Based on the objective reality that audit risk responsibility has mainly been attributed to certified public accountants in the past,and audit standards have not specifically divided the entities responsible for audit...Based on the objective reality that audit risk responsibility has mainly been attributed to certified public accountants in the past,and audit standards have not specifically divided the entities responsible for audit risk responsibility,combined with the understanding of the types of audit risk elements related to audit standards,the differences in the understanding of audit risk and its relationship model application caused by the different audit cultures in China and the West have led to a bias of Chinese certified public accountants to bear inspection risks,which affects their professional enthusiasm and continues to cause accounting firms to be lazy in audit quality management.Based on this,literature research,case analysis,and logical deduction methods were used to redefine the concept of audit risk from the perspective of risk responsibility subjects.The traditional audit risk elements and their relationship models were briefly introduced,and the identification of audit risk elements and optimization of audit risk relationship models were systematically demonstrated.展开更多
In order to investigate the basic mechanical properties and stress strain relationship model for bamboo scrimber manufactured based on a new technique,a large quantities of experiments have been carried out.Based on t...In order to investigate the basic mechanical properties and stress strain relationship model for bamboo scrimber manufactured based on a new technique,a large quantities of experiments have been carried out.Based on the analysis of the test results,the following conclusions can be drawn.Two main typical failure modes were classified for bamboo scrimber specimens both under tension parallel to grain and tension perpendicular to grain.Brittle failure happened for all tensile tests.The slope values for the elastic stages have bigger discreteness compared with those for the specimens under tensile parallel to grain.The failure modes for bamboo scrimber specimens under compression parallel to grain could be divided into four.Only one main failure mode happened both for the bending specimens and the shear specimens.With the COV values of 28.64 and 25.72 respectively,the values for the strength and elastic modulus under tensile perpendicular to grain have the largest discreteness for bamboo scrimber.From the point of CHV values,the relationship among the mechanical parameters for bamboo scrimber were proposed based on the test results.Compared with other green building materials,bamboo scrimber manufactured based on a new technique has better mechanical performance and could be used in construction area.Three stress strain relationship models which are four-linear model,quadratic function model,and cubic function model were proposed for bamboo scrimber specimens manufactured based on a new technique.The latter two models gives better prediction for stress strain relationship in elastic plastic stage.展开更多
Precipitation and surface temperature are two important quantities whose variations are closely related through various physical processes. In the present study, we evaluated the precipitation-surface temperature （P-...Precipitation and surface temperature are two important quantities whose variations are closely related through various physical processes. In the present study, we evaluated the precipitation-surface temperature （P-T） relationship in 17 climate models involved in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） for the IPCC Assessment Report version 5. Most models performed reasonably well at simulat- ing the large-scale features of the P-T correlation distribution. Based on the pattern correlation of the P-T correlation distribution, the models performed better in November-December-January-February-March （NDJFM） than in May-June-July-August-September （MJJAS） except for the mid-latitudes of the North- ern Hemisphere, and the performance was generally better over the land than over the ocean. Seasonal dependence was more obvious over the land than over the ocean and was more obvious over the mid- and high-latitudes than over the tropics. All of the models appear to have had difficulty capturing the P-T correlation distribution over the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere in MJJAS. The spatial variabil- ity of the P-T correlation in the models was overestimated compared to observations. This overestimation tended to be larger over the land than over the ocean and larger over the mid- and high-latitudes than over the tropics. Based on analyses of selected model ensemble simulations, the spread of the P-T correlation among the ensemble members appears to have been small. While the performance in the P-T correlation provides a general direction for future improvement of climate models, the specific reasons for the discrep- ancies between models and observations remain to be revealed with detailed and comprehensive evaluations in various aspects.展开更多
Understanding the relationship between tree height （H） and diameter at breast height （D） is vital to forest design, monitoring and biomass estimation. We developed an allometric equation model and tested its appli...Understanding the relationship between tree height （H） and diameter at breast height （D） is vital to forest design, monitoring and biomass estimation. We developed an allometric equation model and tested its applicability for unevenly aged stands of moso bamboo forest at a regional scale. Field data were collected for 21 plots. Based on these data, we identified two strong power relationships： a corre- lation between the mean bamboo height （Hm） and the upper mean H （Hu）, and a correlation between the mean D （Din） and the upper mean D （Du）. Simulation results derived from the aUometric equation model were in good agreement with observed culms derived from the field data for the 21 stands, with a root-mean-square error and relative root-mean-square error of 1.40 m and 13.41%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the allometric equation model had a strong predictive power in the unevenly aged stands at a regional scale. In addition, the estimated average height-diameter （H-D） model for South Anhui Province was used to predict H for the same type of bamboo in Hunan Province based on the measured D, and the results were highly similar. The allometric equation model has multiple uses at the regional scale, including the evaluation of the variation in the H- D relationship among regions. The model describes the average H-D relationship without considering the effects caused by variation in site conditions, tree density and other factors.展开更多
Breast cancer is presently one of the most common malignancies worldwide,with a higher fatality rate.In this study,a quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR)model of compound biological activity and ADMET(Ab...Breast cancer is presently one of the most common malignancies worldwide,with a higher fatality rate.In this study,a quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR)model of compound biological activity and ADMET(Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism,Excretion,Toxicity)properties prediction model were performed using estrogen receptor alpha(ERα)antagonist information collected from compound samples.We first utilized grey relation analysis(GRA)in conjunction with the random forest(RF)algorithm to identify the top 20 molecular descriptor variables that have the greatest influence on biological activity,and then we used Spearman correlation analysis to identify 16 independent variables.Second,a QSAR model of the compound were developed based on BP neural network(BPNN),genetic algorithm optimized BP neural network(GA-BPNN),and support vector regression(SVR).The BPNN,the SVR,and the logistic regression(LR)models were then used to identify and predict the ADMET properties of substances,with the prediction impacts of each model compared and assessed.The results reveal that a SVR model was used in QSAR quantitative prediction,and in the classification prediction of ADMET properties:the SVR model predicts the Caco-2 and hERG(human Ether-a-go-go Related Gene)properties,the LR model predicts the cytochrome P450 enzyme 3A4 subtype(CYP3A4)and Micronucleus(MN)properties,and the BPNN model predicts the Human Oral Bioavailability(HOB)properties.Finally,information entropy theory is used to validate the rationality of variable screening,and sensitivity analysis of the model demonstrates that the constructed model has high accuracy and stability,which can be used as a reference for screening probable active compounds and drug discovery.展开更多
A numerical method was used in order to establish the constitutive relationship of sands under different stress paths, Firstly, based on the numerical method modeling the constitutive law of sands, the elastoplastic c...A numerical method was used in order to establish the constitutive relationship of sands under different stress paths, Firstly, based on the numerical method modeling the constitutive law of sands, the elastoplastic constitutive relationship of sand was established for three paths： the constant proportion of principle stress path, the conventional triaxial compression （CTC） path, and the p=constant （TC） path. The yield lines of plastic volumetric strain and plastic generalized shear strain were given. Through visualization, the three dimensional surface of the stress-strain relationship in the whole stress field （p, q） obtained under the three paths was plotted. Also, by comparing the stress-strain surfaces and yield locus of the three stress paths, the differences were found to be obvious, which demonstrates that the influence of the stress paths on constitutive law was not neglected. The numerical modeling method overcame the difficulty of finding an analytical expression for plastic potential. The results simulated the experimental data with an accuracy of 90% on average, so the constitutive model established in this paper provides an effective constitutive equation for this kind of engineering, reflecting the effect of practical stress paths that occur in sands.展开更多
The characteristics of seismic ground motions in southern China are difficult to determine statistically due to a lack of strong ground motion data.In this study,a stochastic finite-fault ground motion model was adopt...The characteristics of seismic ground motions in southern China are difficult to determine statistically due to a lack of strong ground motion data.In this study,a stochastic finite-fault ground motion model was adopted to simulate the seismic ground motions at bedrock for southern China,based on parameters derived from small and medium earthquakes that have occurred in the region.From these,the response spectra was estimated.A set of ground motion attenuation relationships was then developed based on simulated peak ground motions and response spectral parameters through regression,which would be applicable for use in engineering practice.Through comparisons,it was demonstrated that the proposed ground motion relationships are generally consistent with those obtained from other reported ground motion attenuation models for southern China.展开更多
On the outskirts of the metropolitan areas in Japan, the rapid development of urban areas and the improvement in transportation networks have brought various land use problems in their wake, including urban diffusion ...On the outskirts of the metropolitan areas in Japan, the rapid development of urban areas and the improvement in transportation networks have brought various land use problems in their wake, including urban diffusion and the phenomenon of urban sprawl. There is a strong need for accurate predictions of land-use change and future urbanization, as well as investigation of the appropriateness of present land use controls and the land use controls that will be required in the future. This study took as its object the outskirts of the Keihanshin (Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe) Metropolitan Area, the second largest conurbation in Japan after the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, and used the digital maps and spatial analysis offered by GIS. It aimed to: 1) describe the characteristics of land use controls, land use and urbanization;2) develop an urbanization prediction model that considers the neighboring relationship of neighboring areas on a 100 m mesh unit;3) apply this model to the study area and verify its validity regarding the conditions of present land use;4) compare urbanization prediction results by this model with the present land use controls;and 5) make predictions for future urbanization and propose remedial measures for future land use controls.展开更多
The rock uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)is the basic parameter for support designs in underground engineering.In particular,the rock UCS should be obtained rapidly for underground engineering with complex geologica...The rock uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)is the basic parameter for support designs in underground engineering.In particular,the rock UCS should be obtained rapidly for underground engineering with complex geological conditions,such as soft rock,fracture areas,and high stress,to adjust the excavation and support plan and ensure construction safety.To solve the problem of obtaining real-time rock UCS at engineering sites,a rock UCS forecast idea is proposed using digital core drilling.The digital core drilling tests and uniaxial compression tests are performed based on the developed rock mass digital drilling system.The results indicate that the drilling parameters are highly responsive to the rock UCS.Based on the cutting and fracture characteristics of the rock digital core drilling,the mechanical analysis of rock cutting provides the digital core drilling strength,and a quantitative relationship model(CDP-UCS model)for the digital core drilling parameters and rock UCS is established.Thus,the digital core drilling-based rock UCS forecast method is proposed to provide a theoretical basis for continuous and quick testing of the surrounding rock UCS.展开更多
Based on the relationship between capacity and load, cascading failure on weighted complex networks is investigated, and a load-capacity optimal relationship （LCOR） model is proposed in this paper. Compared with thr...Based on the relationship between capacity and load, cascading failure on weighted complex networks is investigated, and a load-capacity optimal relationship （LCOR） model is proposed in this paper. Compared with three other kinds of load- capacity linear or non-linear relationship models in model networks as well as a number of real-world weighted networks including the railway network, the airports network and the metro network, the LCOR model is shown to have the best robustness against cascading failure with less cost. Furthermore, theoretical analysis and computational method of its cost threshold are provided to validate the effectiveness of the LCOR model. The results show that the LCOR model is effective for designing real-world networks with high robustness and less cost against cascading failure.展开更多
By using the existing historical earthquake investigation data in Xinjiang,this paper obtained the envelope curves of isoseismal maps of 103 destructive earthquakes occurring from 1716 to 2010 after digitization of th...By using the existing historical earthquake investigation data in Xinjiang,this paper obtained the envelope curves of isoseismal maps of 103 destructive earthquakes occurring from 1716 to 2010 after digitization of the data. The author summarized the seismic intensity attenuation laws in the Xinjiang region with the multiple regression fitting method. The intensity attenuation function of the elliptical model was provided and the fitting results in different periods and areas were compared. Finally, the intensity attenuation relationship in the Xinjiang region was obtained by the method of constraining the start and end of the attenuation curves.展开更多
This paper will try to compare the Jerome model with the Horace model to look into advantages, shortages and relationship be-tween them. It mainly discusses the important roles of the Jerome model and the Horace model...This paper will try to compare the Jerome model with the Horace model to look into advantages, shortages and relationship be-tween them. It mainly discusses the important roles of the Jerome model and the Horace model in turning Chinese from their translation ef-fects. The present article comes to a conclusion that they are opposite, related, complementary, melting and permeating. And it gives us anidea that we should neither praise nor censure either of them, and we should adopt a correct method according to the concrete conditions toachieve a perfect translation effect.展开更多
基金Key Project of Fujian Provincial University Application Technology Engineering Center for E-commerce,“Research on Improving the Risk Relationship Model of Localized Audit Risk Factors in the Digital Economy Background”(Project number:DZSW24-3).
文摘Based on the objective reality that audit risk responsibility has mainly been attributed to certified public accountants in the past,and audit standards have not specifically divided the entities responsible for audit risk responsibility,combined with the understanding of the types of audit risk elements related to audit standards,the differences in the understanding of audit risk and its relationship model application caused by the different audit cultures in China and the West have led to a bias of Chinese certified public accountants to bear inspection risks,which affects their professional enthusiasm and continues to cause accounting firms to be lazy in audit quality management.Based on this,literature research,case analysis,and logical deduction methods were used to redefine the concept of audit risk from the perspective of risk responsibility subjects.The traditional audit risk elements and their relationship models were briefly introduced,and the identification of audit risk elements and optimization of audit risk relationship models were systematically demonstrated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51878354)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiang-su Province(No.BK20181402)+1 种基金Six Peak High-level Talents Project of Jiangsu Provincea Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘In order to investigate the basic mechanical properties and stress strain relationship model for bamboo scrimber manufactured based on a new technique,a large quantities of experiments have been carried out.Based on the analysis of the test results,the following conclusions can be drawn.Two main typical failure modes were classified for bamboo scrimber specimens both under tension parallel to grain and tension perpendicular to grain.Brittle failure happened for all tensile tests.The slope values for the elastic stages have bigger discreteness compared with those for the specimens under tensile parallel to grain.The failure modes for bamboo scrimber specimens under compression parallel to grain could be divided into four.Only one main failure mode happened both for the bending specimens and the shear specimens.With the COV values of 28.64 and 25.72 respectively,the values for the strength and elastic modulus under tensile perpendicular to grain have the largest discreteness for bamboo scrimber.From the point of CHV values,the relationship among the mechanical parameters for bamboo scrimber were proposed based on the test results.Compared with other green building materials,bamboo scrimber manufactured based on a new technique has better mechanical performance and could be used in construction area.Three stress strain relationship models which are four-linear model,quadratic function model,and cubic function model were proposed for bamboo scrimber specimens manufactured based on a new technique.The latter two models gives better prediction for stress strain relationship in elastic plastic stage.
基金supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2009CB421404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41175076)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.11lgjc10)the support of a Direct Grant of the Chinese University of Hong Kong(Grant No.2021105)a Hong Kong Research Grants Council Project(CUHK No.403612)
文摘Precipitation and surface temperature are two important quantities whose variations are closely related through various physical processes. In the present study, we evaluated the precipitation-surface temperature （P-T） relationship in 17 climate models involved in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） for the IPCC Assessment Report version 5. Most models performed reasonably well at simulat- ing the large-scale features of the P-T correlation distribution. Based on the pattern correlation of the P-T correlation distribution, the models performed better in November-December-January-February-March （NDJFM） than in May-June-July-August-September （MJJAS） except for the mid-latitudes of the North- ern Hemisphere, and the performance was generally better over the land than over the ocean. Seasonal dependence was more obvious over the land than over the ocean and was more obvious over the mid- and high-latitudes than over the tropics. All of the models appear to have had difficulty capturing the P-T correlation distribution over the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere in MJJAS. The spatial variabil- ity of the P-T correlation in the models was overestimated compared to observations. This overestimation tended to be larger over the land than over the ocean and larger over the mid- and high-latitudes than over the tropics. Based on analyses of selected model ensemble simulations, the spread of the P-T correlation among the ensemble members appears to have been small. While the performance in the P-T correlation provides a general direction for future improvement of climate models, the specific reasons for the discrep- ancies between models and observations remain to be revealed with detailed and comprehensive evaluations in various aspects.
基金financially supported by the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan(1632014003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31101148 and 31300177)
文摘Understanding the relationship between tree height （H） and diameter at breast height （D） is vital to forest design, monitoring and biomass estimation. We developed an allometric equation model and tested its applicability for unevenly aged stands of moso bamboo forest at a regional scale. Field data were collected for 21 plots. Based on these data, we identified two strong power relationships： a corre- lation between the mean bamboo height （Hm） and the upper mean H （Hu）, and a correlation between the mean D （Din） and the upper mean D （Du）. Simulation results derived from the aUometric equation model were in good agreement with observed culms derived from the field data for the 21 stands, with a root-mean-square error and relative root-mean-square error of 1.40 m and 13.41%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the allometric equation model had a strong predictive power in the unevenly aged stands at a regional scale. In addition, the estimated average height-diameter （H-D） model for South Anhui Province was used to predict H for the same type of bamboo in Hunan Province based on the measured D, and the results were highly similar. The allometric equation model has multiple uses at the regional scale, including the evaluation of the variation in the H- D relationship among regions. The model describes the average H-D relationship without considering the effects caused by variation in site conditions, tree density and other factors.
基金Supported by the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX23_0082)
文摘Breast cancer is presently one of the most common malignancies worldwide,with a higher fatality rate.In this study,a quantitative structure-activity relationship(QSAR)model of compound biological activity and ADMET(Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism,Excretion,Toxicity)properties prediction model were performed using estrogen receptor alpha(ERα)antagonist information collected from compound samples.We first utilized grey relation analysis(GRA)in conjunction with the random forest(RF)algorithm to identify the top 20 molecular descriptor variables that have the greatest influence on biological activity,and then we used Spearman correlation analysis to identify 16 independent variables.Second,a QSAR model of the compound were developed based on BP neural network(BPNN),genetic algorithm optimized BP neural network(GA-BPNN),and support vector regression(SVR).The BPNN,the SVR,and the logistic regression(LR)models were then used to identify and predict the ADMET properties of substances,with the prediction impacts of each model compared and assessed.The results reveal that a SVR model was used in QSAR quantitative prediction,and in the classification prediction of ADMET properties:the SVR model predicts the Caco-2 and hERG(human Ether-a-go-go Related Gene)properties,the LR model predicts the cytochrome P450 enzyme 3A4 subtype(CYP3A4)and Micronucleus(MN)properties,and the BPNN model predicts the Human Oral Bioavailability(HOB)properties.Finally,information entropy theory is used to validate the rationality of variable screening,and sensitivity analysis of the model demonstrates that the constructed model has high accuracy and stability,which can be used as a reference for screening probable active compounds and drug discovery.
文摘A numerical method was used in order to establish the constitutive relationship of sands under different stress paths, Firstly, based on the numerical method modeling the constitutive law of sands, the elastoplastic constitutive relationship of sand was established for three paths： the constant proportion of principle stress path, the conventional triaxial compression （CTC） path, and the p=constant （TC） path. The yield lines of plastic volumetric strain and plastic generalized shear strain were given. Through visualization, the three dimensional surface of the stress-strain relationship in the whole stress field （p, q） obtained under the three paths was plotted. Also, by comparing the stress-strain surfaces and yield locus of the three stress paths, the differences were found to be obvious, which demonstrates that the influence of the stress paths on constitutive law was not neglected. The numerical modeling method overcame the difficulty of finding an analytical expression for plastic potential. The results simulated the experimental data with an accuracy of 90% on average, so the constitutive model established in this paper provides an effective constitutive equation for this kind of engineering, reflecting the effect of practical stress paths that occur in sands.
基金Hong Kong Polytechnic University Under Grant No.1.30.56.A226
文摘The characteristics of seismic ground motions in southern China are difficult to determine statistically due to a lack of strong ground motion data.In this study,a stochastic finite-fault ground motion model was adopted to simulate the seismic ground motions at bedrock for southern China,based on parameters derived from small and medium earthquakes that have occurred in the region.From these,the response spectra was estimated.A set of ground motion attenuation relationships was then developed based on simulated peak ground motions and response spectral parameters through regression,which would be applicable for use in engineering practice.Through comparisons,it was demonstrated that the proposed ground motion relationships are generally consistent with those obtained from other reported ground motion attenuation models for southern China.
文摘On the outskirts of the metropolitan areas in Japan, the rapid development of urban areas and the improvement in transportation networks have brought various land use problems in their wake, including urban diffusion and the phenomenon of urban sprawl. There is a strong need for accurate predictions of land-use change and future urbanization, as well as investigation of the appropriateness of present land use controls and the land use controls that will be required in the future. This study took as its object the outskirts of the Keihanshin (Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe) Metropolitan Area, the second largest conurbation in Japan after the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, and used the digital maps and spatial analysis offered by GIS. It aimed to: 1) describe the characteristics of land use controls, land use and urbanization;2) develop an urbanization prediction model that considers the neighboring relationship of neighboring areas on a 100 m mesh unit;3) apply this model to the study area and verify its validity regarding the conditions of present land use;4) compare urbanization prediction results by this model with the present land use controls;and 5) make predictions for future urbanization and propose remedial measures for future land use controls.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51874188,51927807,41941018 and 51704125)the State Key Laboratory for GeoMechanics and Deep Underground Engineering,China University of Mining&Technology(No.SKLGDUEK1717)+1 种基金the Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of Shandong Province,China(No.2019SDZY04)the Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Youth Innovation Science and Technology Program(No.2019KJG013).
文摘The rock uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)is the basic parameter for support designs in underground engineering.In particular,the rock UCS should be obtained rapidly for underground engineering with complex geological conditions,such as soft rock,fracture areas,and high stress,to adjust the excavation and support plan and ensure construction safety.To solve the problem of obtaining real-time rock UCS at engineering sites,a rock UCS forecast idea is proposed using digital core drilling.The digital core drilling tests and uniaxial compression tests are performed based on the developed rock mass digital drilling system.The results indicate that the drilling parameters are highly responsive to the rock UCS.Based on the cutting and fracture characteristics of the rock digital core drilling,the mechanical analysis of rock cutting provides the digital core drilling strength,and a quantitative relationship model(CDP-UCS model)for the digital core drilling parameters and rock UCS is established.Thus,the digital core drilling-based rock UCS forecast method is proposed to provide a theoretical basis for continuous and quick testing of the surrounding rock UCS.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60804066 and 61165007)the Scientific and Technological Project of Education Department of Jiangxi Province, China (Grant Nos. GJJ12286 and KJLD12068)
文摘Based on the relationship between capacity and load, cascading failure on weighted complex networks is investigated, and a load-capacity optimal relationship （LCOR） model is proposed in this paper. Compared with three other kinds of load- capacity linear or non-linear relationship models in model networks as well as a number of real-world weighted networks including the railway network, the airports network and the metro network, the LCOR model is shown to have the best robustness against cascading failure with less cost. Furthermore, theoretical analysis and computational method of its cost threshold are provided to validate the effectiveness of the LCOR model. The results show that the LCOR model is effective for designing real-world networks with high robustness and less cost against cascading failure.
基金funded by the project of Xinjiang Historical Earthquake Disaster Data Analysis ( CEA_EDEM-201016)
文摘By using the existing historical earthquake investigation data in Xinjiang,this paper obtained the envelope curves of isoseismal maps of 103 destructive earthquakes occurring from 1716 to 2010 after digitization of the data. The author summarized the seismic intensity attenuation laws in the Xinjiang region with the multiple regression fitting method. The intensity attenuation function of the elliptical model was provided and the fitting results in different periods and areas were compared. Finally, the intensity attenuation relationship in the Xinjiang region was obtained by the method of constraining the start and end of the attenuation curves.
文摘This paper will try to compare the Jerome model with the Horace model to look into advantages, shortages and relationship be-tween them. It mainly discusses the important roles of the Jerome model and the Horace model in turning Chinese from their translation ef-fects. The present article comes to a conclusion that they are opposite, related, complementary, melting and permeating. And it gives us anidea that we should neither praise nor censure either of them, and we should adopt a correct method according to the concrete conditions toachieve a perfect translation effect.
