Because of the recent widespread usage of antibiotics,the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs)were prevalent in the majority of habitats.Generally,the biological wastewater treatment proc...Because of the recent widespread usage of antibiotics,the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs)were prevalent in the majority of habitats.Generally,the biological wastewater treatment processes used in wastewater treatment plants have a limited efficiencies of antibiotics resistant bacteria(ARB)disinfection and ARGs degradation and even promote the proliferation of ARGs.Problematically,ARB and ARGs in effluent pose potential risks if they are not further treated.Photocatalytic oxidation is considered a promising disinfection technology,where the photocatalytic process generates many free radicals that enhance the interaction between light and deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)for ARB elimination and subsequent degradation of ARGs.This reviewaims to illustrate the progress of photocatalytic oxidation technology for removing antibiotics resistant(AR)from wastewater in recent years.We discuss the sources and transfer of ARGs in wastewater.The overall removal efficiencies of ultraviolet radiation(UV)/chlorination,UV/ozone,UV/H_(2)O_(2),and UV/sulfate-radical based system for ARB and ARGs,as well as the experimental parameters and removal mechanisms,are systematically discussed.The contribution of photocatalytic materials based on TiO_(2) and g-C_(3)N_(4) to the inactivation of ARB and degradation of ARGs is highlighted,producingmany free radicals to attack ARB and ARGs while effectively limiting the horizontal gene transfer(HGT)in wastewater.Finally,based on the reviewed studies,future research directions are proposed to realize specific photocatalytic oxidation technology applications and overcome current challenges.展开更多
BACKGROUND Anal fistula is increasingly prevalent due to modern lifestyle factors,and surgery remains the primary treatment.However,the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance,particularly to cefuroxime,complicates ...BACKGROUND Anal fistula is increasingly prevalent due to modern lifestyle factors,and surgery remains the primary treatment.However,the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance,particularly to cefuroxime,complicates perioperative management.The role of gut microbiota in influencing this resistance is not well understood.AIM To investigate the relationship between gut microbiota composition and cefuroxime resistance in anal fistula patients and to assess probiotic intervention impact.METHODS This study included 30 anal fistula patients categorized into cefuroxime-sensitive(Cefur-S)and cefuroxime-resistant(Cefur-NS)groups.Gut microbiota samples were collected during colonoscopy,and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing was performed to analyze microbial diversity.Patients in the Cefur-NS group received a 7-day course of Clostridium butyricum tablets.Post-intervention,microbial composition and cefuroxime resistance were reassessed.RESULTS Alpha and beta diversity analyses showed no significant differences in microbial diversity between the Cefur-S and Cefur-NS groups.However,effect size analysis identified Roseburia and Butyricicoccus as dominant genera in the Cefur-S group,with higher butyrate production potentially protecting against cefuroxime resistance.Post-intervention,the Cefur-NS group showed a significant reduction in cefuroxime resistance,improved stool consistency,and reduced bowel movement frequency.CONCLUSION This study suggests that specific gut microbiota,particularly Butyricicoccus and Roseburia,may mitigate cefuroxime resistance in anal fistula patients by increasing butyrate production.Probiotic intervention targeting gut microbiota composition presents a promising strategy for reducing antibiotic resistance and improving clinical outcomes.展开更多
Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in pl...Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in plants,the MYB family significantly regulates plant secondary metabolism,including the biosynthetic pathways for phenylpropanoids,which are crucial for stress resistance.This review presents a comprehensive overview of MYB transcription factor classification and their regulatory mechanisms in plant metabolism and stress responses.We discuss the roles of MYB transcription factors in biotic stress resistance,such as defense against pathogens and pests,and in abiotic stress tolerance,including responses to drought and salinity.Special attention is given to the interactions of R2R3 MYB with other transcription factors and co-repressors,focusing on how these synergistic or antagonistic relationships modulate physiological processes.The multifunctional role of R2R3 MYBs in stress responses positions them as promising targets for enhancing crop resilience through genetic breeding.Furthermore,this review highlights potential applications of MYB transcription factors in developing stress-resistant crops and their utility in plant resistant breeding programs.展开更多
Nosocomial pathogen carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)poses a heightened risk to public health through carbapenem resistance and virulence convergence,particularly in China’s dominant sequence type 11(S...Nosocomial pathogen carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)poses a heightened risk to public health through carbapenem resistance and virulence convergence,particularly in China’s dominant sequence type 11(ST11)clone[1,2].Monoclonal K.pneumoniae exhibits within-host diversity during prolonged infections[3–5],with certain variants surviving through adaptation[4,6].CRKP strains from the blood of a single patient are heterogeneous in terms of antibiotic susceptibility,capsular polysaccharide production,and mucoviscosity[3].Intra-host evolution drives novel resistance via cumulative mutations(e.g.,the transcriptional regulator gene ramR mutations and the outer membrane porin gene OmpK35 loss)[4].展开更多
This is a review on resistant starch(RS),resistant dextrin(RD),and polydextrose(PDX),focusing on their similarities and differences.RS refers to the starch(or a portion of)that cannot be digested in the small intestin...This is a review on resistant starch(RS),resistant dextrin(RD),and polydextrose(PDX),focusing on their similarities and differences.RS refers to the starch(or a portion of)that cannot be digested in the small intestine,but can be partially fermented in the colon.The enzyme resistance of RS is mainly due to either its crystalline/granular structure or its interaction with other components.RD is produced by pyrodextrinization of starch,while PDX is produced by polycondensation of glucose and sorbitol.Both RD and PDX contain glycosidic linkages that are not digestible by the enzymes in the small intestine.RS is not soluble in water,whereas RD and PDX are soluble,mainly due to their molecular structures and other structural features.The major health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX are quite similar,including gut health,prebiotic effects,glycemic control,weight management,and prevention of cardiovascular disease.However,the efficacies can be different among them,for example,the degree and rate of gut fermentation.This review compares the definitions,functional properties,and health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX with the underlying mechanisms,which can be useful for their incorporation in food formulations to improve human health and wellness.展开更多
In materials science,a significant correlation often exists between material input parameters and their corresponding performance attributes.Nevertheless,the inherent challenges associated with small data obscure thes...In materials science,a significant correlation often exists between material input parameters and their corresponding performance attributes.Nevertheless,the inherent challenges associated with small data obscure these statistical correlations,impeding machine learning models from effectively capturing the underlying patterns,thereby hampering efficient optimization of material properties.This work presents a novel active learning framework that integrates generative adversarial networks(GAN)with a directionally constrained expected absolute improvement(EAI)acquisition function to accelerate the discovery of ultra-high temperature ceramics(UHTCs)using small data.The framework employs GAN for data augmentation,symbolic regression for feature weight derivation,and a self-developed EAI function that incorporates input feature importance weighting to quantify bidirectional deviations from zero ablation rate.Through only two iterations,this framework successfully identified the optimal composition of HfB_(2)-3.52SiC-5.23TaSi_(2),which exhibits robust near-zero ablation rates under plasma ablation at 2500℃ for 200 s,demonstrating superior sampling efficiency compared to conventional active learning approaches.Microstructural analysis reveals that the exceptional performance stems from the formation of a highly viscous HfO_(2)-SiO_(2)-Ta_(2)O_(5)-HfSiO_(4)-Hf_(3)(BO_(3))_(4) oxide layer,which provides effective oxygen barrier protection.This work demonstrates an efficient and universal approach for rapid materials discovery using small data.展开更多
Starch is an essential commodity for humans and other animals.Future demands require qualitative and quantitative improvement by crop and post-harvest engineering that calls for comprehensive actions requiring increas...Starch is an essential commodity for humans and other animals.Future demands require qualitative and quantitative improvement by crop and post-harvest engineering that calls for comprehensive actions requiring increased fundamental knowledge on starch biosynthesis,development of advanced breeding strategies,efficient farming,and well-adapted and up scalable extraction protocols for diverse starch products.Recent staggering progress in molecular breeding techniques,especially genome editing,have enabled generation of higher starch yield and special functional qualities required to support such advancement.However,this necessitates fundamental biochemical and mechanistic understanding of starch biosynthesis and the variegated starch crop germplasms,all of which are closely linked to the relationships between starch molecular structures and functionality of various starch types as directed by the different capabilities of starch crop genotypes.We here review starch biosynthesis and its genetic foundation with a focus on increasing nutritional and health-promoting value of starch especially through bioengineering of the high amylose trait.展开更多
Bioremediation is an efficient and popular approach for domestic wastewater treatment while the pollutant discharge standards are difficult to achieve under low-temperature conditions. The application of cold-resistan...Bioremediation is an efficient and popular approach for domestic wastewater treatment while the pollutant discharge standards are difficult to achieve under low-temperature conditions. The application of cold-resistant bacteria has gained increasing attention, but direct introduction to sewage leads to poor environmental adaptability and low microbial activity. Biochar was used as a carrier to immobilize the bacteria to improve microbial survival and activity in this study. The basic physicochemical properties of bacteria immobilized by biochar and ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency were analyzed. The process mechanism of ammonium nitrogen removal was further explored using kinetic fitting and molecular simulation calculations. The results showed that biochar immobilization of cold-resistant bacteria achieved a significantly higher ammonium nitrogen removal rate of 0.88 mg/(L·h) compared to free mixed bacteria(0.74 mg/(L·h)) and biochar alone(0.22 mg/(L·h)). It also exhibited a removal efficiency of 96.56%, which was 15.02% and 72.58% higher than that of free mixed bacteria and biochar, respectively. Adsorption kinetics further revealed that the pseudosecond-order kinetic equation was a better fit for characterizing ammonia-nitrogen removal by biocharimmobilized cold-resistant bacteria. Combining microscopic morphology analysis and molecular simulations demonstrated that enriching functional groups on biochar enhanced its NH_4~+ adsorption capacity by increasing surface activity and polarity, as well as the biodegradation ability of NH_4~+ by improving the interactions between biochar and active enzymes. These findings provide valuable insights into developing more effective ways to improve wastewater treatment efficiency under low temperatures.展开更多
Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut ...Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut microbiota remain unclear.This observational meta-analysis aimed to reveal the effects of RS intake onα-diversity and composition of gut microbiota through meta-analysis.Two independent authors systematically searched articles from inception until February 2023 on four electronic databases.Twenty-four highly relevant trials were included conforming to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and MetaAnalysis protocol,and a total of 816 individuals were included.Significant heterogeneity analyses revealed that RS intake notably decreased Shannon index(weighted mean difference(WMD):-0.11;95%confidence interval(CI):-0.21,-0.01),and stimulated the composition of health promoting bacteria genera,including Bifidobacterium(relative abundance:WMD:1.75;95%CI:0.39,3.11;bacterial populations:WMD:0.36;95%CI:0.04,0.69),Faecalibacterium(relative abundance:WMD:0.70;95%CI:0.20,1.20;fold change:effect size:0.91;95%CI:0.60,1.23),and Prevotella(relative abundance:WMD:0.35;95%CI:0.01,0.69).Taken together,the present study revealed that changes in the gut microbiota diversity and genera were correlated with RS supplementation,which may contribute to benefits in human health.展开更多
In this paper,we analyze the article published by El Labban et al,which explores the impact of cirrhosis on patients with necrotizing fasciitis.The authors conclude that cirrhosis is a significant risk factor for incr...In this paper,we analyze the article published by El Labban et al,which explores the impact of cirrhosis on patients with necrotizing fasciitis.The authors conclude that cirrhosis is a significant risk factor for increased in-hospital morbidity and mortality in this patient population.Building upon their final observation regarding the importance of understanding this association,we will delve into the topic of infections in patients with liver cirrhosis.These patients exhibit intrinsic characteristics that make them particularly susceptible to infections,both bacterial and fungal.This heightened risk not only increases the likelihood of severe infections but also makes them a common trigger for acute decompensations,including the development of acute-on-chronic liver failure,which markedly worsens prognosis and mortality.Infections in patients with cirrhosis often require a more aggressive and rapid diagnostic and therapeutic approach due to the higher risk of nosocomial infections,multidrug-resistant organisms,and atypical clinical presentations.Delayed or inadequate management can lead to unfavorable outcomes,further complicating the course of their underlying liver disease.The aim of this article is to emphasize the importance of early and appropriate management in patients with cirrhosis with infections.Evidence supports that timely and tailored interventions not only improve clinical outcomes but also reduce mortality.By raising awareness among clinicians about the complexity of these cases,we hope to contribute to optimizing the care of this high-risk population.展开更多
Yongtao Yu,Yuelin Yu et al.Solvent-Resistant Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy-Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensors.Energy Environ.Mater.2024,7,e12700.On page 4 of this article,the first paragraph of 2.4,...Yongtao Yu,Yuelin Yu et al.Solvent-Resistant Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy-Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensors.Energy Environ.Mater.2024,7,e12700.On page 4 of this article,the first paragraph of 2.4,line 14(PDF version,same below),there is a spelling mistake of“sui,”.It should be changed to“suitable”.The denominator“dt”in the Equation(3)should be changed to“dt”.展开更多
Leptocybe invasa is an invasive pest,native to Australia,which causes serious damage to Eucalyptus all over the world.Here,we monitored gall development in resistant and susceptible Eucalyptus clones to determine whet...Leptocybe invasa is an invasive pest,native to Australia,which causes serious damage to Eucalyptus all over the world.Here,we monitored gall development in resistant and susceptible Eucalyptus clones to determine whether plant genotype affects the durations of the different gall stages.Gall development varied among six Eucalyptus clones that differed in susceptibility to L.invasa viz.,PE-5,316,3011,PE-11,3020 and P-13 in Punjab in a nethouse.In susceptible clones PE-5 and 316,L.invasa emerged from both green and pink galls.Five stages of gall formation were found:Stage 1(tissue disruption),Stage 2(gall develop-ment),Stage 3(glossy pink),Stage 4(dull pink)and Stage 5(exit hole)in susceptible clones when adults emerged from pink galls.However,in resistant clones,adults emerged only from green galls,and galls formed in three stages.In the susceptible clones,when adults emerged from pink galls,the life cycle was 105–115 d;however,when adults emerged from green galls,the duration was significantly shorter(81–87 d).In the most-resistant clone,P-13,corky tissue formed after oviposition,and galls did not develop further.In the resistant clones(3020,PE-11 and 3011),adults emerged from green galls,and the life cycle lasted 90–96 d.When adults emerged from green galls in susceptible and resist-ant clones,Stage 1 lasted longer in resistant clones than in the susceptible;however,in susceptible clones,Stage 5 was longer.When adults emerged from pink galls in susceptible clones and from green galls in resistant clones,the life cycle was longer in susceptible clones.In susceptible clones,the number of emergence holes was significantly higher than resistant clones.Gall width and gall length also differed significantly between susceptible and resistant clones.The results showed that the Eucalyptus genotype had a signifi-cant effect on gall development induced by gall wasps.展开更多
This study aims to enhance automated crop detection using high-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)imagery by integrating the Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index(VARI)with deep learning models.The primary chall...This study aims to enhance automated crop detection using high-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)imagery by integrating the Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index(VARI)with deep learning models.The primary challenge addressed is the detection of bananas interplanted with betel nuts,a scenario where traditional image processing techniques struggle due to color similarities and canopy overlap.The research explores the effectiveness of three deep learning models—Single Shot MultiBox Detector(SSD),You Only Look Once version 3(YOLOv3),and Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network(Faster RCNN)—using Red,Green,Blue(RGB)and VARI images for banana detection.Results show that VARI significantly improves detection accuracy,with YOLOv3 achieving the best performance,achieving a precision of 73.77%,recall of 100%,and reduced training time by 95 seconds.Additionally,the average Intersection over Union(IoU)increased by 4%–25%across models with VARI-enhanced images.This study confirms that incorporating VARI improves the performance of deep learning models,offering a promising solution for precise crop detection in complex agricultural environments.展开更多
Manure application as fertilizer can increase environmental exposure risk,as antibiotics,antibiotic resistance bacteria(ARB),and antibiotic resistant genes(ARGs)can be transmitted to agricultural fields,and adjacent n...Manure application as fertilizer can increase environmental exposure risk,as antibiotics,antibiotic resistance bacteria(ARB),and antibiotic resistant genes(ARGs)can be transmitted to agricultural fields,and adjacent natural systems.Understanding how specific antibiotics and ARGs respond within different manure fractions during on-farm management is limited.The study objective was to conduct a mass flow analysis determining the fate of antibiotic resistance factors(antibiotics,ARGs,and ARB)through solid-liquid separation,with the solid fraction continuing through a bedding recovery unit(BRU)via high temperature rotary composting for use of the manure solids as dairy cow bedding.The results show that most of the manure mass containing the antibiotic resistance factors went untreated following solid-liquid separation,with 95%of the mass leaving the separator as a liquid and pumped to a storage lagoon for field application and 5%proceeding to BRU processing.The tetracyclines and tulathromycin sorbed to the manure solids,while the beta lactams,ampicillin,and benzylpenicilloic acid were only found in the liquid fraction.The removal of antibiotic residuals during the BRU composting was insignificant,yet 40%-73%of the antibiotics were in the liquid fraction.The BRU composting was 100%effective in removing the ARB examined.Five of the eight ARGs(intl1,sul1,tetQ,tetX,and tetM)had significant reduction(>95%)following the BRU composting treatment.While the three other ARGs(tetW,ermB,and bla2)remained constant despite treatment.This study highlighted the importance of examining manure management from a mass balance perspective and understanding antibiotic resistance risk factors.展开更多
Starch biosynthesis is a complex process that relies on the coordinated action of multiple enzymes.Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine,thus preventing a rapid rise in the glycemic index.Starch synt...Starch biosynthesis is a complex process that relies on the coordinated action of multiple enzymes.Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine,thus preventing a rapid rise in the glycemic index.Starch synthase 2a(SS2a)is a key enzyme in amylopectin biosynthesis that has significant effects on starch structure and properties.In this study,we identified an ss2a null mutant(M3-1413)with a single base mutation from an ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)-mutagenized population of barley.The mutation was located at the 3'end of the first intron of the RNA splicing receptor(AG)site,and resulted in abnormal RNA splicing and two abnormal transcripts of ss2a,which caused the inactivation of the SS2a gene.The starch structure and properties were significantly altered in the mutant,with M3-1413 containing lower total starch and higher amylose and resistant starch levels.This study sheds light on the effect of barley ss2a null mutations on starch properties and will help to guide new applications of barley starch in the development of nutritious food products.展开更多
Developing cost-effective and high-performance catalyst systems for dry reforming of methane(DRM)is crucial for producing hydrogen(H_(2))sustainably.Herein,we investigate using iron(Fe)as a promoter and major alumina ...Developing cost-effective and high-performance catalyst systems for dry reforming of methane(DRM)is crucial for producing hydrogen(H_(2))sustainably.Herein,we investigate using iron(Fe)as a promoter and major alumina support in Ni-based catalysts to improve their DRM performance.The addition of iron as a promotor was found to add reducible iron species along with reducible NiO species,enhance the basicity and induce the deposition of oxidizable carbon.By incorporating 1 wt.%Fe into a 5Ni/10ZrAl catalyst,a higher CO_(2) interaction and formation of reducible"NiO-species having strong interaction with support"was observed,which led to an∼80%H_(2) yield in 420 min of Time on Stream(TOS).Further increasing the Fe content to 2 wt.%led to the formation of additional reducible iron oxide species and a noticeable rise in H_(2) yield up to 84%.Despite the severe weight loss on Fe-promoted catalysts,high H_(2) yield was maintained due to the proper balance between the rate of CH_(4) decomposition and the rate of carbon deposit diffusion.Finally,incorporating 3 wt.%Fe into the 5Ni/10ZrAl catalyst resulted in the highest CO_(2) interaction,wide presence of reducible NiO-species,minimumgraphitic deposit and an 87%H_(2) yield.Our findings suggest that ironpromoted zirconia-alumina-supported Ni catalysts can be a cheap and excellent catalytic system for H_(2) production via DRM.展开更多
The efficacy of conventional antibiotics against multidrug-resistant pathogenic fungi is markedly limited.A study published in Nature by Wang et al.introduced mandimycin,a novel antifungal agent with a distinct mechan...The efficacy of conventional antibiotics against multidrug-resistant pathogenic fungi is markedly limited.A study published in Nature by Wang et al.introduced mandimycin,a novel antifungal agent with a distinct mechanism of action,diverging from established polyene macrolide antibiotics that target ergosterol.The emergence of multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens poses substantial risks to patient health,healthcare infrastructures,and public health at large.The alarming increase in these pathogens is attributed to their capability to withstand numerous antifungal treatments,resulting in escalated morbidity and mortality rates among affected patients.The strategies employed by these pathogens to compromise patient health include modifications at drug target sites,improved efflux mechanisms,and biofilm formation,all of which complicate treatment protocols and extend hospital stays[1].This concerning trend accentuates the urgent need for ongoing monitoring and investigation into innovative antifungal agents and therapeutic approaches to address these resilient pathogens.展开更多
The cooling rate of the center and edge of vacuum induction melting(VIM)or vacuum arc remelting(VAR)ingots exhibit substantial difference,leading to markedly distinct dendritic structures and precipitates.The current ...The cooling rate of the center and edge of vacuum induction melting(VIM)or vacuum arc remelting(VAR)ingots exhibit substantial difference,leading to markedly distinct dendritic structures and precipitates.The current lack of precise predictions for dendritic segregation and the distribution of precipitates in ingot makes it difficult to determine the annealing and homogenization heat treatment process.Thus,clarifying the impact of cooling rate on the solidification behavior of alloy is significantly important.The dendritic structure and precipitation characteristics of as-cast C-HRA-3 Ni–Cr–Co–Mo-based heat-resistant alloy were investigated using Thermo-Calc thermodynamic calculations,scanning electron microscopy observations,and electron probe microanalyzer.Based on high temperature observation system,the effects of cooling rate on the dendritic structure,dendritic segregation,and precipitation in this alloy were explored.The results showed that the precipitates in the as-cast C-HRA-3 alloy primarily consist of blocky Ti(C,N)phases,large-sized Ti(C,N)–M_(6)C–M_(23)C_(6) symbiotic phases and M_(6)C–M_(23)C_(6) carbides,and small-sized dispersed M_(6)C and M_(23)C_(6) carbides surronding these symbiotic phases.The primary constituent elements of these precipitates are Mo,Cr,C,and Ti,which predominantly concentrate in the interdendritic regions of the as-cast alloy.There is a clear power-law relationship between the secondary dendrite arm spacing and the cooling rate.The dendritic segregation ratio of Mo,Cr,and Ti exhibits a piecewise functional relationship with the cooling rate,under equiaxed dendritic solidification condition.These predictive models and theoretical analyses were validated using numerical simulations and experimental results from the 200 kg grade VIM electrode.展开更多
Dear Editor,Enterovirus 71(EV71)is the main pathogen of hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD),which is a serious public health threat,especially in the Asia-Pacific region(Wu et al.,2013).Due to the lack of effective anti...Dear Editor,Enterovirus 71(EV71)is the main pathogen of hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD),which is a serious public health threat,especially in the Asia-Pacific region(Wu et al.,2013).Due to the lack of effective antivirals for treatment,supportive therapy remains to be the primary measure for severe infections of EV71.EV71 belongs to the genus Enterovirus in the family of Picornavirridae.EV71 encodes a polyprotein that is proteolytically cleaved into four structural proteins and seven nonstructural proteins,i.e.,VP1 to VP4,2A to 2C,and 3A to 3D.Moreover,an alternative encoding strategy of harboring a novel open reading frame encoding a short peptide has been recently reported in gut epithelial cells infected with some enteroviruses(Lulla et al.,2019).Structural proteins play a key role in the packaging and maturation of virus particles,while non-structural proteins are mainly involved in the replication process of virus.Among them,the 3D polymerase(3Dpol)protein functions as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRP)that is essential for viral RNA synthesis(Wu et al.,2010).展开更多
The vip editors are pleased to present the upcoming Issue 5 of the Journal of Iron and Steel Research International as a special issue on“Anti-corrosive Coatings for Corrosion Protection”.This issue aims to collec...The vip editors are pleased to present the upcoming Issue 5 of the Journal of Iron and Steel Research International as a special issue on“Anti-corrosive Coatings for Corrosion Protection”.This issue aims to collect the cutting-edge developments in anti-corrosive coatings and corrosion-resistant metal materials.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52100182 and 52300204)the the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (No.2023RC3122).
文摘Because of the recent widespread usage of antibiotics,the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic-resistance genes(ARGs)were prevalent in the majority of habitats.Generally,the biological wastewater treatment processes used in wastewater treatment plants have a limited efficiencies of antibiotics resistant bacteria(ARB)disinfection and ARGs degradation and even promote the proliferation of ARGs.Problematically,ARB and ARGs in effluent pose potential risks if they are not further treated.Photocatalytic oxidation is considered a promising disinfection technology,where the photocatalytic process generates many free radicals that enhance the interaction between light and deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)for ARB elimination and subsequent degradation of ARGs.This reviewaims to illustrate the progress of photocatalytic oxidation technology for removing antibiotics resistant(AR)from wastewater in recent years.We discuss the sources and transfer of ARGs in wastewater.The overall removal efficiencies of ultraviolet radiation(UV)/chlorination,UV/ozone,UV/H_(2)O_(2),and UV/sulfate-radical based system for ARB and ARGs,as well as the experimental parameters and removal mechanisms,are systematically discussed.The contribution of photocatalytic materials based on TiO_(2) and g-C_(3)N_(4) to the inactivation of ARB and degradation of ARGs is highlighted,producingmany free radicals to attack ARB and ARGs while effectively limiting the horizontal gene transfer(HGT)in wastewater.Finally,based on the reviewed studies,future research directions are proposed to realize specific photocatalytic oxidation technology applications and overcome current challenges.
基金Supported by the Jiaxing Science and Technology Project,No.2023AD11016 and No.2023AD31028.
文摘BACKGROUND Anal fistula is increasingly prevalent due to modern lifestyle factors,and surgery remains the primary treatment.However,the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance,particularly to cefuroxime,complicates perioperative management.The role of gut microbiota in influencing this resistance is not well understood.AIM To investigate the relationship between gut microbiota composition and cefuroxime resistance in anal fistula patients and to assess probiotic intervention impact.METHODS This study included 30 anal fistula patients categorized into cefuroxime-sensitive(Cefur-S)and cefuroxime-resistant(Cefur-NS)groups.Gut microbiota samples were collected during colonoscopy,and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing was performed to analyze microbial diversity.Patients in the Cefur-NS group received a 7-day course of Clostridium butyricum tablets.Post-intervention,microbial composition and cefuroxime resistance were reassessed.RESULTS Alpha and beta diversity analyses showed no significant differences in microbial diversity between the Cefur-S and Cefur-NS groups.However,effect size analysis identified Roseburia and Butyricicoccus as dominant genera in the Cefur-S group,with higher butyrate production potentially protecting against cefuroxime resistance.Post-intervention,the Cefur-NS group showed a significant reduction in cefuroxime resistance,improved stool consistency,and reduced bowel movement frequency.CONCLUSION This study suggests that specific gut microbiota,particularly Butyricicoccus and Roseburia,may mitigate cefuroxime resistance in anal fistula patients by increasing butyrate production.Probiotic intervention targeting gut microbiota composition presents a promising strategy for reducing antibiotic resistance and improving clinical outcomes.
基金supported by the Faculty Startup Fund from Jining Medical University,the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.ZR2023QC309)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32102236)。
文摘Myeloblastosis(MYB)transcription factors,particularly those in the R2R3 MYB subclass,are pivotal in plant growth,development,and environmental stress responses.As one of the largest transcription factor families in plants,the MYB family significantly regulates plant secondary metabolism,including the biosynthetic pathways for phenylpropanoids,which are crucial for stress resistance.This review presents a comprehensive overview of MYB transcription factor classification and their regulatory mechanisms in plant metabolism and stress responses.We discuss the roles of MYB transcription factors in biotic stress resistance,such as defense against pathogens and pests,and in abiotic stress tolerance,including responses to drought and salinity.Special attention is given to the interactions of R2R3 MYB with other transcription factors and co-repressors,focusing on how these synergistic or antagonistic relationships modulate physiological processes.The multifunctional role of R2R3 MYBs in stress responses positions them as promising targets for enhancing crop resilience through genetic breeding.Furthermore,this review highlights potential applications of MYB transcription factors in developing stress-resistant crops and their utility in plant resistant breeding programs.
基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(grant number 2024A1515010319 to J.Q.)Science and Technology Program of Shenzhen(grant numbers KCXFZ20230731100901003 to J.Q.and L.L.,KJZD20230923115116032 to J.Q.,JCYJ20190809144005609 to J.Q.)+1 种基金Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biochip(grant number ZDSYS201504301534057 to J.Q.)Shenzhen High-level Hospital Construction Fund(to J.Q.).
文摘Nosocomial pathogen carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae(CRKP)poses a heightened risk to public health through carbapenem resistance and virulence convergence,particularly in China’s dominant sequence type 11(ST11)clone[1,2].Monoclonal K.pneumoniae exhibits within-host diversity during prolonged infections[3–5],with certain variants surviving through adaptation[4,6].CRKP strains from the blood of a single patient are heterogeneous in terms of antibiotic susceptibility,capsular polysaccharide production,and mucoviscosity[3].Intra-host evolution drives novel resistance via cumulative mutations(e.g.,the transcriptional regulator gene ramR mutations and the outer membrane porin gene OmpK35 loss)[4].
文摘This is a review on resistant starch(RS),resistant dextrin(RD),and polydextrose(PDX),focusing on their similarities and differences.RS refers to the starch(or a portion of)that cannot be digested in the small intestine,but can be partially fermented in the colon.The enzyme resistance of RS is mainly due to either its crystalline/granular structure or its interaction with other components.RD is produced by pyrodextrinization of starch,while PDX is produced by polycondensation of glucose and sorbitol.Both RD and PDX contain glycosidic linkages that are not digestible by the enzymes in the small intestine.RS is not soluble in water,whereas RD and PDX are soluble,mainly due to their molecular structures and other structural features.The major health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX are quite similar,including gut health,prebiotic effects,glycemic control,weight management,and prevention of cardiovascular disease.However,the efficacies can be different among them,for example,the degree and rate of gut fermentation.This review compares the definitions,functional properties,and health benefits of RS,RD,and PDX with the underlying mechanisms,which can be useful for their incorporation in food formulations to improve human health and wellness.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China[grant numbers 52302093]Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province[grant numbers 20224BAB204021].
文摘In materials science,a significant correlation often exists between material input parameters and their corresponding performance attributes.Nevertheless,the inherent challenges associated with small data obscure these statistical correlations,impeding machine learning models from effectively capturing the underlying patterns,thereby hampering efficient optimization of material properties.This work presents a novel active learning framework that integrates generative adversarial networks(GAN)with a directionally constrained expected absolute improvement(EAI)acquisition function to accelerate the discovery of ultra-high temperature ceramics(UHTCs)using small data.The framework employs GAN for data augmentation,symbolic regression for feature weight derivation,and a self-developed EAI function that incorporates input feature importance weighting to quantify bidirectional deviations from zero ablation rate.Through only two iterations,this framework successfully identified the optimal composition of HfB_(2)-3.52SiC-5.23TaSi_(2),which exhibits robust near-zero ablation rates under plasma ablation at 2500℃ for 200 s,demonstrating superior sampling efficiency compared to conventional active learning approaches.Microstructural analysis reveals that the exceptional performance stems from the formation of a highly viscous HfO_(2)-SiO_(2)-Ta_(2)O_(5)-HfSiO_(4)-Hf_(3)(BO_(3))_(4) oxide layer,which provides effective oxygen barrier protection.This work demonstrates an efficient and universal approach for rapid materials discovery using small data.
文摘Starch is an essential commodity for humans and other animals.Future demands require qualitative and quantitative improvement by crop and post-harvest engineering that calls for comprehensive actions requiring increased fundamental knowledge on starch biosynthesis,development of advanced breeding strategies,efficient farming,and well-adapted and up scalable extraction protocols for diverse starch products.Recent staggering progress in molecular breeding techniques,especially genome editing,have enabled generation of higher starch yield and special functional qualities required to support such advancement.However,this necessitates fundamental biochemical and mechanistic understanding of starch biosynthesis and the variegated starch crop germplasms,all of which are closely linked to the relationships between starch molecular structures and functionality of various starch types as directed by the different capabilities of starch crop genotypes.We here review starch biosynthesis and its genetic foundation with a focus on increasing nutritional and health-promoting value of starch especially through bioengineering of the high amylose trait.
基金financial support from the Western Light Young Scholars Project,Chinese Academy of Sciences (2022)the Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province,China (Project No.2021YFG0279)。
文摘Bioremediation is an efficient and popular approach for domestic wastewater treatment while the pollutant discharge standards are difficult to achieve under low-temperature conditions. The application of cold-resistant bacteria has gained increasing attention, but direct introduction to sewage leads to poor environmental adaptability and low microbial activity. Biochar was used as a carrier to immobilize the bacteria to improve microbial survival and activity in this study. The basic physicochemical properties of bacteria immobilized by biochar and ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency were analyzed. The process mechanism of ammonium nitrogen removal was further explored using kinetic fitting and molecular simulation calculations. The results showed that biochar immobilization of cold-resistant bacteria achieved a significantly higher ammonium nitrogen removal rate of 0.88 mg/(L·h) compared to free mixed bacteria(0.74 mg/(L·h)) and biochar alone(0.22 mg/(L·h)). It also exhibited a removal efficiency of 96.56%, which was 15.02% and 72.58% higher than that of free mixed bacteria and biochar, respectively. Adsorption kinetics further revealed that the pseudosecond-order kinetic equation was a better fit for characterizing ammonia-nitrogen removal by biocharimmobilized cold-resistant bacteria. Combining microscopic morphology analysis and molecular simulations demonstrated that enriching functional groups on biochar enhanced its NH_4~+ adsorption capacity by increasing surface activity and polarity, as well as the biodegradation ability of NH_4~+ by improving the interactions between biochar and active enzymes. These findings provide valuable insights into developing more effective ways to improve wastewater treatment efficiency under low temperatures.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF1100600,2022YFF1100605)the Science and Technology Support Program(Modern Agriculture)of Jiangsu Province(BE2022323)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302011)。
文摘Resistant starch(RS)has attracted much researchers'attention because of its health-beneficial effects.Gut microbiota obviously shapes human health,but the effects of RS supplementation on the changes of human gut microbiota remain unclear.This observational meta-analysis aimed to reveal the effects of RS intake onα-diversity and composition of gut microbiota through meta-analysis.Two independent authors systematically searched articles from inception until February 2023 on four electronic databases.Twenty-four highly relevant trials were included conforming to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and MetaAnalysis protocol,and a total of 816 individuals were included.Significant heterogeneity analyses revealed that RS intake notably decreased Shannon index(weighted mean difference(WMD):-0.11;95%confidence interval(CI):-0.21,-0.01),and stimulated the composition of health promoting bacteria genera,including Bifidobacterium(relative abundance:WMD:1.75;95%CI:0.39,3.11;bacterial populations:WMD:0.36;95%CI:0.04,0.69),Faecalibacterium(relative abundance:WMD:0.70;95%CI:0.20,1.20;fold change:effect size:0.91;95%CI:0.60,1.23),and Prevotella(relative abundance:WMD:0.35;95%CI:0.01,0.69).Taken together,the present study revealed that changes in the gut microbiota diversity and genera were correlated with RS supplementation,which may contribute to benefits in human health.
文摘In this paper,we analyze the article published by El Labban et al,which explores the impact of cirrhosis on patients with necrotizing fasciitis.The authors conclude that cirrhosis is a significant risk factor for increased in-hospital morbidity and mortality in this patient population.Building upon their final observation regarding the importance of understanding this association,we will delve into the topic of infections in patients with liver cirrhosis.These patients exhibit intrinsic characteristics that make them particularly susceptible to infections,both bacterial and fungal.This heightened risk not only increases the likelihood of severe infections but also makes them a common trigger for acute decompensations,including the development of acute-on-chronic liver failure,which markedly worsens prognosis and mortality.Infections in patients with cirrhosis often require a more aggressive and rapid diagnostic and therapeutic approach due to the higher risk of nosocomial infections,multidrug-resistant organisms,and atypical clinical presentations.Delayed or inadequate management can lead to unfavorable outcomes,further complicating the course of their underlying liver disease.The aim of this article is to emphasize the importance of early and appropriate management in patients with cirrhosis with infections.Evidence supports that timely and tailored interventions not only improve clinical outcomes but also reduce mortality.By raising awareness among clinicians about the complexity of these cases,we hope to contribute to optimizing the care of this high-risk population.
文摘Yongtao Yu,Yuelin Yu et al.Solvent-Resistant Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy-Harvesting and Self-Powered Sensors.Energy Environ.Mater.2024,7,e12700.On page 4 of this article,the first paragraph of 2.4,line 14(PDF version,same below),there is a spelling mistake of“sui,”.It should be changed to“suitable”.The denominator“dt”in the Equation(3)should be changed to“dt”.
文摘Leptocybe invasa is an invasive pest,native to Australia,which causes serious damage to Eucalyptus all over the world.Here,we monitored gall development in resistant and susceptible Eucalyptus clones to determine whether plant genotype affects the durations of the different gall stages.Gall development varied among six Eucalyptus clones that differed in susceptibility to L.invasa viz.,PE-5,316,3011,PE-11,3020 and P-13 in Punjab in a nethouse.In susceptible clones PE-5 and 316,L.invasa emerged from both green and pink galls.Five stages of gall formation were found:Stage 1(tissue disruption),Stage 2(gall develop-ment),Stage 3(glossy pink),Stage 4(dull pink)and Stage 5(exit hole)in susceptible clones when adults emerged from pink galls.However,in resistant clones,adults emerged only from green galls,and galls formed in three stages.In the susceptible clones,when adults emerged from pink galls,the life cycle was 105–115 d;however,when adults emerged from green galls,the duration was significantly shorter(81–87 d).In the most-resistant clone,P-13,corky tissue formed after oviposition,and galls did not develop further.In the resistant clones(3020,PE-11 and 3011),adults emerged from green galls,and the life cycle lasted 90–96 d.When adults emerged from green galls in susceptible and resist-ant clones,Stage 1 lasted longer in resistant clones than in the susceptible;however,in susceptible clones,Stage 5 was longer.When adults emerged from pink galls in susceptible clones and from green galls in resistant clones,the life cycle was longer in susceptible clones.In susceptible clones,the number of emergence holes was significantly higher than resistant clones.Gall width and gall length also differed significantly between susceptible and resistant clones.The results showed that the Eucalyptus genotype had a signifi-cant effect on gall development induced by gall wasps.
文摘This study aims to enhance automated crop detection using high-resolution Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)imagery by integrating the Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index(VARI)with deep learning models.The primary challenge addressed is the detection of bananas interplanted with betel nuts,a scenario where traditional image processing techniques struggle due to color similarities and canopy overlap.The research explores the effectiveness of three deep learning models—Single Shot MultiBox Detector(SSD),You Only Look Once version 3(YOLOv3),and Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network(Faster RCNN)—using Red,Green,Blue(RGB)and VARI images for banana detection.Results show that VARI significantly improves detection accuracy,with YOLOv3 achieving the best performance,achieving a precision of 73.77%,recall of 100%,and reduced training time by 95 seconds.Additionally,the average Intersection over Union(IoU)increased by 4%–25%across models with VARI-enhanced images.This study confirms that incorporating VARI improves the performance of deep learning models,offering a promising solution for precise crop detection in complex agricultural environments.
基金supported by the U.S.Department of Agriculture NIFA Award(No.2018-68003-27467).
文摘Manure application as fertilizer can increase environmental exposure risk,as antibiotics,antibiotic resistance bacteria(ARB),and antibiotic resistant genes(ARGs)can be transmitted to agricultural fields,and adjacent natural systems.Understanding how specific antibiotics and ARGs respond within different manure fractions during on-farm management is limited.The study objective was to conduct a mass flow analysis determining the fate of antibiotic resistance factors(antibiotics,ARGs,and ARB)through solid-liquid separation,with the solid fraction continuing through a bedding recovery unit(BRU)via high temperature rotary composting for use of the manure solids as dairy cow bedding.The results show that most of the manure mass containing the antibiotic resistance factors went untreated following solid-liquid separation,with 95%of the mass leaving the separator as a liquid and pumped to a storage lagoon for field application and 5%proceeding to BRU processing.The tetracyclines and tulathromycin sorbed to the manure solids,while the beta lactams,ampicillin,and benzylpenicilloic acid were only found in the liquid fraction.The removal of antibiotic residuals during the BRU composting was insignificant,yet 40%-73%of the antibiotics were in the liquid fraction.The BRU composting was 100%effective in removing the ARB examined.Five of the eight ARGs(intl1,sul1,tetQ,tetX,and tetM)had significant reduction(>95%)following the BRU composting treatment.While the three other ARGs(tetW,ermB,and bla2)remained constant despite treatment.This study highlighted the importance of examining manure management from a mass balance perspective and understanding antibiotic resistance risk factors.
基金supported by the Major Program of National Agricultural Science and Technology of China(NK20220607)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program,China(2023YFH0041)。
文摘Starch biosynthesis is a complex process that relies on the coordinated action of multiple enzymes.Resistant starch is not digested in the small intestine,thus preventing a rapid rise in the glycemic index.Starch synthase 2a(SS2a)is a key enzyme in amylopectin biosynthesis that has significant effects on starch structure and properties.In this study,we identified an ss2a null mutant(M3-1413)with a single base mutation from an ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)-mutagenized population of barley.The mutation was located at the 3'end of the first intron of the RNA splicing receptor(AG)site,and resulted in abnormal RNA splicing and two abnormal transcripts of ss2a,which caused the inactivation of the SS2a gene.The starch structure and properties were significantly altered in the mutant,with M3-1413 containing lower total starch and higher amylose and resistant starch levels.This study sheds light on the effect of barley ss2a null mutations on starch properties and will help to guide new applications of barley starch in the development of nutritious food products.
基金The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R368)King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.RK,NP,VKS acknowledge Indus University,Ahmedabad,for supporting research.Dr.Ahmed I.Osman and Prof.David W.Rooney wish to acknowledge the support of The Bryden Centre project (Project ID VA5048)。
文摘Developing cost-effective and high-performance catalyst systems for dry reforming of methane(DRM)is crucial for producing hydrogen(H_(2))sustainably.Herein,we investigate using iron(Fe)as a promoter and major alumina support in Ni-based catalysts to improve their DRM performance.The addition of iron as a promotor was found to add reducible iron species along with reducible NiO species,enhance the basicity and induce the deposition of oxidizable carbon.By incorporating 1 wt.%Fe into a 5Ni/10ZrAl catalyst,a higher CO_(2) interaction and formation of reducible"NiO-species having strong interaction with support"was observed,which led to an∼80%H_(2) yield in 420 min of Time on Stream(TOS).Further increasing the Fe content to 2 wt.%led to the formation of additional reducible iron oxide species and a noticeable rise in H_(2) yield up to 84%.Despite the severe weight loss on Fe-promoted catalysts,high H_(2) yield was maintained due to the proper balance between the rate of CH_(4) decomposition and the rate of carbon deposit diffusion.Finally,incorporating 3 wt.%Fe into the 5Ni/10ZrAl catalyst resulted in the highest CO_(2) interaction,wide presence of reducible NiO-species,minimumgraphitic deposit and an 87%H_(2) yield.Our findings suggest that ironpromoted zirconia-alumina-supported Ni catalysts can be a cheap and excellent catalytic system for H_(2) production via DRM.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82460111)the The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province Talent Project program(No.KHBS-2022013,KHYJ-2025-04-02,2022-KHRCBZ-B03)+4 种基金the Kunming Medical University Joint Special Project on Applied Basic Research(202301AY070001-210)Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology(No.2023A4010403-04)Yunnan Foundmental basical research project(202301AT070034)the Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Genetic Diseases(No.2022ZDKFKT001)the Open Project of Yunnan Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Elderly Diseases(No.:2023YJZX-LN03/13 of 202102AA3100692023).
文摘The efficacy of conventional antibiotics against multidrug-resistant pathogenic fungi is markedly limited.A study published in Nature by Wang et al.introduced mandimycin,a novel antifungal agent with a distinct mechanism of action,diverging from established polyene macrolide antibiotics that target ergosterol.The emergence of multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens poses substantial risks to patient health,healthcare infrastructures,and public health at large.The alarming increase in these pathogens is attributed to their capability to withstand numerous antifungal treatments,resulting in escalated morbidity and mortality rates among affected patients.The strategies employed by these pathogens to compromise patient health include modifications at drug target sites,improved efflux mechanisms,and biofilm formation,all of which complicate treatment protocols and extend hospital stays[1].This concerning trend accentuates the urgent need for ongoing monitoring and investigation into innovative antifungal agents and therapeutic approaches to address these resilient pathogens.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program Funded Projects(No.2021YFB3704102).
文摘The cooling rate of the center and edge of vacuum induction melting(VIM)or vacuum arc remelting(VAR)ingots exhibit substantial difference,leading to markedly distinct dendritic structures and precipitates.The current lack of precise predictions for dendritic segregation and the distribution of precipitates in ingot makes it difficult to determine the annealing and homogenization heat treatment process.Thus,clarifying the impact of cooling rate on the solidification behavior of alloy is significantly important.The dendritic structure and precipitation characteristics of as-cast C-HRA-3 Ni–Cr–Co–Mo-based heat-resistant alloy were investigated using Thermo-Calc thermodynamic calculations,scanning electron microscopy observations,and electron probe microanalyzer.Based on high temperature observation system,the effects of cooling rate on the dendritic structure,dendritic segregation,and precipitation in this alloy were explored.The results showed that the precipitates in the as-cast C-HRA-3 alloy primarily consist of blocky Ti(C,N)phases,large-sized Ti(C,N)–M_(6)C–M_(23)C_(6) symbiotic phases and M_(6)C–M_(23)C_(6) carbides,and small-sized dispersed M_(6)C and M_(23)C_(6) carbides surronding these symbiotic phases.The primary constituent elements of these precipitates are Mo,Cr,C,and Ti,which predominantly concentrate in the interdendritic regions of the as-cast alloy.There is a clear power-law relationship between the secondary dendrite arm spacing and the cooling rate.The dendritic segregation ratio of Mo,Cr,and Ti exhibits a piecewise functional relationship with the cooling rate,under equiaxed dendritic solidification condition.These predictive models and theoretical analyses were validated using numerical simulations and experimental results from the 200 kg grade VIM electrode.
基金supported by Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2025AFB822)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFD1800100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32100110).
文摘Dear Editor,Enterovirus 71(EV71)is the main pathogen of hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD),which is a serious public health threat,especially in the Asia-Pacific region(Wu et al.,2013).Due to the lack of effective antivirals for treatment,supportive therapy remains to be the primary measure for severe infections of EV71.EV71 belongs to the genus Enterovirus in the family of Picornavirridae.EV71 encodes a polyprotein that is proteolytically cleaved into four structural proteins and seven nonstructural proteins,i.e.,VP1 to VP4,2A to 2C,and 3A to 3D.Moreover,an alternative encoding strategy of harboring a novel open reading frame encoding a short peptide has been recently reported in gut epithelial cells infected with some enteroviruses(Lulla et al.,2019).Structural proteins play a key role in the packaging and maturation of virus particles,while non-structural proteins are mainly involved in the replication process of virus.Among them,the 3D polymerase(3Dpol)protein functions as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase(RdRP)that is essential for viral RNA synthesis(Wu et al.,2010).
文摘The vip editors are pleased to present the upcoming Issue 5 of the Journal of Iron and Steel Research International as a special issue on“Anti-corrosive Coatings for Corrosion Protection”.This issue aims to collect the cutting-edge developments in anti-corrosive coatings and corrosion-resistant metal materials.
