In order to assess the climatical and ecological effect which returned the farmland to pasture or forest, the vegetation and crop in Northwest China with suitable threshold value were classified in this experiment by ...In order to assess the climatical and ecological effect which returned the farmland to pasture or forest, the vegetation and crop in Northwest China with suitable threshold value were classified in this experiment by using multi-temporal SPOT/VEGETATION dada and combing supervised classification with unsupervised classification. Compared with the data from Statistical Department and actual investigation, the precision of the classified result was above 85%.展开更多
[Objective]Vegetation restoration is an effective strategy for ecological improvement;however,inappropriate vegetation establishment can induce soil desiccation,thereby threatening ecosystem stability.Therefore,elucid...[Objective]Vegetation restoration is an effective strategy for ecological improvement;however,inappropriate vegetation establishment can induce soil desiccation,thereby threatening ecosystem stability.Therefore,elucidating the global response patterns of soil moisture to vegetation restoration and identifying research hotspots are critical for guiding ecological construction in arid regions.[Methods]We reviewed 6,152 articles concerning soil moisture and vegetation retrieved from the Web of Science platform.Using VOSviewer,we conducted analyses of keyword co-occurrence,publication trends,and research hotspots to systematically delineate the evolving trends in this field.[Results]The results indicate a significant increasing trend in the number of publications since 2000.Global research keywords are categorized into seven clusters,including vegetation,soil moisture,rainfall-erosion-infiltration,spatial heterogeneity,and climate change.In terms of highly cited papers in 2024,China and the United States maintain a significant lead.Global research demonstrates a strong dependency on typical regional geographical features(such as climate types and topography),exhibiting differentiated research focuses.Furthermore,studies extend beyond soil moisture itself to deeply couple with ecological processes such as vegetation restoration,soil respiration,carbon cycling,and hydrothermal conditions.[Conclusions]The long-term ecological effects of afforestation in arid regions remain unclear,and empirical data from key regions highlight the current urgency.Future research should integrate climate change dynamics,innovate monitoring methodologies,and deepen the understanding of regional differentiation to provide scientific support for the adaptive management of vegetation in arid regions.展开更多
Accurate phenological information is essential for measuring ecosystem dynamics and carbon uptake.Southwest China is one of the country's largest terrestrial carbon sink regions and plays a crucial role in carbon ...Accurate phenological information is essential for measuring ecosystem dynamics and carbon uptake.Southwest China is one of the country's largest terrestrial carbon sink regions and plays a crucial role in carbon peaking and neutrality.However,its complex terrain,fragile ecosystem,and variable climate challenge carbon sink stability.Vegetation phenology significantly impacts carbon absorption and release,making accurate phenological data essential for understanding carbon sequestration dynamics.The widespread distribution of evergreen forests and their weak seasonal variation in canopy introduce significant uncertainties in extracting phenology using traditional remote sensing information in this region.These limitations can lead to inaccurate assessments of carbon sink dynamics.Therefore,precise phenology extraction and analysis are vital for improving ecosystem dynamics and the carbon cycle in Southwest China.Firstly,we employed different ways to evaluate the ability of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence(SIF)and traditional remote sensing information to extract phenology.Secondly,based on SIF,we analyzed the spatial and temporal changes in the start of the growing season(SOS),the end of the growing season(EOS),and the length of the growing season(LOS)from 2001 to 2020.Finally,we systematically analyzed the response of SOS and EOS to five preseason climatic factors.The results showed that(1)SIF outperformed traditional remote sensing information in extracting phenology.(2)Vegetation phenology exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity.Moreover,SOS,EOS,and LOS showed trends of advancement,delay,and extension both overall and across all vegetation types.(3)Precipitation was the main factor influencing SOS,while surface downward solar radiation and mean temperature were the main factors affecting EOS,and the phenology of different vegetation types showed a great difference in response to preseason climate factors.These findings improve our understanding of vegetation phenology and its dynamics over Southwest China.展开更多
Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 s...Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.展开更多
This study investigates the impact of vegetation-climate feedback on the global land monsoon system during the Last Interglacial(LIG,127000 years BP)and the mid-Holocene(MH,6000 years BP)using the earth system model E...This study investigates the impact of vegetation-climate feedback on the global land monsoon system during the Last Interglacial(LIG,127000 years BP)and the mid-Holocene(MH,6000 years BP)using the earth system model EC-Earth3.Our findings indicate that vegetation changes significantly influence the global monsoon area and precipitation patterns,especially in the North African and Indian monsoon regions.The North African monsoon region experienced the most substantial increase in vegetation during both the LIG and MH,resulting in significant increases in monsoonal precipitation by 9.8%and 6.0%,respectively.The vegetation feedback also intensified the Saharan Heat Low,strengthened monsoonal flows,and enhanced precipitation over the North African monsoon region.In contrast,the Indian monsoon region exhibited divergent responses to vegetation changes.During the LIG,precipitation in the Indian monsoon region decreased by 2.2%,while it increased by 1.6%during the MH.These differences highlight the complex and region-specific impacts of vegetation feedback on monsoon systems.Overall,this study demonstrates that vegetation feedback exerts distinct influences on the global monsoon during the MH and LIG.These findings highlight the importance of considering vegetation-climate feedback in understanding past monsoon variability and in predicting future climate change impacts on monsoon systems.展开更多
The connection between climatic factors and grazing is essential for maintaining ecosystem function and vegetation productivity.This study examined the impact of grazing intensity on vegetation across a broad climatic...The connection between climatic factors and grazing is essential for maintaining ecosystem function and vegetation productivity.This study examined the impact of grazing intensity on vegetation across a broad climatic gradient spanning the Espinal,Argentine Low Monte,and Patagonian Steppe ecoregions of Argentina.The research was carried out at eight sampling sites with radial grazing gradients generated around artificial water sources(piospheres),exhibiting two contrasting response patterns of vegetation to grazing pressure.One of the response patterns shows a typical vegetation response to grazing that the vegetation productivity increases with the distance to the water sources(decreasing grazing intensity).The second pattern is found in drier regions,where vegetation presents an inverse productivity response that vegetation productivity is higher near water sources(high grazing intensity)due to increased shrub cover.Vegetation productivity was measured using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI).Vegetation patch structure and cover were determined for each site with high,medium,and low grazing intensities.Results indicated that shrub cover is the primary driver of vegetation productivity,showing contrasting responses to grazing intensity between the two identified patterns.While NDVI proved to be a reliable proxy for shrub cover and total vegetation cover(R2>0.70),it failed to reflect grass cover dynamics.Furthermore,mean annual temperature was more strongly correlated with vegetation cover changes,while grazing intensity significantly altered vegetation patch structure and soil cover distribution.Specifically,in drier regions,high grazing intensity led to larger patches while,in wetter regions,it led to smaller patches(fragmentation).Shrubs,with their deeper roots and drought tolerance,were less preferred and more resistant to grazing in arid environments and thrived under grazing pressure in these arid conditions.Our results underscored the need for adaptive management strategies in grazing systems.Traditional approaches may require significant adjustments,as the efficacy of management hinges on the interplay of specific climatic conditions and the varied responses of vegetation.Furthermore,effective conservation efforts should prioritize the recognition and protection of shrubs given their critical contribution to ecosystem function and biodiversity.Ultimately,this research provides a valuable framework to understand the complex dynamics between grazing and vegetation in arid and semi-arid environments,highlighting that sustainable grazing practices should be tailored to account for both climatic variables and the unique characteristics of different plant communities.展开更多
Understanding the dynamics of vegetation carbon sequestration(VCS)is essential for regional carbon neutrality strategies.This study revealed the spatiotemporal patterns of VCS and its relationship with anthropogenic c...Understanding the dynamics of vegetation carbon sequestration(VCS)is essential for regional carbon neutrality strategies.This study revealed the spatiotemporal patterns of VCS and its relationship with anthropogenic carbon emissions(ACEs)in Shandong Province,China during 2000-2020,and identified the sensitivity factors affecting VCS.The results show that:1)VCS increased consistently from 193.45 million t to 256.41 million t,with high values areas concentrated in the central,northeastern,and southeastern mountainous and hilly regions,while low values were found in water bodies and urban built-up areas.At the city level,Linyi,Yantai,Binzhou,and Jinan experienced the most significant rises-reaching up to 243000 t/yr.At the county level,Pingdu,Qixia,and Yiyuan also showed substantial growth,each exceeding 30400 t/yr.2)Digital Elevation Molde(DEM)was identified as the dominant natural factor influencing VCS distribution,while land use optimization measures,especially afforestation and farmland conversion in sloped terrain,were the primary human drivers of VCS increase.3)Urbanization and carbon neutrality were not mutually exclusive.While urban expansion locally reduced VCS,rural emigration enhanced carbon sinks in surrounding areas,partially offsetting urban losses.This compensatory mechanism supported VCS increases in nearly all cities and 90% of counties.Nevertheless,with ACEs continuing to rise and the offset ratio by VCS declining,achieving carbon neutrality requires regional strategies that integrate with accelerated energy conservation,emission reduction technologies,and energy transition.These findings provide a scientific basis for decomposing carbon neutrality targets across cities and counties in Shandong and a reference for developing localized land use policies in similar regions.展开更多
Sand dust belts span approximately one-fifth of the global land surface.In these regions,dust tends to settle on vegetation surfaces,altering the observed reflectance and affecting remote sensing detections.To enhance...Sand dust belts span approximately one-fifth of the global land surface.In these regions,dust tends to settle on vegetation surfaces,altering the observed reflectance and affecting remote sensing detections.To enhance the accuracy of maize growth monitoring in dust-affected regions,this study aims to quantify the effect of sand dust retention on maize during the tasseling stage in the Kashgar Prefecture,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,by analyzing changes in canopy reflectance and vegetation indices.First,field sampling was conducted to measure the key canopy structure parameters and dust retention levels of maize,and laboratory spectral measurements were performed on leaf spectral properties under gradient dust retention.The measured data were then used to drive the LargE-Scale remote sensing data and image Simulation framework(LESS)model for simulating realistic maize canopy spectra across different dust levels,with validation against Sentinel-2 imagery.Second,on the basis of the simulated and satellite-derived spectra,the dust resistance of 36 common vegetation indices was systematically evaluated,and new robust dust-resistant indices were developed.The results showed that compared with dust-free maize,the canopy reflectance of dust-retained maize followed an increase–decrease–increase pattern,with critical turning points at 735 and 1325 nm.The maximum reflectance difference of–0.11755(change rate:29.002%)occurred within the 735–1325 nm range at 24 g/m^(2)dust retention,and the minimum reflectance difference of 0.04285(change rate:148.950%)was observed in the 350–735 nm range under the same dust retention level.Among the 36 vegetation indices,only the global environment monitoring index(GEMI)and the ratio of transformed chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index to optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index(TCARI/OSAVI)exhibited dust resistance,with GEMI being effective below 6 g/m^(2)and TCARI/OSAVI remaining stable across all levels(average ratio:0.970).The newly developed indices in this study,(RE3–RE2)/(NIR–RE2),(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),and(NIR–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),retained values within the predefined dust-resistant range over the full dust retention levels of 0–24 g/m^(2),thus showing a more stable dust resistance compared with the commonly used 36 vegetation indices.Specially,(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2)performed the most robustly in Sentinel-2 imagery,that is,58.020%of pixels were within the dust-resistant range,and an average ratio of 0.937 was obtained for the original-spectra index.This study provides a scientific basis for crop monitoring and management in dust-affected regions.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40675071)~~
文摘In order to assess the climatical and ecological effect which returned the farmland to pasture or forest, the vegetation and crop in Northwest China with suitable threshold value were classified in this experiment by using multi-temporal SPOT/VEGETATION dada and combing supervised classification with unsupervised classification. Compared with the data from Statistical Department and actual investigation, the precision of the classified result was above 85%.
文摘[Objective]Vegetation restoration is an effective strategy for ecological improvement;however,inappropriate vegetation establishment can induce soil desiccation,thereby threatening ecosystem stability.Therefore,elucidating the global response patterns of soil moisture to vegetation restoration and identifying research hotspots are critical for guiding ecological construction in arid regions.[Methods]We reviewed 6,152 articles concerning soil moisture and vegetation retrieved from the Web of Science platform.Using VOSviewer,we conducted analyses of keyword co-occurrence,publication trends,and research hotspots to systematically delineate the evolving trends in this field.[Results]The results indicate a significant increasing trend in the number of publications since 2000.Global research keywords are categorized into seven clusters,including vegetation,soil moisture,rainfall-erosion-infiltration,spatial heterogeneity,and climate change.In terms of highly cited papers in 2024,China and the United States maintain a significant lead.Global research demonstrates a strong dependency on typical regional geographical features(such as climate types and topography),exhibiting differentiated research focuses.Furthermore,studies extend beyond soil moisture itself to deeply couple with ecological processes such as vegetation restoration,soil respiration,carbon cycling,and hydrothermal conditions.[Conclusions]The long-term ecological effects of afforestation in arid regions remain unclear,and empirical data from key regions highlight the current urgency.Future research should integrate climate change dynamics,innovate monitoring methodologies,and deepen the understanding of regional differentiation to provide scientific support for the adaptive management of vegetation in arid regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant NO.42401465 and 42401464]Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects[Grant NO.202501AT070343,202401AU070169 and 202401CF070161]+1 种基金Natural Science Fund of Kunming University of Science and Technology(KKZ3202421125)Yunnan Provincial Talent Project“High-level Talent Training Support Plan”[YNWR-QNBJ-2020-031]。
文摘Accurate phenological information is essential for measuring ecosystem dynamics and carbon uptake.Southwest China is one of the country's largest terrestrial carbon sink regions and plays a crucial role in carbon peaking and neutrality.However,its complex terrain,fragile ecosystem,and variable climate challenge carbon sink stability.Vegetation phenology significantly impacts carbon absorption and release,making accurate phenological data essential for understanding carbon sequestration dynamics.The widespread distribution of evergreen forests and their weak seasonal variation in canopy introduce significant uncertainties in extracting phenology using traditional remote sensing information in this region.These limitations can lead to inaccurate assessments of carbon sink dynamics.Therefore,precise phenology extraction and analysis are vital for improving ecosystem dynamics and the carbon cycle in Southwest China.Firstly,we employed different ways to evaluate the ability of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence(SIF)and traditional remote sensing information to extract phenology.Secondly,based on SIF,we analyzed the spatial and temporal changes in the start of the growing season(SOS),the end of the growing season(EOS),and the length of the growing season(LOS)from 2001 to 2020.Finally,we systematically analyzed the response of SOS and EOS to five preseason climatic factors.The results showed that(1)SIF outperformed traditional remote sensing information in extracting phenology.(2)Vegetation phenology exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity.Moreover,SOS,EOS,and LOS showed trends of advancement,delay,and extension both overall and across all vegetation types.(3)Precipitation was the main factor influencing SOS,while surface downward solar radiation and mean temperature were the main factors affecting EOS,and the phenology of different vegetation types showed a great difference in response to preseason climate factors.These findings improve our understanding of vegetation phenology and its dynamics over Southwest China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460380,42007042)State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture(SKLSSKF2023-06)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20242BAB25389)National Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202410410029X)Jiangxi Province Graduate Student Innovation Special Fund Project(YC2024-S330).
文摘Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.
基金supported by the Swedish Research Council(Vetenskapsradet,Grant No.202203129)the Project of Youth Science and Technology Fund of Gansu Province(Grant No.24JRRA439)partially funded by the Swedish Research Council(Vetenskapsradet,Grant No.2022-06725)。
文摘This study investigates the impact of vegetation-climate feedback on the global land monsoon system during the Last Interglacial(LIG,127000 years BP)and the mid-Holocene(MH,6000 years BP)using the earth system model EC-Earth3.Our findings indicate that vegetation changes significantly influence the global monsoon area and precipitation patterns,especially in the North African and Indian monsoon regions.The North African monsoon region experienced the most substantial increase in vegetation during both the LIG and MH,resulting in significant increases in monsoonal precipitation by 9.8%and 6.0%,respectively.The vegetation feedback also intensified the Saharan Heat Low,strengthened monsoonal flows,and enhanced precipitation over the North African monsoon region.In contrast,the Indian monsoon region exhibited divergent responses to vegetation changes.During the LIG,precipitation in the Indian monsoon region decreased by 2.2%,while it increased by 1.6%during the MH.These differences highlight the complex and region-specific impacts of vegetation feedback on monsoon systems.Overall,this study demonstrates that vegetation feedback exerts distinct influences on the global monsoon during the MH and LIG.These findings highlight the importance of considering vegetation-climate feedback in understanding past monsoon variability and in predicting future climate change impacts on monsoon systems.
基金supported by the Universidad Nacional de Río Negro(PI-UNRN 40C-1088)the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(PIP-CONICET 2023-402).
文摘The connection between climatic factors and grazing is essential for maintaining ecosystem function and vegetation productivity.This study examined the impact of grazing intensity on vegetation across a broad climatic gradient spanning the Espinal,Argentine Low Monte,and Patagonian Steppe ecoregions of Argentina.The research was carried out at eight sampling sites with radial grazing gradients generated around artificial water sources(piospheres),exhibiting two contrasting response patterns of vegetation to grazing pressure.One of the response patterns shows a typical vegetation response to grazing that the vegetation productivity increases with the distance to the water sources(decreasing grazing intensity).The second pattern is found in drier regions,where vegetation presents an inverse productivity response that vegetation productivity is higher near water sources(high grazing intensity)due to increased shrub cover.Vegetation productivity was measured using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI).Vegetation patch structure and cover were determined for each site with high,medium,and low grazing intensities.Results indicated that shrub cover is the primary driver of vegetation productivity,showing contrasting responses to grazing intensity between the two identified patterns.While NDVI proved to be a reliable proxy for shrub cover and total vegetation cover(R2>0.70),it failed to reflect grass cover dynamics.Furthermore,mean annual temperature was more strongly correlated with vegetation cover changes,while grazing intensity significantly altered vegetation patch structure and soil cover distribution.Specifically,in drier regions,high grazing intensity led to larger patches while,in wetter regions,it led to smaller patches(fragmentation).Shrubs,with their deeper roots and drought tolerance,were less preferred and more resistant to grazing in arid environments and thrived under grazing pressure in these arid conditions.Our results underscored the need for adaptive management strategies in grazing systems.Traditional approaches may require significant adjustments,as the efficacy of management hinges on the interplay of specific climatic conditions and the varied responses of vegetation.Furthermore,effective conservation efforts should prioritize the recognition and protection of shrubs given their critical contribution to ecosystem function and biodiversity.Ultimately,this research provides a valuable framework to understand the complex dynamics between grazing and vegetation in arid and semi-arid environments,highlighting that sustainable grazing practices should be tailored to account for both climatic variables and the unique characteristics of different plant communities.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42476247,42461015)the Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Coastal Science and Integrated Management,Ministry of Natural Resources(No.2024COSIM01)Guangxi Science and Technology Base and Talent Special Project(No.GuikeAD23026194)。
文摘Understanding the dynamics of vegetation carbon sequestration(VCS)is essential for regional carbon neutrality strategies.This study revealed the spatiotemporal patterns of VCS and its relationship with anthropogenic carbon emissions(ACEs)in Shandong Province,China during 2000-2020,and identified the sensitivity factors affecting VCS.The results show that:1)VCS increased consistently from 193.45 million t to 256.41 million t,with high values areas concentrated in the central,northeastern,and southeastern mountainous and hilly regions,while low values were found in water bodies and urban built-up areas.At the city level,Linyi,Yantai,Binzhou,and Jinan experienced the most significant rises-reaching up to 243000 t/yr.At the county level,Pingdu,Qixia,and Yiyuan also showed substantial growth,each exceeding 30400 t/yr.2)Digital Elevation Molde(DEM)was identified as the dominant natural factor influencing VCS distribution,while land use optimization measures,especially afforestation and farmland conversion in sloped terrain,were the primary human drivers of VCS increase.3)Urbanization and carbon neutrality were not mutually exclusive.While urban expansion locally reduced VCS,rural emigration enhanced carbon sinks in surrounding areas,partially offsetting urban losses.This compensatory mechanism supported VCS increases in nearly all cities and 90% of counties.Nevertheless,with ACEs continuing to rise and the offset ratio by VCS declining,achieving carbon neutrality requires regional strategies that integrate with accelerated energy conservation,emission reduction technologies,and energy transition.These findings provide a scientific basis for decomposing carbon neutrality targets across cities and counties in Shandong and a reference for developing localized land use policies in similar regions.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2001020)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41201359).
文摘Sand dust belts span approximately one-fifth of the global land surface.In these regions,dust tends to settle on vegetation surfaces,altering the observed reflectance and affecting remote sensing detections.To enhance the accuracy of maize growth monitoring in dust-affected regions,this study aims to quantify the effect of sand dust retention on maize during the tasseling stage in the Kashgar Prefecture,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,by analyzing changes in canopy reflectance and vegetation indices.First,field sampling was conducted to measure the key canopy structure parameters and dust retention levels of maize,and laboratory spectral measurements were performed on leaf spectral properties under gradient dust retention.The measured data were then used to drive the LargE-Scale remote sensing data and image Simulation framework(LESS)model for simulating realistic maize canopy spectra across different dust levels,with validation against Sentinel-2 imagery.Second,on the basis of the simulated and satellite-derived spectra,the dust resistance of 36 common vegetation indices was systematically evaluated,and new robust dust-resistant indices were developed.The results showed that compared with dust-free maize,the canopy reflectance of dust-retained maize followed an increase–decrease–increase pattern,with critical turning points at 735 and 1325 nm.The maximum reflectance difference of–0.11755(change rate:29.002%)occurred within the 735–1325 nm range at 24 g/m^(2)dust retention,and the minimum reflectance difference of 0.04285(change rate:148.950%)was observed in the 350–735 nm range under the same dust retention level.Among the 36 vegetation indices,only the global environment monitoring index(GEMI)and the ratio of transformed chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index to optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index(TCARI/OSAVI)exhibited dust resistance,with GEMI being effective below 6 g/m^(2)and TCARI/OSAVI remaining stable across all levels(average ratio:0.970).The newly developed indices in this study,(RE3–RE2)/(NIR–RE2),(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),and(NIR–RE2)/(RE4–RE2),retained values within the predefined dust-resistant range over the full dust retention levels of 0–24 g/m^(2),thus showing a more stable dust resistance compared with the commonly used 36 vegetation indices.Specially,(RE3–RE2)/(RE4–RE2)performed the most robustly in Sentinel-2 imagery,that is,58.020%of pixels were within the dust-resistant range,and an average ratio of 0.937 was obtained for the original-spectra index.This study provides a scientific basis for crop monitoring and management in dust-affected regions.
