Steam power systems(SPSs)in industrial parks are the typical utility systems for heat and electricity supply.In SPSs,electricity is generated by steam turbines,and steam is generally produced and supplied at multiple ...Steam power systems(SPSs)in industrial parks are the typical utility systems for heat and electricity supply.In SPSs,electricity is generated by steam turbines,and steam is generally produced and supplied at multiple levels to serve the heat demands of consumers with different temperature grades,so that energy is utilized in cascade.While a large number of steam levels enhances energy utilization efficiency,it also tends to cause a complex steam pipeline network in the industrial park.In practice,a moderate number of steam levels is always adopted in SPSs,leading to temperature mismatches between heat supply and demand for some consumers.This study proposes a distributed steam turbine system(DSTS)consisting of main steam turbines on the energy supply side and auxiliary steam turbines on the energy consumption side,aiming to balance the heat production costs,the distance-related costs,and the electricity generation of SPSs in industrial parks.A mixed-integer nonlinear programming model is established for the optimization of SPSs,with the objective of minimizing the total annual cost(TAC).The optimal number of steam levels and the optimal configuration of DSTS for an industrial park can be determined by solving the model.A case study demonstrates that the TAC of the SPS is reduced by 220.6×10^(3)USD(2.21%)through the arrangement of auxiliary steam turbines.The sub-optimal number of steam levels and a non-optimal operating condition slightly increase the TAC by 0.46%and 0.28%,respectively.The sensitivity analysis indicates that the optimal number of steam levels tends to decrease from 3 to 2 as electricity price declines.展开更多
Ischemic stroke is a significant global health crisis,frequently resulting in disability or death,with limited therapeutic interventions available.Although various intrinsic reparative processes are initiated within t...Ischemic stroke is a significant global health crisis,frequently resulting in disability or death,with limited therapeutic interventions available.Although various intrinsic reparative processes are initiated within the ischemic brain,these mechanisms are often insufficient to restore neuronal functionality.This has led to intensive investigation into the use of exogenous stem cells as a potential therapeutic option.This comprehensive review outlines the ontogeny and mechanisms of activation of endogenous neural stem cells within the adult brain following ischemic events,with focus on the impact of stem cell-based therapies on neural stem cells.Exogenous stem cells have been shown to enhance the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells via direct cell-tocell contact and through the secretion of growth factors and exosomes.Additionally,implanted stem cells may recruit host stem cells from their niches to the infarct area by establishing so-called“biobridges.”Furthermore,xenogeneic and allogeneic stem cells can modify the microenvironment of the infarcted brain tissue through immunomodulatory and angiogenic effects,thereby supporting endogenous neuroregeneration.Given the convergence of regulatory pathways between exogenous and endogenous stem cells and the necessity for a supportive microenvironment,we discuss three strategies to simultaneously enhance the therapeutic efficacy of both cell types.These approaches include:(1)co-administration of various growth factors and pharmacological agents alongside stem cell transplantation to reduce stem cell apoptosis;(2)synergistic administration of stem cells and their exosomes to amplify paracrine effects;and(3)integration of stem cells within hydrogels,which provide a protective scaffold for the implanted cells while facilitating the regeneration of neural tissue and the reconstitution of neural circuits.This comprehensive review highlights the interactions and shared regulatory mechanisms between endogenous neural stem cells and exogenously implanted stem cells and may offer new insights for improving the efficacy of stem cell-based therapies in the treatment of ischemic stroke.展开更多
Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder;however,the effectiveness of current medications is often suboptimal.Recently,stem cell technology has demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potential in addressing various ne...Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder;however,the effectiveness of current medications is often suboptimal.Recently,stem cell technology has demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potential in addressing various neurological diseases,igniting interest in its applicability for epilepsy treatment.This comprehensive review summarizes different therapeutic approaches utilizing various types of stem cells.Preclinical experiments have explored the use and potential therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells,including genetically modified variants.Clinical trials involving patientderived mesenchymal stem cells have shown promising results,with reductions in the frequency of epileptic seizures and improvements in neurological,cognitive,and motor functions reported.Another promising therapeutic strategy involves neural stem cells.These cells can be cultured outside the body and directed to differentiate into specific cell types.The transplant of neural stem cells has the potential to replace lost inhibitory interneurons,providing a novel treatment avenue for epilepsy.Embryonic stem cells are characterized by their significant capacity for self-renewal and their ability to differentiate into any type of somatic cell.In epilepsy treatment,embryonic stem cells can serve three primary functions:neuron regeneration,the maintenance of cellular homeostasis,and restorative activity.One notable strategy involves differentiating embryonic stem cells intoγ-aminobutyric acidergic neurons for transplantation into lesion sites.This approach is currently undergoing clinical trials and could be a breakthrough in the treatment of refractory epilepsy.Induced pluripotent stem cells share the same genetic background as the donor,thereby reducing the risk of immune rejection and addressing ethical concerns.However,research on induced pluripotent stem cell therapy remains in the preclinical stage.Despite the promise of stem cell therapies for epilepsy,several limitations must be addressed.Safety concerns persist,including issues such as tumor formation,and the low survival rate of transplanted cells remains a significant challenge.Additionally,the high cost of these treatments may be prohibitive for some patients.In summary,stem cell therapy shows considerable promise in managing epilepsy,but further research is needed to overcome its existing limitations and enhance its clinical applicability.展开更多
Bone regeneration for non-load-bearing defects remains a significant clinical challenge requiring advanced biomaterials and cellular strategies.Adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells(AD-MSCs)have garnered significant i...Bone regeneration for non-load-bearing defects remains a significant clinical challenge requiring advanced biomaterials and cellular strategies.Adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells(AD-MSCs)have garnered significant interest in bone tissue engineering(BTE)because of their abundant availability,minimally invasive harvesting procedures,and robust differentiation potential into osteogenic lineages.Unlike bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,AD-MSCs can be easily obtained in large quantities,making them appealing alternatives for therapeutic applications.This review explores hydrogels containing polymers,such as chitosan,collagen,gelatin,and hyaluronic acid,and their composites,tailored for BTE,and emphasizes the importance of these hydrogels as scaffolds for the delivery of AD-MSCs.Various hydrogel fabrication techniques and biocompatibility assessments are discussed,along with innovative modifications to enhance osteogenesis.This review also briefly outlines AD-MSC isolation methods and advanced embedding techniques for precise cell placement,such as direct encapsulation and three-dimensional bioprinting.We discuss the mechanisms of bone regeneration in the AD-MSC-laden hydrogels,including osteoinduction,vascularization,and extracellular matrix remodeling.We also review the preclinical and clinical applications of AD-MSC-hydrogel systems,emphasizing their success and limitations.In this review,we provide a comprehensive overview of AD-MSC-based hydrogel systems to guide the development of effective therapies for bone regeneration.展开更多
A recently published prospective study marks a breakthrough for congenital olfactory disorders in children.The study provides the first long-term,three-year follow-up data,robustly demonstrating the durable efficacy a...A recently published prospective study marks a breakthrough for congenital olfactory disorders in children.The study provides the first long-term,three-year follow-up data,robustly demonstrating the durable efficacy and safety of autologous nasal epithelial stem cell transplantation.This work reveals immense therapeutic potential for a condition traditionally considered untreatable.However,this milestone achievement also presents new challenges.To translate this pioneering therapy from a single-center success to a global standard,multicenter,controlled clinical trials must be initiated immediately.Only through rigorous validation can we ensure its widespread adoption and ultimately bring hope to millions of children worldwide.展开更多
Our previous study demonstrated that combined transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and retinal progenitor cells in rats has therapeutic effects on retinal degeneration that are superior to transplanta...Our previous study demonstrated that combined transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and retinal progenitor cells in rats has therapeutic effects on retinal degeneration that are superior to transplantation of retinal progenitor cells alone.Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells regulate and interact with various cells in the retinal microenvironment by secreting neurotrophic factors and extracellular vesicles.Small extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,which offer low immunogenicity,minimal tumorigenic risk,and ease of transportation,have been utilized in the treatment of various neurological diseases.These vesicles exhibit various activities,including anti-inflammatory actions,promotion of tissue repair,and immune regulation.Therefore,novel strategies using human retinal progenitor cells combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles may represent an innovation in stem cell therapy for retinal degeneration.In this study,we developed such an approach utilizing retinal progenitor cells combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles to treat retinal degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons rats,a genetic model of retinal degeneration.Our findings revealed that the combination of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles and retinal progenitor cells significantly improved visual function in these rats.The addition of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles as adjuvants to stem cell transplantation with retinal progenitor cells enhanced the survival,migration,and differentiation of the exogenous retinal progenitor cells.Concurrently,these small extracellular vesicles inhibited the activation of regional microglia,promoted the migration of transplanted retinal progenitor cells to the inner nuclear layer of the retina,and facilitated their differentiation into photoreceptors and bipolar cells.These findings suggest that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of retinal progenitor cells in retinal degeneration by promoting their survival and differentiation.展开更多
BACKGROUND The incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis(DMA)is increasing worldwide,but its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.In addition to cardiovascular complications,bladder dysfunction is one of the commo...BACKGROUND The incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis(DMA)is increasing worldwide,but its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.In addition to cardiovascular complications,bladder dysfunction is one of the common comorbidities associated with DMA but is often refractory to current treatments.AIM To investigate the therapeutic effect of human amniotic fluid stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles(hAFSC-EVs)on the recovery of bladder dysfunction in DMA rats.METHODS Eighty rats were divided into normal control,streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats,diabetic rats subjected to arterial balloon endothelial injury of common iliac artery(DMA),and DMA rats treated with hAFSC-EVs(DMA+hAFSC-EVs).At 4 weeks and 12 weeks after DMA induction,levels of blood glucose,total cholesterol,triglyceride,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,homeostasis model assessment(HOMA)-insulin resistance,and HOMA-βwere measured.Cystometry,common iliac artery wall thickness,and bladder tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,interleukin(IL)-6,transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1,Smad3,connective tissue growth factor(CTGF)and fibronectin were also evaluated.RESULTS Bladder weight and blood glucose,triglyceride,HOMA-insulin resistance,common iliac artery intima thickness,voided volume,intercontraction interval,bladder capacity,and mRNA expression of TNF-α,IL-6,TGF-β1,Smad3,CTGF and fibronectin were significantly increased at 4 weeks and 12 weeks after induction,while the HOMA-βlevel decreased at 4 weeks and 12 weeks,and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased at 12 weeks.hAFSC-EVs treatment in DMA rats significantly reduced bladder weight and blood glucose,thickness of common iliac arterial intima,voided volume,intercontraction interval and bladder capacity at 4 weeks.The mRNA expression of TNF-α,TGF-β1,and CTGF in DMA rats treated with hAFSC-EVs were significantly decreased at 4 weeks,while the mRNA expressions of IL-6 and Smad3 were significantly decreased 12 weeks.CONCLUSION hAFSC-EVs treatment can help restore DMA-induced bladder dysfunction,which is associated with lowered blood glucose levels,reduced arterial wall thickness,and decreased TNF-α,IL-6,TGF-β1,Smad3,and CTGF expression.展开更多
基金Financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant(22393954 and 22078358)is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘Steam power systems(SPSs)in industrial parks are the typical utility systems for heat and electricity supply.In SPSs,electricity is generated by steam turbines,and steam is generally produced and supplied at multiple levels to serve the heat demands of consumers with different temperature grades,so that energy is utilized in cascade.While a large number of steam levels enhances energy utilization efficiency,it also tends to cause a complex steam pipeline network in the industrial park.In practice,a moderate number of steam levels is always adopted in SPSs,leading to temperature mismatches between heat supply and demand for some consumers.This study proposes a distributed steam turbine system(DSTS)consisting of main steam turbines on the energy supply side and auxiliary steam turbines on the energy consumption side,aiming to balance the heat production costs,the distance-related costs,and the electricity generation of SPSs in industrial parks.A mixed-integer nonlinear programming model is established for the optimization of SPSs,with the objective of minimizing the total annual cost(TAC).The optimal number of steam levels and the optimal configuration of DSTS for an industrial park can be determined by solving the model.A case study demonstrates that the TAC of the SPS is reduced by 220.6×10^(3)USD(2.21%)through the arrangement of auxiliary steam turbines.The sub-optimal number of steam levels and a non-optimal operating condition slightly increase the TAC by 0.46%and 0.28%,respectively.The sensitivity analysis indicates that the optimal number of steam levels tends to decrease from 3 to 2 as electricity price declines.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2018YFA0108602the CAMS Initiative for Innovative Medicine,No.2021-1-I2M-019National High-Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding,No.2022-PUMCH-C-042(all to XB)。
文摘Ischemic stroke is a significant global health crisis,frequently resulting in disability or death,with limited therapeutic interventions available.Although various intrinsic reparative processes are initiated within the ischemic brain,these mechanisms are often insufficient to restore neuronal functionality.This has led to intensive investigation into the use of exogenous stem cells as a potential therapeutic option.This comprehensive review outlines the ontogeny and mechanisms of activation of endogenous neural stem cells within the adult brain following ischemic events,with focus on the impact of stem cell-based therapies on neural stem cells.Exogenous stem cells have been shown to enhance the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells via direct cell-tocell contact and through the secretion of growth factors and exosomes.Additionally,implanted stem cells may recruit host stem cells from their niches to the infarct area by establishing so-called“biobridges.”Furthermore,xenogeneic and allogeneic stem cells can modify the microenvironment of the infarcted brain tissue through immunomodulatory and angiogenic effects,thereby supporting endogenous neuroregeneration.Given the convergence of regulatory pathways between exogenous and endogenous stem cells and the necessity for a supportive microenvironment,we discuss three strategies to simultaneously enhance the therapeutic efficacy of both cell types.These approaches include:(1)co-administration of various growth factors and pharmacological agents alongside stem cell transplantation to reduce stem cell apoptosis;(2)synergistic administration of stem cells and their exosomes to amplify paracrine effects;and(3)integration of stem cells within hydrogels,which provide a protective scaffold for the implanted cells while facilitating the regeneration of neural tissue and the reconstitution of neural circuits.This comprehensive review highlights the interactions and shared regulatory mechanisms between endogenous neural stem cells and exogenously implanted stem cells and may offer new insights for improving the efficacy of stem cell-based therapies in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82471471(to WJ),82471485(to FY)Shaanxi Province Special Support Program for Leading Talents in Scientific and Technological Innovation,No.tzjhjw(to WJ)+1 种基金Shaanxi Key Research and Development Plan Project,No.2023-YBSF-353(to XW)the Joint Fund Project of Innovation Research Institute of Xijing Hospital,No.LHJJ24JH13(to ZS)。
文摘Epilepsy is a serious neurological disorder;however,the effectiveness of current medications is often suboptimal.Recently,stem cell technology has demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potential in addressing various neurological diseases,igniting interest in its applicability for epilepsy treatment.This comprehensive review summarizes different therapeutic approaches utilizing various types of stem cells.Preclinical experiments have explored the use and potential therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells,including genetically modified variants.Clinical trials involving patientderived mesenchymal stem cells have shown promising results,with reductions in the frequency of epileptic seizures and improvements in neurological,cognitive,and motor functions reported.Another promising therapeutic strategy involves neural stem cells.These cells can be cultured outside the body and directed to differentiate into specific cell types.The transplant of neural stem cells has the potential to replace lost inhibitory interneurons,providing a novel treatment avenue for epilepsy.Embryonic stem cells are characterized by their significant capacity for self-renewal and their ability to differentiate into any type of somatic cell.In epilepsy treatment,embryonic stem cells can serve three primary functions:neuron regeneration,the maintenance of cellular homeostasis,and restorative activity.One notable strategy involves differentiating embryonic stem cells intoγ-aminobutyric acidergic neurons for transplantation into lesion sites.This approach is currently undergoing clinical trials and could be a breakthrough in the treatment of refractory epilepsy.Induced pluripotent stem cells share the same genetic background as the donor,thereby reducing the risk of immune rejection and addressing ethical concerns.However,research on induced pluripotent stem cell therapy remains in the preclinical stage.Despite the promise of stem cell therapies for epilepsy,several limitations must be addressed.Safety concerns persist,including issues such as tumor formation,and the low survival rate of transplanted cells remains a significant challenge.Additionally,the high cost of these treatments may be prohibitive for some patients.In summary,stem cell therapy shows considerable promise in managing epilepsy,but further research is needed to overcome its existing limitations and enhance its clinical applicability.
文摘Bone regeneration for non-load-bearing defects remains a significant clinical challenge requiring advanced biomaterials and cellular strategies.Adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells(AD-MSCs)have garnered significant interest in bone tissue engineering(BTE)because of their abundant availability,minimally invasive harvesting procedures,and robust differentiation potential into osteogenic lineages.Unlike bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,AD-MSCs can be easily obtained in large quantities,making them appealing alternatives for therapeutic applications.This review explores hydrogels containing polymers,such as chitosan,collagen,gelatin,and hyaluronic acid,and their composites,tailored for BTE,and emphasizes the importance of these hydrogels as scaffolds for the delivery of AD-MSCs.Various hydrogel fabrication techniques and biocompatibility assessments are discussed,along with innovative modifications to enhance osteogenesis.This review also briefly outlines AD-MSC isolation methods and advanced embedding techniques for precise cell placement,such as direct encapsulation and three-dimensional bioprinting.We discuss the mechanisms of bone regeneration in the AD-MSC-laden hydrogels,including osteoinduction,vascularization,and extracellular matrix remodeling.We also review the preclinical and clinical applications of AD-MSC-hydrogel systems,emphasizing their success and limitations.In this review,we provide a comprehensive overview of AD-MSC-based hydrogel systems to guide the development of effective therapies for bone regeneration.
文摘A recently published prospective study marks a breakthrough for congenital olfactory disorders in children.The study provides the first long-term,three-year follow-up data,robustly demonstrating the durable efficacy and safety of autologous nasal epithelial stem cell transplantation.This work reveals immense therapeutic potential for a condition traditionally considered untreatable.However,this milestone achievement also presents new challenges.To translate this pioneering therapy from a single-center success to a global standard,multicenter,controlled clinical trials must be initiated immediately.Only through rigorous validation can we ensure its widespread adoption and ultimately bring hope to millions of children worldwide.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.82271132(to YL),82101167(to BB)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,Nos.CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0020(to BB),cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0473(to FC).
文摘Our previous study demonstrated that combined transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and retinal progenitor cells in rats has therapeutic effects on retinal degeneration that are superior to transplantation of retinal progenitor cells alone.Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells regulate and interact with various cells in the retinal microenvironment by secreting neurotrophic factors and extracellular vesicles.Small extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,which offer low immunogenicity,minimal tumorigenic risk,and ease of transportation,have been utilized in the treatment of various neurological diseases.These vesicles exhibit various activities,including anti-inflammatory actions,promotion of tissue repair,and immune regulation.Therefore,novel strategies using human retinal progenitor cells combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles may represent an innovation in stem cell therapy for retinal degeneration.In this study,we developed such an approach utilizing retinal progenitor cells combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles to treat retinal degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons rats,a genetic model of retinal degeneration.Our findings revealed that the combination of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles and retinal progenitor cells significantly improved visual function in these rats.The addition of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles as adjuvants to stem cell transplantation with retinal progenitor cells enhanced the survival,migration,and differentiation of the exogenous retinal progenitor cells.Concurrently,these small extracellular vesicles inhibited the activation of regional microglia,promoted the migration of transplanted retinal progenitor cells to the inner nuclear layer of the retina,and facilitated their differentiation into photoreceptors and bipolar cells.These findings suggest that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of retinal progenitor cells in retinal degeneration by promoting their survival and differentiation.
基金the Ministry of Science and Technology Taiwan,No.MOST 109-2314-B-182A-091,No.NSTC 112-2314-B-182A-062, No.NSTC 113-2314-B-182A-125.
文摘BACKGROUND The incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis(DMA)is increasing worldwide,but its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.In addition to cardiovascular complications,bladder dysfunction is one of the common comorbidities associated with DMA but is often refractory to current treatments.AIM To investigate the therapeutic effect of human amniotic fluid stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles(hAFSC-EVs)on the recovery of bladder dysfunction in DMA rats.METHODS Eighty rats were divided into normal control,streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats,diabetic rats subjected to arterial balloon endothelial injury of common iliac artery(DMA),and DMA rats treated with hAFSC-EVs(DMA+hAFSC-EVs).At 4 weeks and 12 weeks after DMA induction,levels of blood glucose,total cholesterol,triglyceride,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,homeostasis model assessment(HOMA)-insulin resistance,and HOMA-βwere measured.Cystometry,common iliac artery wall thickness,and bladder tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,interleukin(IL)-6,transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1,Smad3,connective tissue growth factor(CTGF)and fibronectin were also evaluated.RESULTS Bladder weight and blood glucose,triglyceride,HOMA-insulin resistance,common iliac artery intima thickness,voided volume,intercontraction interval,bladder capacity,and mRNA expression of TNF-α,IL-6,TGF-β1,Smad3,CTGF and fibronectin were significantly increased at 4 weeks and 12 weeks after induction,while the HOMA-βlevel decreased at 4 weeks and 12 weeks,and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level decreased at 12 weeks.hAFSC-EVs treatment in DMA rats significantly reduced bladder weight and blood glucose,thickness of common iliac arterial intima,voided volume,intercontraction interval and bladder capacity at 4 weeks.The mRNA expression of TNF-α,TGF-β1,and CTGF in DMA rats treated with hAFSC-EVs were significantly decreased at 4 weeks,while the mRNA expressions of IL-6 and Smad3 were significantly decreased 12 weeks.CONCLUSION hAFSC-EVs treatment can help restore DMA-induced bladder dysfunction,which is associated with lowered blood glucose levels,reduced arterial wall thickness,and decreased TNF-α,IL-6,TGF-β1,Smad3,and CTGF expression.
