This study determined the concentrations and inhalation bioaccessibility of cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc in some foreign and locally available tobacco snuff and leaves. For the determination of the heavy metals ...This study determined the concentrations and inhalation bioaccessibility of cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc in some foreign and locally available tobacco snuff and leaves. For the determination of the heavy metals concentration, the samples were ashed and washed with hydrochloric acid according to standard method. The bioaccessibility test employed the Stimulated Epithelial Lung Fluid (SELF). The total concentration of heavy metals in the four samples investigated ranged between 9.7 - 14.9 μg/g, 24.1 - 37.0 μg/g, 41 - 69 μg/g and 153 - 183 μg/g for cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc respectively. The percentage inhalation bioaccessibility fraction of the four samples investigated ranged between 20.8% - 59.8%, 3.3% - 8.1%, 21.7% - 48.8% and 7.6% - 12.5% for cadmium, chromium, nickel, and zinc respectively. Statistical analyses using SPSS 21, revealed significant differences in the total concentration of heavy metals in the samples investigated except for Zinc. Risk assessment based on daily consumption of 10 g of the tobacco snuff employing total concentration of the heavy metals suggests that excluding nickel, all other metals investigated indicated daily intake values above WHO permissible levels. However, with the bioaccessible fractions, only cadmium, a known carcinogen indicated levels above WHO limits. From the results of this study, it can be deduced that consumption of tobacco snuff may induce negative health effects such as cancer and its attendant complications, the risk analysis based on bioaccessible concentration suggests lower health risk than analysis based on total heavy metal concentration;hence the assumption that snuff is a safe alternative to tobacco smoking may be erroneous.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">During ...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">During several years, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) played a significant role in the health of periodontal tissues.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The goals of prosthodontics management are to restore the missing teeth, provide the loss of teeth functions, and establish acceptable dental esthetics, and there are some evidence</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">reveal</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ing</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the passive effects of snuff</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">on the results of prosthodontics and periodontal treatment</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> so the present study </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">performed to evaluate the outcomes of topical application of ascorbic acid solution as an adjunctive method of periodontal therapy among wet sniff users after prosthodontics therapy.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The clinical situation was evaluated in 150 moderate periodontitis patients after conventional periodontal and prosthodontics therapy. They were selected from outpatient clinics, college of dentistry, King Khalid University, and from some hospitals Ministry of Health in Tabuk, Jazan and Aseer regions. The study was conducted from September 2020 to December 2020. The time of post-treatment assessment was one year. The study was included 50 patients </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">who </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">don</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t use wet snuff as a group I (GI) (control group), 50 patients wet snuff users as group II (GII), and 50 patients wet snuff users were treated with topical application of ascorbic acid solution as group III (GIII). The participants were aged over 20 years, with a mean age of 35 years. The duration of using wet snuff was at least one year. Plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded at baseline (first visit), then after 4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">weeks</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(second visit) and after 6</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">weeks</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(third visit) of conventional periodontal therapy and topical application of ascorbic acid solution. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA test and paired t-test. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">According to statistical analysis, there was the inclination of decrease in the mean and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">standard deviation of plaque index (PLI) from 2.8</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1.4 to 2.5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.51, and 2.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.33 in group II, and decrease from 2.7</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.34 to 2.5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.23 and 2.6</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.65 in group III. Similarly in the gingival index (GI)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> there was a decrease in the mean and standard deviation from 2.8</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.52 to 2.3</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.62 and 2.5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.51 in group II and a decrease from 2.5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.8 to 2.3</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.58 and 2.4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.47 in group III. Moreover, there was a decrease in the mean and standard deviation of clinical attachment loss (CAL) from 4.5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.26 to 3.9</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.83 and 4.2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.83 in group II and from 4.2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.31 to 3.8</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.46 and 3.8</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.31 in group III;less than group I without significance differences (p > 0. 05) in all study groups at baseline and after 4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">weeks, and 6</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">weeks of follow up except CAL. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The results of our study displayed that periodontal parameters vary among wet snuff users after topical application of ascorbic acid solution as an adjunctive method of periodontal therapy</span>展开更多
THE snuft bottle came toChina from Italy,but once itwas in China, it was turnedinto an exquisite object of art.The Italians say that long,longago a tobacconist stocked a greatdeal of tobacco,but one day hediscovered i...THE snuft bottle came toChina from Italy,but once itwas in China, it was turnedinto an exquisite object of art.The Italians say that long,longago a tobacconist stocked a greatdeal of tobacco,but one day hediscovered it has all gone rotten andwas exuding a special smell。展开更多
Chinese snuff bottles are artistic curiosities enjoyed by connoisseurs and collectors alike. In the 17th century, artisans of the Chinese imperial court made several different kinds of snuff bottles with a superior ae...Chinese snuff bottles are artistic curiosities enjoyed by connoisseurs and collectors alike. In the 17th century, artisans of the Chinese imperial court made several different kinds of snuff bottles with a superior aesthetic. Nowadays, China展开更多
THE snuff bottle, a kind of handicraft introduced to China from abroad along with the habit of sniffing powdered tobacco, has a history of more than 200 years. Despite the fact that the practice of taking snuff has lo...THE snuff bottle, a kind of handicraft introduced to China from abroad along with the habit of sniffing powdered tobacco, has a history of more than 200 years. Despite the fact that the practice of taking snuff has long since disappeared, Chinese snuff bottles have become precious collector’s items because of their exquisite artistry. The snuff bottle was especially popular in the reign of Emperor Yongzheng (1723-1735) during the展开更多
目的:探讨高出血风险病人通过鼻烟壶处桡动脉与常规桡动脉两种途径行冠状动脉介入治疗的效果。方法:选取2019年10月—2021年10月就诊于我院行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)和冠状动脉造影(CAG)治疗的病人,根据穿刺方式分为常规桡动脉组和...目的:探讨高出血风险病人通过鼻烟壶处桡动脉与常规桡动脉两种途径行冠状动脉介入治疗的效果。方法:选取2019年10月—2021年10月就诊于我院行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)和冠状动脉造影(CAG)治疗的病人,根据穿刺方式分为常规桡动脉组和鼻烟壶处桡动脉组。比较两组病人的基线资料、造影使用剂量、手术时间、术后并发症、术后3 h数字疼痛评分(NRS)、住院时间、术后压迫时间。结果:两组病人的基线资料、住院时间、X线曝光时间、穿刺时间、手术成功率等比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后3 h NRS疼痛评分、穿刺次数、术后动脉压迫时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两侧桡动脉内径和鼻烟壶处桡动脉内径呈明显的相关性(P<0.05)。结论:与经典桡动脉介入治疗相比,鼻烟壶处桡动脉介入治疗的住院天数、疼痛发生率、并发症发生率、术后动脉压迫时间显著减少。展开更多
BACKGROUND The traditional radial approach(RA)is recommended as the standard method for coronary angiography(CAG),while a distal RA(DRA)has been recently used for CAG.AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of the DRA v...BACKGROUND The traditional radial approach(RA)is recommended as the standard method for coronary angiography(CAG),while a distal RA(DRA)has been recently used for CAG.AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of the DRA vs RA during CAG.METHODS The following databases were searched through December 2020:MEDLINE,the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,EMBASE,the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Platform Search Portal,and Clinical-Trials.gov.Individual randomized-controlled trials for adult patients undergoing cardiac catheterization were included.The primary outcomes were the successful cannulation rate and the incidence of radial artery spasm(RAS)and radial artery occlusion(RAO).Study selection,data abstraction and quality assessment were independently performed using the Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development,and Evaluation approach.RESULTS Three randomized control trials and 13 registered trials were identified.The two approaches showed similar successful cannulation rates[risk ratio(RR)0.90,95%confidence interval(CI):0.72-1.13].The DRA did not decrease RAS(RR 0.43,95%CI:0.08-2.49)and RAO(RR 0.48,95%CI:0.18-1.29).Patients with the DRA had a shorter hemostasis time in comparison to those with the RA(mean difference-6.64,95%CI:-10.37 to-2.90).The evidence of certainty was low.CONCLUSION For CAG,the DRA would be safer than the RA with comparable cannulation rates.Given the limited data,additional research,including studies with standard protocols,is necessary.展开更多
文摘This study determined the concentrations and inhalation bioaccessibility of cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc in some foreign and locally available tobacco snuff and leaves. For the determination of the heavy metals concentration, the samples were ashed and washed with hydrochloric acid according to standard method. The bioaccessibility test employed the Stimulated Epithelial Lung Fluid (SELF). The total concentration of heavy metals in the four samples investigated ranged between 9.7 - 14.9 μg/g, 24.1 - 37.0 μg/g, 41 - 69 μg/g and 153 - 183 μg/g for cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc respectively. The percentage inhalation bioaccessibility fraction of the four samples investigated ranged between 20.8% - 59.8%, 3.3% - 8.1%, 21.7% - 48.8% and 7.6% - 12.5% for cadmium, chromium, nickel, and zinc respectively. Statistical analyses using SPSS 21, revealed significant differences in the total concentration of heavy metals in the samples investigated except for Zinc. Risk assessment based on daily consumption of 10 g of the tobacco snuff employing total concentration of the heavy metals suggests that excluding nickel, all other metals investigated indicated daily intake values above WHO permissible levels. However, with the bioaccessible fractions, only cadmium, a known carcinogen indicated levels above WHO limits. From the results of this study, it can be deduced that consumption of tobacco snuff may induce negative health effects such as cancer and its attendant complications, the risk analysis based on bioaccessible concentration suggests lower health risk than analysis based on total heavy metal concentration;hence the assumption that snuff is a safe alternative to tobacco smoking may be erroneous.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">During several years, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) played a significant role in the health of periodontal tissues.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The goals of prosthodontics management are to restore the missing teeth, provide the loss of teeth functions, and establish acceptable dental esthetics, and there are some evidence</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">reveal</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ing</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> the passive effects of snuff</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">on the results of prosthodontics and periodontal treatment</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> so the present study </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">performed to evaluate the outcomes of topical application of ascorbic acid solution as an adjunctive method of periodontal therapy among wet sniff users after prosthodontics therapy.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The clinical situation was evaluated in 150 moderate periodontitis patients after conventional periodontal and prosthodontics therapy. They were selected from outpatient clinics, college of dentistry, King Khalid University, and from some hospitals Ministry of Health in Tabuk, Jazan and Aseer regions. The study was conducted from September 2020 to December 2020. The time of post-treatment assessment was one year. The study was included 50 patients </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">who </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">don</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">’</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">t use wet snuff as a group I (GI) (control group), 50 patients wet snuff users as group II (GII), and 50 patients wet snuff users were treated with topical application of ascorbic acid solution as group III (GIII). The participants were aged over 20 years, with a mean age of 35 years. The duration of using wet snuff was at least one year. Plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded at baseline (first visit), then after 4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">weeks</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(second visit) and after 6</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">weeks</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(third visit) of conventional periodontal therapy and topical application of ascorbic acid solution. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA test and paired t-test. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">According to statistical analysis, there was the inclination of decrease in the mean and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">standard deviation of plaque index (PLI) from 2.8</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">1.4 to 2.5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.51, and 2.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">7</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.33 in group II, and decrease from 2.7</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.34 to 2.5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.23 and 2.6</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.65 in group III. Similarly in the gingival index (GI)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> there was a decrease in the mean and standard deviation from 2.8</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.52 to 2.3</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.62 and 2.5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.51 in group II and a decrease from 2.5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.8 to 2.3</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.58 and 2.4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.47 in group III. Moreover, there was a decrease in the mean and standard deviation of clinical attachment loss (CAL) from 4.5</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.26 to 3.9</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.83 and 4.2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.83 in group II and from 4.2</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.31 to 3.8</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.46 and 3.8</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">±</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0.31 in group III;less than group I without significance differences (p > 0. 05) in all study groups at baseline and after 4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">weeks, and 6</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">weeks of follow up except CAL. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The results of our study displayed that periodontal parameters vary among wet snuff users after topical application of ascorbic acid solution as an adjunctive method of periodontal therapy</span>
文摘THE snuft bottle came toChina from Italy,but once itwas in China, it was turnedinto an exquisite object of art.The Italians say that long,longago a tobacconist stocked a greatdeal of tobacco,but one day hediscovered it has all gone rotten andwas exuding a special smell。
文摘Chinese snuff bottles are artistic curiosities enjoyed by connoisseurs and collectors alike. In the 17th century, artisans of the Chinese imperial court made several different kinds of snuff bottles with a superior aesthetic. Nowadays, China
文摘THE snuff bottle, a kind of handicraft introduced to China from abroad along with the habit of sniffing powdered tobacco, has a history of more than 200 years. Despite the fact that the practice of taking snuff has long since disappeared, Chinese snuff bottles have become precious collector’s items because of their exquisite artistry. The snuff bottle was especially popular in the reign of Emperor Yongzheng (1723-1735) during the
文摘目的:探讨高出血风险病人通过鼻烟壶处桡动脉与常规桡动脉两种途径行冠状动脉介入治疗的效果。方法:选取2019年10月—2021年10月就诊于我院行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)和冠状动脉造影(CAG)治疗的病人,根据穿刺方式分为常规桡动脉组和鼻烟壶处桡动脉组。比较两组病人的基线资料、造影使用剂量、手术时间、术后并发症、术后3 h数字疼痛评分(NRS)、住院时间、术后压迫时间。结果:两组病人的基线资料、住院时间、X线曝光时间、穿刺时间、手术成功率等比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后3 h NRS疼痛评分、穿刺次数、术后动脉压迫时间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两侧桡动脉内径和鼻烟壶处桡动脉内径呈明显的相关性(P<0.05)。结论:与经典桡动脉介入治疗相比,鼻烟壶处桡动脉介入治疗的住院天数、疼痛发生率、并发症发生率、术后动脉压迫时间显著减少。
文摘BACKGROUND The traditional radial approach(RA)is recommended as the standard method for coronary angiography(CAG),while a distal RA(DRA)has been recently used for CAG.AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of the DRA vs RA during CAG.METHODS The following databases were searched through December 2020:MEDLINE,the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,EMBASE,the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Platform Search Portal,and Clinical-Trials.gov.Individual randomized-controlled trials for adult patients undergoing cardiac catheterization were included.The primary outcomes were the successful cannulation rate and the incidence of radial artery spasm(RAS)and radial artery occlusion(RAO).Study selection,data abstraction and quality assessment were independently performed using the Grading of Recommendations,Assessment,Development,and Evaluation approach.RESULTS Three randomized control trials and 13 registered trials were identified.The two approaches showed similar successful cannulation rates[risk ratio(RR)0.90,95%confidence interval(CI):0.72-1.13].The DRA did not decrease RAS(RR 0.43,95%CI:0.08-2.49)and RAO(RR 0.48,95%CI:0.18-1.29).Patients with the DRA had a shorter hemostasis time in comparison to those with the RA(mean difference-6.64,95%CI:-10.37 to-2.90).The evidence of certainty was low.CONCLUSION For CAG,the DRA would be safer than the RA with comparable cannulation rates.Given the limited data,additional research,including studies with standard protocols,is necessary.
