Two international conferences in November 2025 jointly outlined a profound transformation of climate governance.The Committee on Trade and Environment(CTE)of the World Trade Organization(WTO)held a conference in Genev...Two international conferences in November 2025 jointly outlined a profound transformation of climate governance.The Committee on Trade and Environment(CTE)of the World Trade Organization(WTO)held a conference in Geneva,Switzerland,on November 4,where the topic of cooperation on trade-related carbon standards aroused heated discussions.The Leaders'Summit of the 30th Conference of the Parties(COP)to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)was held in Belém,Brazil,on November 7.At the meeting,the Open Coalition on Compliance Carbon Markets was officially launched with the initial membership of 11 economies including Brazil,China,and the EU.As the world's first transnational alliance on compliant carbon markets,the coalition aims to coordinate carbon pricing mechanisms,emission trading systems and related policies in various countries,and realize the interconnection of global compliance carbon market networks.展开更多
We assess the four point method of relative dispersion proposed by Jones and Winkler to identify the hyperbolic trajectories of a system. We sample a discrete analog to a quasi-geostrophic, single layered flow field a...We assess the four point method of relative dispersion proposed by Jones and Winkler to identify the hyperbolic trajectories of a system. We sample a discrete analog to a quasi-geostrophic, single layered flow field and perform a comparison of the dispersion of neighboring points after iteration. We evaluate our method by performing a transformation to (x, y) space and comparing the trajectories corresponding to maximum dispersion with the (x, y) values of trajectories of the Standard map, derived from traditional techniques. We perform a similar evaluation using a 2D Ross by wave. We show that the method of relative dispersion is able to generate 2nd order accurate (on the scale of the discretization) hyperbolic trajectories.展开更多
Accounting standards are the tools for distribution of the revenues. Their development trend is influenced by their stakeholders. The evolution of American oil and gas accounting standards has been shaped by the profi...Accounting standards are the tools for distribution of the revenues. Their development trend is influenced by their stakeholders. The evolution of American oil and gas accounting standards has been shaped by the profit-maximizing process of American oil and gas company shareholders, which for outside lobbying relied on their huge capital and organization. The development and perfection of Chinese new oil and gas accounting standards should consider not only the criterion of standards but also the real political fact in China oil and gas industry. The research on oil and gas accounting standards is an academic study as well as a political analysis.展开更多
On 29th November 2004, BSI Group Chairman Sir David John and senior colleagues were in Beijing to meet with Management Systems’ clients of the BSI Group and to consolidate already established relationships with the C...On 29th November 2004, BSI Group Chairman Sir David John and senior colleagues were in Beijing to meet with Management Systems’ clients of the BSI Group and to consolidate already established relationships with the Chinese standards community. This trip came in the wake of last year’s visit of the Group Chairman to Beijing and Shanghai, which paved the way for the signing of a cooperation agreement between BSI and the Standardization Adminis-展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction combined with standard triple therapy on treating H.pylori-related gastritis. METHODS: Eighty-two patients with H. pylori-related gastritis treated...OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction combined with standard triple therapy on treating H.pylori-related gastritis. METHODS: Eighty-two patients with H. pylori-related gastritis treated in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2017 were selected according to the random number table method and divided into experimental group and control group, with 41 patients in each group. The control group was treated with standard triple therapy, while the experimental group was additionally treated with modified Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction. The venous blood of one elbow was taken before and after treatment. The concentrations of serum CagA and Hp-NAP were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The symptoms were evaluated according to the change of symptom scores before and after the intervention. The H.pylori eradication rate was calculated. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in CagA and Hp-NAP concentrations between the 2 groups before intervention(P > 0.05). After intervention, CagA and Hp-NAP concentrations in experimental group were(19.21±6.27) ng/L and(24.37±6.10) ng/L respectively which were lower than(25.81±7.14) ng/L and(32.09±5.73) ng/L of control group. The differences were statistically significant(P < 0.05). The total effective rate of major symptoms in experimental group was 39 cases(95.12%), which was significantly higher than that of the control group(31 cases, 75.61%). There was statistically significant difference between the 2 groups(P < 0.05). The eradication rate of H.pylori was 38 cases(92.68%) in the experimental group, which was significantly higher than 31 cases(75.61%) of the control group. The difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction combined with standard triple therapy can effectively reduce CagA, Hp-NAP of serum level in patients with H.pylori-related gastritis, improve efficacy of symptoms and eradication rate of H.pylori, and is worthy of clinical promotion.展开更多
目的探讨按疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis related groups,DRG)付费背景下脑缺血患者住院费用结构和医保费用情况。方法选取桂林医科大学第二附属医院2021年1月—2023年12月核心疾病诊断相关分组编码为BR2(脑缺血性疾患)病组4975例患者的...目的探讨按疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis related groups,DRG)付费背景下脑缺血患者住院费用结构和医保费用情况。方法选取桂林医科大学第二附属医院2021年1月—2023年12月核心疾病诊断相关分组编码为BR2(脑缺血性疾患)病组4975例患者的病案首页为研究对象,利用描述性分析、非参数检验、logistic回归模型,分析脑缺血病例的住院费用结构及医保费用的超支与结余情况。结果研究对象中的“脑缺血性疾患”病组患者共4975例,其中男性60.94%(3032/4975),女性39.06%(1943/4975),平均年龄69(60,75)岁,平均住院时间7(5,9)d。根据患者的入组病历类型分类得知,正常倍率病例占95.20%(4736/4975),低倍率病例占3.78%(188/4975),高倍率病例占1.02%(51/4975)。“脑缺血性疾患”病组中没有进行手术的病例占93.27%(4640/4975),进行手术的占6.73%(335/4975)。住院总费用平均6396.61(4889.93,8677.99)元,医疗服务费平均753.00(524.50,1121.00)元,诊断费平均3206.85(2501.60,3856.50)元,治疗费平均0(0,16.90)元,西药费平均1466.52(786.78,2727.57)元,中药费平均434.52(143.52,800.88)元,耗材费平均220.96(105.30,292.41)元。超支组与结余组性别、住院时间、入组病历类型、有无手术的分布比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示,性别、住院时间、入组病历类型、是否手术为“脑缺血性疾患”病例超支与结余情况的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论“脑缺血性疾患”患者费用中诊断费占比较高,费用结构有待优化;超支病例占比较多;医保支付标准的制定有待完善。相关部门应关注诊断项目收费,减少不必要的诊断环节,科学优化临床路径,医保部门需完善支付标准的制定。展开更多
With the ever increasing complexity of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) preparations, more potential genotoxic impurities (PGI’s) are being observed. It is thus necessary to determine if these PGI’s are presen...With the ever increasing complexity of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) preparations, more potential genotoxic impurities (PGI’s) are being observed. It is thus necessary to determine if these PGI’s are present in the final API’s, and if they are present, to ensure the levels are acceptable for any clinical uses. For PGI’s that have authentic standards available, quantitation can be accomplished in a straightforward manner. However, for PGI’s that are expected to form through rearrangements or side reactions, authentic standards may not be readily available, significantly complicating the analysis. In this study we describe a surrogate standard approach for quantifying PGI’s that allows for relative response factor calculations of PGI species utilizing both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).展开更多
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related liver disease(ALD) is a leading cause of liver failure and indication for liver transplantation that arises in the setting of alcohol use disorder(AUD). Previous reviews of transplantation f...BACKGROUND Alcohol-related liver disease(ALD) is a leading cause of liver failure and indication for liver transplantation that arises in the setting of alcohol use disorder(AUD). Previous reviews of transplantation for ALD are limited in scope of outcomes and type of ALD studied. A comprehensive systematic review could improve use of transplantation in ALD and improve future research. We hypothesize that while transplanting ALD may improve mortality and relapse,findings will be limited by pre-specified causes of heterogeneity-assessment and treatment of AUD, definition of ALD, spectrum of ALD studied, assessment and rates of relapse, and study quality and bias.AIM To optimize liver transplantation for ALD, understanding existing research to guide future research, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis.METHODS We conducted a systematic review, comparing liver transplant to no-transplant in patients with ALD, with a primary outcome of both short-and long-term mortality and relapse. We performed a comprehensive search of MEDLINE,EMBASE, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library databases for peer-reviewed journal articles comparing use of liver transplant in ALD to no-transplant. Two reviewers independently conducted screening, full text review, and data extraction according to the PRISMA guidelines. We report the quality of the evidence according to the GRADE criteria.RESULTS We analyzed data from 10 studies. Of 1332 participants, 34.2%(456/1332) had undergone liver transplantation, while 65.8%(876/1332) had not. While random effects meta-analysis suggested transplant in comparison to no-transplant had an association of reduced mortality that did not reach statistical significance, relative risk(RR) = 0.51(0.25-1.05), but not relapse risk, RR = 0.52(0.18-1.53), significant heterogeneity limited these findings. When restricted to prospective data,transplant compared to no-transplant significantly reduced mortality, RR = 0.25(0.13-0.46, P < 0.01), and relapse, RR = 0.25(0.14-0.45, P < 0.01), with insignificant heterogeneity but persistent small-study effects. The overall quality of the evidence was Very Low. Heterogeneity analysis suggested that AUD assessment and treatment was often not reported while ALD, relapse assessment and rate,and data collection were institutionally rather than standardly defined.CONCLUSION Systematic review of liver transplantation for ALD suggests reduced mortality and relapse in heterogeneous, institution-specific populations with inherent bias.To understand efficacy of transplanting ALD, our research approach must change.展开更多
According to HJ479-2009, determination of ethylenediamide hydrochloride, when the absorption value exceeds the upper limit of the standard curve, the laboratory blank solution is diluted, and then absorbed, but the co...According to HJ479-2009, determination of ethylenediamide hydrochloride, when the absorption value exceeds the upper limit of the standard curve, the laboratory blank solution is diluted, and then absorbed, but the concentration can not exceed 6. The relative error between the high-concentration samples and the theoretical accuracy was compared to determine the correlation with the experimental results. A new uncertainty is proposed using the standard curve method, sample fixed capacity, sample’s repeated test, instrument test and working curve fitting.展开更多
文摘Two international conferences in November 2025 jointly outlined a profound transformation of climate governance.The Committee on Trade and Environment(CTE)of the World Trade Organization(WTO)held a conference in Geneva,Switzerland,on November 4,where the topic of cooperation on trade-related carbon standards aroused heated discussions.The Leaders'Summit of the 30th Conference of the Parties(COP)to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)was held in Belém,Brazil,on November 7.At the meeting,the Open Coalition on Compliance Carbon Markets was officially launched with the initial membership of 11 economies including Brazil,China,and the EU.As the world's first transnational alliance on compliant carbon markets,the coalition aims to coordinate carbon pricing mechanisms,emission trading systems and related policies in various countries,and realize the interconnection of global compliance carbon market networks.
文摘We assess the four point method of relative dispersion proposed by Jones and Winkler to identify the hyperbolic trajectories of a system. We sample a discrete analog to a quasi-geostrophic, single layered flow field and perform a comparison of the dispersion of neighboring points after iteration. We evaluate our method by performing a transformation to (x, y) space and comparing the trajectories corresponding to maximum dispersion with the (x, y) values of trajectories of the Standard map, derived from traditional techniques. We perform a similar evaluation using a 2D Ross by wave. We show that the method of relative dispersion is able to generate 2nd order accurate (on the scale of the discretization) hyperbolic trajectories.
文摘Accounting standards are the tools for distribution of the revenues. Their development trend is influenced by their stakeholders. The evolution of American oil and gas accounting standards has been shaped by the profit-maximizing process of American oil and gas company shareholders, which for outside lobbying relied on their huge capital and organization. The development and perfection of Chinese new oil and gas accounting standards should consider not only the criterion of standards but also the real political fact in China oil and gas industry. The research on oil and gas accounting standards is an academic study as well as a political analysis.
文摘On 29th November 2004, BSI Group Chairman Sir David John and senior colleagues were in Beijing to meet with Management Systems’ clients of the BSI Group and to consolidate already established relationships with the Chinese standards community. This trip came in the wake of last year’s visit of the Group Chairman to Beijing and Shanghai, which paved the way for the signing of a cooperation agreement between BSI and the Standardization Adminis-
文摘OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction combined with standard triple therapy on treating H.pylori-related gastritis. METHODS: Eighty-two patients with H. pylori-related gastritis treated in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2017 were selected according to the random number table method and divided into experimental group and control group, with 41 patients in each group. The control group was treated with standard triple therapy, while the experimental group was additionally treated with modified Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction. The venous blood of one elbow was taken before and after treatment. The concentrations of serum CagA and Hp-NAP were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The symptoms were evaluated according to the change of symptom scores before and after the intervention. The H.pylori eradication rate was calculated. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in CagA and Hp-NAP concentrations between the 2 groups before intervention(P > 0.05). After intervention, CagA and Hp-NAP concentrations in experimental group were(19.21±6.27) ng/L and(24.37±6.10) ng/L respectively which were lower than(25.81±7.14) ng/L and(32.09±5.73) ng/L of control group. The differences were statistically significant(P < 0.05). The total effective rate of major symptoms in experimental group was 39 cases(95.12%), which was significantly higher than that of the control group(31 cases, 75.61%). There was statistically significant difference between the 2 groups(P < 0.05). The eradication rate of H.pylori was 38 cases(92.68%) in the experimental group, which was significantly higher than 31 cases(75.61%) of the control group. The difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang Decoction combined with standard triple therapy can effectively reduce CagA, Hp-NAP of serum level in patients with H.pylori-related gastritis, improve efficacy of symptoms and eradication rate of H.pylori, and is worthy of clinical promotion.
文摘目的探讨按疾病诊断相关分组(diagnosis related groups,DRG)付费背景下脑缺血患者住院费用结构和医保费用情况。方法选取桂林医科大学第二附属医院2021年1月—2023年12月核心疾病诊断相关分组编码为BR2(脑缺血性疾患)病组4975例患者的病案首页为研究对象,利用描述性分析、非参数检验、logistic回归模型,分析脑缺血病例的住院费用结构及医保费用的超支与结余情况。结果研究对象中的“脑缺血性疾患”病组患者共4975例,其中男性60.94%(3032/4975),女性39.06%(1943/4975),平均年龄69(60,75)岁,平均住院时间7(5,9)d。根据患者的入组病历类型分类得知,正常倍率病例占95.20%(4736/4975),低倍率病例占3.78%(188/4975),高倍率病例占1.02%(51/4975)。“脑缺血性疾患”病组中没有进行手术的病例占93.27%(4640/4975),进行手术的占6.73%(335/4975)。住院总费用平均6396.61(4889.93,8677.99)元,医疗服务费平均753.00(524.50,1121.00)元,诊断费平均3206.85(2501.60,3856.50)元,治疗费平均0(0,16.90)元,西药费平均1466.52(786.78,2727.57)元,中药费平均434.52(143.52,800.88)元,耗材费平均220.96(105.30,292.41)元。超支组与结余组性别、住院时间、入组病历类型、有无手术的分布比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析显示,性别、住院时间、入组病历类型、是否手术为“脑缺血性疾患”病例超支与结余情况的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论“脑缺血性疾患”患者费用中诊断费占比较高,费用结构有待优化;超支病例占比较多;医保支付标准的制定有待完善。相关部门应关注诊断项目收费,减少不必要的诊断环节,科学优化临床路径,医保部门需完善支付标准的制定。
文摘With the ever increasing complexity of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) preparations, more potential genotoxic impurities (PGI’s) are being observed. It is thus necessary to determine if these PGI’s are present in the final API’s, and if they are present, to ensure the levels are acceptable for any clinical uses. For PGI’s that have authentic standards available, quantitation can be accomplished in a straightforward manner. However, for PGI’s that are expected to form through rearrangements or side reactions, authentic standards may not be readily available, significantly complicating the analysis. In this study we describe a surrogate standard approach for quantifying PGI’s that allows for relative response factor calculations of PGI species utilizing both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
基金Supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,No.T32HS 000066-24 from
文摘BACKGROUND Alcohol-related liver disease(ALD) is a leading cause of liver failure and indication for liver transplantation that arises in the setting of alcohol use disorder(AUD). Previous reviews of transplantation for ALD are limited in scope of outcomes and type of ALD studied. A comprehensive systematic review could improve use of transplantation in ALD and improve future research. We hypothesize that while transplanting ALD may improve mortality and relapse,findings will be limited by pre-specified causes of heterogeneity-assessment and treatment of AUD, definition of ALD, spectrum of ALD studied, assessment and rates of relapse, and study quality and bias.AIM To optimize liver transplantation for ALD, understanding existing research to guide future research, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis.METHODS We conducted a systematic review, comparing liver transplant to no-transplant in patients with ALD, with a primary outcome of both short-and long-term mortality and relapse. We performed a comprehensive search of MEDLINE,EMBASE, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library databases for peer-reviewed journal articles comparing use of liver transplant in ALD to no-transplant. Two reviewers independently conducted screening, full text review, and data extraction according to the PRISMA guidelines. We report the quality of the evidence according to the GRADE criteria.RESULTS We analyzed data from 10 studies. Of 1332 participants, 34.2%(456/1332) had undergone liver transplantation, while 65.8%(876/1332) had not. While random effects meta-analysis suggested transplant in comparison to no-transplant had an association of reduced mortality that did not reach statistical significance, relative risk(RR) = 0.51(0.25-1.05), but not relapse risk, RR = 0.52(0.18-1.53), significant heterogeneity limited these findings. When restricted to prospective data,transplant compared to no-transplant significantly reduced mortality, RR = 0.25(0.13-0.46, P < 0.01), and relapse, RR = 0.25(0.14-0.45, P < 0.01), with insignificant heterogeneity but persistent small-study effects. The overall quality of the evidence was Very Low. Heterogeneity analysis suggested that AUD assessment and treatment was often not reported while ALD, relapse assessment and rate,and data collection were institutionally rather than standardly defined.CONCLUSION Systematic review of liver transplantation for ALD suggests reduced mortality and relapse in heterogeneous, institution-specific populations with inherent bias.To understand efficacy of transplanting ALD, our research approach must change.
文摘According to HJ479-2009, determination of ethylenediamide hydrochloride, when the absorption value exceeds the upper limit of the standard curve, the laboratory blank solution is diluted, and then absorbed, but the concentration can not exceed 6. The relative error between the high-concentration samples and the theoretical accuracy was compared to determine the correlation with the experimental results. A new uncertainty is proposed using the standard curve method, sample fixed capacity, sample’s repeated test, instrument test and working curve fitting.
