developing high-performance flexible photovoltaic devices through precise control of compositional gradients and defect passivation.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science foundation of China(grants nos.52272176)。
文摘Lead-halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have rapidly achieved certified efficiencies>27%,rivaling silicon photovoltaics.However,their commercialization is hindered by intrinsic material challenges:poor operational stability under moisture,heat,and light;toxic lead leakage from degraded films.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),with their unique framework structure,large specific surface area,high heavy metal capturing capacity,and tunable conductivity,offer promising solutions to these issues.Recent studies have integrated MOFs into PSCs architectures to enhance performance and durability.This comprehensive review begins with an in-depth discussion of the structure,optical properties,electrical characteristics,and stability of MOFs,as well as their theoretical compatibility with perovskites.Subsequently,it provides a detailed analysis of how MOFs enhance charge carrier transport,promote perovskite crystallinity,improve device stability,and suppress lead leakage in PSCs.In summary,this review examines the research progress and potential of integrating MOFs with perovskites to address the critical PSCs challenges of efficiency,instability,and toxicity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.62304149 and no.52473318)the Zhejiang Province Natural Science Foundation of China(no.LY24E030008)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(E4226101)supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIP)(2021R1A2C3004202)。
文摘Controlling film morphology remains an inherent challenge limiting the performance of all-smallmolecule organic solar cells(ASM-OSCs),primarily due to excessive donor-acceptor compatibility restricting further improvements.Here,we introduce a novel strategy employing rhodanine-based film-forming kinetic modulators-specifically tailored for the high-performance donor BTR-Clincluding 3-methylrhodanine(C1),3-ethylrhodanine(C2),3-buty lr hod a nine(C4),and 3-hexylrhodanine(C6).We demonstrate that the C2 modulator uniquely optimizes morphology by extending film-formation time and fine-tuning donor-acceptor miscibility,leading to enhanced molecular ordering,uniform vertical distributio n,and optimal phase sepa ration.This synergistic morphological control significantly boosts BTR-Cl crystallinity and facilitates efficient three-dimensional charge transport networks.Consequently,C2-treated BTR-Cl:N3 ASM-OSCs achieve an outstanding power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 17.12%,ranking among the highest reported for this system.Crucially,this work introduces a novel"donor-modulator structural matching"strategy,providing a powerful new avenue for controlling film-forming kinetics to realize high-performance ASM-OSCs.
基金supported by the Research Projects of the Department of Education of Guangdong Province 2024ZDZX3079The financial support from the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515011677)+4 种基金the Scientific and Technical Innovation Council of Shenzhen(20220812165832002)the Research Projects of Department of Education of Guangdong Province-2023GCZX015the Innovation Team Project of Guangdong(2022KCXTD055)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Certificate Number:2024M763441)is gratefully acknowledgedsupported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF under Grant Number GZB20250031 and Research Projects of the Department of Education of Guangdong Province 2023GCZX015。
文摘Despite the intrinsic durability of polymeric hole transport materials,poly-triarylamines(PTAA)-based inverted perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have lagged behind their counterparts in efficiency,primarily due to poor surface wettability,insufficient interfacial contact,and unfavorable energy level alignment at the PTAA/perovskite interface.Here,we report a highly effective interfacial engineering strategy employing the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate(DMIMPH)as a multifunctional interfacial modifier.The incorporation of DMIMPH improves PTAA wettability,promoting the growth of high-quality perovskite films with enhanced interfacial contact.Concurrently,DMIMPH effectively tunes the energy levels of PTAA,enhances its electrical conductivity,and passivates interfacial defects with more efficient hole extraction and charge transport.Moreover,its interaction with residual PbI_(2) modulates perovskite crystallization kinetics,yielding highly crystalline perovskite films with enlarged grain sizes,reduced PbI_(2) residue,and suppressed trap densities.As a result,PTAA-based p-i-n PSCs employing this approach achieve a record certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 24.52%,with a champion efficiency of 25.12%—the highest certified value for PTAA-based perovskite devices to date.Impressively,the DMIMPH-modified PSCs without encapsulation maintained 87.48%of their initial efficiency after 1600 h in air.This strategy offers an effective pathway for advancing the performance and stability of polymer-based inverted PSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62205103)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2023JJ40216)the Elite Youth Program by the Department of Education of Hunan Province(Grant No.24B0663)。
文摘Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remains an urgent issue to be resolved for the commercialization.Defect passivation emerged as a viable approach to enhance the operational stability of the solar devices.Herein,phenylthiourea(PhTu)derivatives are selected as effective passivation agents to enhance the optoelectronic properties of printed methylammonium lead iodide(MAPbI_(3))films.It is demonstrated that incorporating a small amount of 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-thiourea(PhTu-COOH)significantly reduces the trap-state density and leads to longer carrier lifetime of the perovskite films.As a result,the inverted solar device made of Ph Tu-COOH-modified MAPbI_(3) perovskite film shows remarkably improved efficiency(from 17.29%to 20.22%)and obviously increased open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))(from 1.043 to 1.143 V),as compared with the pristine device.Moreover,the Ph Tu-COOH-modified PSCs exhibit enhanced operational stability due to the significantly reduced trap-state density.Finally,the optimized solar module fabricated with an active area of 11.28 cm^(2) delivers a high PCE of 17.07%with negligible V_(OC)loss,demonstrating the feasibility of the blade-coating method for large-area perovskite film deposition.
