The implementation of the standard is expected to help electric vehicle battery swap stations to adapt to diversified needs and vehicle models,promoting the industry’s orderly and healthy development.
In March 2025,prominent Chinese automaker NIO(Shanghai,China),the global leader in electric vehicle(EV)battery swapping,and Contemporary Amperex Technology Co.,Ltd.(CATL)(Nindge,China),the world’s biggest manufacture...In March 2025,prominent Chinese automaker NIO(Shanghai,China),the global leader in electric vehicle(EV)battery swapping,and Contemporary Amperex Technology Co.,Ltd.(CATL)(Nindge,China),the world’s biggest manufacturer of EV batteries,announced a strategic partnership to build the world’s largest battery swapping network,while also promoting unified standards and technologies[1].Just weeks later,CATL announced another partnership,this one with Chinese state-owned oil giant Sinopec(Beijing,China)to build 10000 new battery swapping stations in China,at least 500 in 2025[2].展开更多
In this work,Langevin dynamics simulations were carried out to thoroughly investigate the swapping process of composite knots under tension in a cuboid nanochannel.From our analysis,the free energy profiles of knot sw...In this work,Langevin dynamics simulations were carried out to thoroughly investigate the swapping process of composite knots under tension in a cuboid nanochannel.From our analysis,the free energy profiles of knot swapping under different conditions were extracted from the overall probability distribution of the relative distance between the centers of composite knots.In addition,the impact of the stretching force,confinement size,and bending stiffness on the free energy profiles was directly identified.Especially,the influence of topology structure is for the first time reported.The increasing stretching force in a fixed confinement or the confinement size under a constant stretching force does not alter their respective equilibrium populations at the separate state and the entangled state.In contrast,a bending stiffness larger than 15 enhanced the formation of the entangled state.The topology structure of the 51knot,which was different from the 52knot,resulted in forming a metastable state in the free energy profiles.The increasing stretching forces yielded an enhancement of the following free energy barrier.展开更多
Automated guided vehicles(AGVs)are key equipment in automated container terminals(ACTs),and their operational efficiency can be impacted by conflicts and battery swapping.Additionally,AGVs have bidirectional transport...Automated guided vehicles(AGVs)are key equipment in automated container terminals(ACTs),and their operational efficiency can be impacted by conflicts and battery swapping.Additionally,AGVs have bidirectional transportation capabilities,allowing them tomove in the opposite directionwithout turning around,which helps reduce transportation time.This paper aims at the problem of AGV scheduling and bidirectional conflict-free routing with battery swapping in automated terminals.A bi-level mixed integer programming(MIP)model is proposed,taking into account task assignment,bidirectional conflict-free routing,and battery swapping.The upper model focuses on container task assignment and AGV battery swapping planning,while the lower model ensures conflict-free movement of AGVs.A double-threshold battery swapping strategy is introduced,allowing AGVs to utilize waiting time for loading for battery swapping.An improved differential evolution variable neighborhood search(IDE-VNS)algorithm is developed to solve the bi-level MIP model,aiming to minimize the completion time of all jobs.Experimental results demonstrate that compared to the differential evolution(DE)algorithm and the genetic algorithm(GA),the IDEVNS algorithmreduces fitness values by 44.49% and 45.22%,though it does increase computation time by 56.28% and 62.03%,respectively.Bidirectional transportation reduces the fitness value by an average of 10.97% when the container scale is small.As the container scale increases,the fitness value of bidirectional transportation gradually approaches that of unidirectional transportation.The results further show that the double-threshold battery swapping strategy enhances AGV utilization and reduces the fitness value.展开更多
文摘The implementation of the standard is expected to help electric vehicle battery swap stations to adapt to diversified needs and vehicle models,promoting the industry’s orderly and healthy development.
文摘In March 2025,prominent Chinese automaker NIO(Shanghai,China),the global leader in electric vehicle(EV)battery swapping,and Contemporary Amperex Technology Co.,Ltd.(CATL)(Nindge,China),the world’s biggest manufacturer of EV batteries,announced a strategic partnership to build the world’s largest battery swapping network,while also promoting unified standards and technologies[1].Just weeks later,CATL announced another partnership,this one with Chinese state-owned oil giant Sinopec(Beijing,China)to build 10000 new battery swapping stations in China,at least 500 in 2025[2].
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.11864006,11874309,12164007,and 12204118。
文摘In this work,Langevin dynamics simulations were carried out to thoroughly investigate the swapping process of composite knots under tension in a cuboid nanochannel.From our analysis,the free energy profiles of knot swapping under different conditions were extracted from the overall probability distribution of the relative distance between the centers of composite knots.In addition,the impact of the stretching force,confinement size,and bending stiffness on the free energy profiles was directly identified.Especially,the influence of topology structure is for the first time reported.The increasing stretching force in a fixed confinement or the confinement size under a constant stretching force does not alter their respective equilibrium populations at the separate state and the entangled state.In contrast,a bending stiffness larger than 15 enhanced the formation of the entangled state.The topology structure of the 51knot,which was different from the 52knot,resulted in forming a metastable state in the free energy profiles.The increasing stretching forces yielded an enhancement of the following free energy barrier.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62073212)Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(No.23ZR1426600).
文摘Automated guided vehicles(AGVs)are key equipment in automated container terminals(ACTs),and their operational efficiency can be impacted by conflicts and battery swapping.Additionally,AGVs have bidirectional transportation capabilities,allowing them tomove in the opposite directionwithout turning around,which helps reduce transportation time.This paper aims at the problem of AGV scheduling and bidirectional conflict-free routing with battery swapping in automated terminals.A bi-level mixed integer programming(MIP)model is proposed,taking into account task assignment,bidirectional conflict-free routing,and battery swapping.The upper model focuses on container task assignment and AGV battery swapping planning,while the lower model ensures conflict-free movement of AGVs.A double-threshold battery swapping strategy is introduced,allowing AGVs to utilize waiting time for loading for battery swapping.An improved differential evolution variable neighborhood search(IDE-VNS)algorithm is developed to solve the bi-level MIP model,aiming to minimize the completion time of all jobs.Experimental results demonstrate that compared to the differential evolution(DE)algorithm and the genetic algorithm(GA),the IDEVNS algorithmreduces fitness values by 44.49% and 45.22%,though it does increase computation time by 56.28% and 62.03%,respectively.Bidirectional transportation reduces the fitness value by an average of 10.97% when the container scale is small.As the container scale increases,the fitness value of bidirectional transportation gradually approaches that of unidirectional transportation.The results further show that the double-threshold battery swapping strategy enhances AGV utilization and reduces the fitness value.
基金This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China under Grant(No.10574001)the Program of the Education Department of Anhui Province(2004kj029)+1 种基金the Talent Foundation of Anhui Universitythe Youth Program of Fu Yang Normal College under Grant(No.2005LQ03)and(No.2005LQ04)
