Nanoscale red phosphorus(NRP)was synthesized via a phosphorus-amine dissolution method and immobilized onto mesoporous silica nanospheres(MSNs)to obtain hybrid NRP@MSN particles with improved dispersion stability.Epox...Nanoscale red phosphorus(NRP)was synthesized via a phosphorus-amine dissolution method and immobilized onto mesoporous silica nanospheres(MSNs)to obtain hybrid NRP@MSN particles with improved dispersion stability.Epoxy resin(EP)composites containing 2 wt%fillers were prepared to evaluate their thermal and flame-retardant behaviors.Compared with EP,the NRP@MSNs/EP composite significantly enhanced fire safety,resulting in a 52.8%reduction in the peak heat release rate,a 13.9%decrease in total smoke production,and a 165%increase in char yield.Mechanical testing revealed a notable toughening effect under impact loading.The improved flame retardancy originates from the combined nano-barrier effect of MSNs and the catalytic charring and radical-quenching functions of NRP.This work demonstrates an efficient strategy for stabilizing NRP and highlights its strong potential as an environmentally friendly flame retardant for EP systems.展开更多
Although bimetallic phosphide cocatalysts have attracted considerable interest in photocatalysis research owing to their advantageous thermodynamic characteristics,superstable and efficient cocatalysts have rarely bee...Although bimetallic phosphide cocatalysts have attracted considerable interest in photocatalysis research owing to their advantageous thermodynamic characteristics,superstable and efficient cocatalysts have rarely been produced through the modulation of their structure and composition.In this study,a series of bimetallic nickel-iron phosphide(Ni_(x)Fe_(2-x)P,where 0<x<2)cocatalysts with controllable structures and overpotentials were designed by adjusting the atomic ratio of Ni/Fe onto nonmetallic elemental red phosphorus(RP)for the photocatalytic selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol(BA)coupled with hydrogen production.The catalysts exhibited an outstanding photocatalytic activity for benzaldehyde and a high H_(2)yield.The RP regulated by bimetallic phosphide cocatalysts(Ni_(x)Fe_(2-x)P)demonstrated higher photocatalytic oxidation-reduction activity than that regulated by monometallic phosphide cocatalysts(Ni_(2)P and Fe2P).In particular,the RP regulated by Ni_(1.25)Fe_(0.75)P exhibited the best photocatalytic performance.In addition,experimental and theoretical calculations further illustrated that Ni_(1.25)Fe_(0.75)P,with the optimized electronic structure,possessed good electrical conductivity and provided strong adsorption and abundant active sites,thereby accelerating electron migration and lowering the reaction energy barrier of RP.This finding offers valuable insights into the rational design of highly effective cocatalysts aimed at optimizing the photocatalytic activity of composite photocatalysts.展开更多
Red phosphorus(RP)has been recognized as a promising anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to its high theor-etical capacity and natural abundance.However,the electrochemical performance of RP is restricte...Red phosphorus(RP)has been recognized as a promising anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to its high theor-etical capacity and natural abundance.However,the electrochemical performance of RP is restricted by the critical issues of the large volume variation upon cycling and the low intrinsic electronic conductivity.Herein,a nanocomposite with the structure of well-dispersed RP nanoparticles intimately attached to the surface of two-dimensional Ti_(3)C_(2) nanosheets(NRP/Ti_(3)C_(2))is prepared by a facile chemical precipitation method.The introduction of Ti_(3)C_(2) nanosheets can effectively prevent the RP nano-grains/clusters from agglomeration and growth in the synthesis process.Besides,the flexible Ti_(3)C_(2) sheets can not only function as the mechanical support for accommodating the volume change of RP upon Na+uptake/release process,but also provide an efficient conductive network for electron transportation.Moreover,the shortened ions diffusion distance enabled by the nano feature of RP further favors the electrode reaction kinetics.When employed as anode for SIBs,the synthesized NRP/Ti_(3)C_(2) composite exhibits a reversible capacity of~862 and 576 mAh·g^(-1) at 0.1 and 0.5 A·g^(-1),respectively,as well as a maintained capacity of 525.2 mAh·g^(-1) after 100 cycles at 0.1 A·g^(-1).In addition,the fabricated free-stand-ing NRP/Ti_(3)C_(2) electrode with a capacity of~2.21 mAh·cm-2 and stable electrochemical cycling provides a valid guide toward high-per-formance RP-based anodes for realizing SIBs with high energy density.展开更多
Solar-to-hydrogen conversion through photocatalysis is a sustainable and promising strategy for storing solar energy.Recently,elemental red phosphorus(RP)with broad light absorption has been recognized as a potential ...Solar-to-hydrogen conversion through photocatalysis is a sustainable and promising strategy for storing solar energy.Recently,elemental red phosphorus(RP)with broad light absorption has been recognized as a potential candidate for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution,while challenges remain due to the rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers.In this work,RP modified TiO_(2)hollow spheres were designed and fabricated through the chemical vapor deposition method.The optimal hydrogen production rate reaching 215.5μmol/(g h)over TiO_(2)@RP heterostructure was obtained under simulated solar light irradiation.Experimental results evidenced that the hollow sphere structure and RP light absorber extended light absorption ability,and the heterostructure induced interfacial charge migration facilitated photoinduced charge separation,which benefited the photocatalytic hydrogen production performance.展开更多
Pathogens pose a serious challenge to environmental sanitation and a threat to public health.The frequent use of chemicals for sterilization in recent years has not only caused secondary damage to the environment but ...Pathogens pose a serious challenge to environmental sanitation and a threat to public health.The frequent use of chemicals for sterilization in recent years has not only caused secondary damage to the environment but also increased pathogen resistance to drugs,which further threatens public health.To address this issue,the use of non-chemical antibacterial means has become a new trend for environmental disinfection.In this study,we developed red phosphorus nanoparticles(RPNPs),a safe and degradable photosensitive material with good photocatalytic and photothermal properties.The red phosphorus nanoparticles were prepared using a template method and ultrasonication.Under the irradiation of simulated sunlight for 20 min,the RPNPs exhibited an efficiency of 99.98%in killing Staphylococcus aureus due to their excellent photocatalytic and photothermal abilities.Transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy revealed that the RPNPs exhibited degradability within eight weeks.Both the RPNPs and their degradation products were nontoxic to fibroblast cells.Therefore,such RPNPs are expected to be used as a new type of low-cost,efficient,degradable,biocompatible,and eco-friendly photosensitive material for environmental disinfection.展开更多
Red phosphorus/graphite(P/G) and red phosphorus/carbon nanotube(P/CNT) composites were prepared by ball milling red phosphorus with CNTs and graphite, respectively. The electrochemical results show superior electroche...Red phosphorus/graphite(P/G) and red phosphorus/carbon nanotube(P/CNT) composites were prepared by ball milling red phosphorus with CNTs and graphite, respectively. The electrochemical results show superior electrochemical performances of the P/G and P/CNT composites compared with that of the reference sample milled with Super-P carbon. After 70 cycles, the P/G and P/CNT composites remained771.6 and 431.7 mA h g^(-1), with 68 % and 50 % capacity retention, respectively. With increasing the milling time(20 h), CNTs were cut into short pieces and then broken into carbon rings and sheets which were well mixed with red phosphorus. The morphology of the P/CNT composite can buffer the large volume changes from alloying and de-alloying during cycling, resulting in the enhanced cycling stability.展开更多
Supercapacitors have attracted much attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage.However,material preparation,stability,performance as well as power density limit their applications in many fields.Herein,a...Supercapacitors have attracted much attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage.However,material preparation,stability,performance as well as power density limit their applications in many fields.Herein,a sponge-like red phosphorus@graphene(rP@rGO)negative electrode and a Ni2P positive electrode were prepared using a simple one-step method.Both electrodes showed excellent performances(294 F g^−1 and 1526.6 F g^−1 for rP@rGO and Ni2P,respectively),which seem to be the highest among all rP@rGO-and Ni2P-based electrodes reported so far.The asymmetric solid-state supercapacitor was assembled by sandwiching a gel electrolyte-soaked cellulose paper between rP@rGO and Ni2P as the negative and positive electrodes.Compared to other asymmetric devices,the device,which attained a high operating window of up to 1.6 V,showed high energy and power density values of 41.66 and 1200 W kg−1,respectively.It also has an excellent cyclic stability up to 88%after various consecutive charge/discharge tests.Additionally,the device could power commercial light emitting diodes and fans for 30 s.So,the ease of the synthesis method and excellent performance of the prepared electrode materials mat have significant potential for energy storage applications.展开更多
The inherent difficulty in preservation and processing of conventional red phosphorus flame retardant severely limits its growing applications in polymer materials,thus,there is an urgent need to exploit effective tec...The inherent difficulty in preservation and processing of conventional red phosphorus flame retardant severely limits its growing applications in polymer materials,thus,there is an urgent need to exploit effective technology to modify red phosphorus.Functionalized lignin-based compounds can provide a great potential in improving the preservation and processing of red phosphorus.Here,we prepared melamine modified lignin/aluminum phosphate coated red phosphorus(LMAP@RP)and used it as the flame retardant of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)resin.With 25wt%loading LMAP@RP,the ABS samples show excellent flame inhibiting capacity and reached UL-94 V-0 rating.Cone calorimetry test results show that the peak heat release rate,total heat release and total smoke release of ABS/25LMAP@RP are reduced strikingly by 64.6%,49.3%,and 30.1%,respectively.The char residue is 15.36wt%and the char layer is continuous and dense.The outstanding flame retardant and smoke-suppressant performances of LMAP@RP show its application prospect for ABS.展开更多
A simple approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of red phosphorus（P） was developed.A mechanical ball milling method was applied to reduce the size of red P and to deposit graphene quantum dots onto red P. T...A simple approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of red phosphorus（P） was developed.A mechanical ball milling method was applied to reduce the size of red P and to deposit graphene quantum dots onto red P. The product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, zeta-potential measurements, X-ray diffraction and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The product exhibited high visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance in the photodegradation of rhodamine B.展开更多
Red phosphorus(RP) is a promising visible-light-driven semiconductor for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution,but the activity is restricted due to the rapid charge carrier recombination and sluggish surface reaction kin...Red phosphorus(RP) is a promising visible-light-driven semiconductor for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution,but the activity is restricted due to the rapid charge carrier recombination and sluggish surface reaction kinetics.Herein,cobalt phosphide(CoP_(2)) modified RP heterostructure was developed by in situ phosphorization of cobalt oxide from phosphorus vapor.By tuning the amounts of CoP_(2) in the heterostructure,the optimized hybrid exhibited a HER rate reaching 11.79 μmol h^(-1) under visible light illumination,which is 3.5 times higher than that of the RP with Pt as cocatalyst.It was experimentally indicated that the intimate interaction between CoP_(2) and RP gave rise to improved visible light absorption and accelerated photogenerated electron-holes separation.Moreover,the CoP_(2) as a noble-metal-free cocatalyst could promote the surface hydrogen evolution reaction,which synergetic benefited the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity.展开更多
The practical applications of high-capacity alloy-type anode materials in sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are challenged by their vast volume effects and resulting unstable electrode-electrolyte interphases during discharge...The practical applications of high-capacity alloy-type anode materials in sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are challenged by their vast volume effects and resulting unstable electrode-electrolyte interphases during discharge-charge cycling.Taking red phosphorus(P)/carbon anode material as an example,we report an on-site conversion reaction to intentionally eliminate the volume effect-dominated surface P and yield an ionically conducting layer of Na3PS4solid-state electrolyte on the composite.Such a surface reconstruction can significantly suppress the electrode swelling and simultaneously enable the activation energy of interfacial Na+transfer as low as 36.7 k J mol^(-1),resulting in excellent electrode stability and ultrafast reaction kinetics.Consequently,excellent cycling performance(510 mA h g^(-1)at 5 A g^(-1)after 1000 cycles with a tiny capacity fading rate of 0.016%per cycle)and outstanding rate capability(484 mA h g^(-1)at 10 A g^(-1)are achieved in half cells.When coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO4)3cathode,the full cells exhibit 100%capacity retention over 200 cycles at 5C with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.93%and a high energy density of 125.5 W h kg^(-1)at a power density of 8215.6 W kg^(-1)(charge or discharge within~49 s).Remarkably,the full cell can steadily operate at a high areal capacity of 1.9 mA h cm^(-2),the highest level among red P-based full SIBs ever reported.展开更多
Red phosphorus has been well-recognized as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)due to its extremely high theoretical capacity and low cost.However,the huge volume ...Red phosphorus has been well-recognized as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)due to its extremely high theoretical capacity and low cost.However,the huge volume change and poor electric conductivity severely limit its further practical application.Herein,the nanoscale ultrafine red phosphorus has been successfully confined in a three-dimensional pitch-based porous carbon skeleton composed of well-interconnected carbon nanosheets through the vaporization-condensation method.Except for the traditional requirement of high electric conductivity and stable mechanical stability,the micropores and small mesopores in the porous carbon matrix centered at 1 to 3 nm and the abundant amount of oxygen-containing functional groups are also beneficial for the high loading and dispersion of red phosphorus.As anode for LIBs,the composite exhibits high reversible discharge capacities of 968 mAh g^(-1),excellent rate capabilities of 593 mAh g^(-1)at 2 A g^(-1),and long cycle performance of 557 mAh g^(-1)at 2 A g^(-1).More impressively,as the anode for PIBs,the composite presents a high reversible capacity of 661 mAh g^(-1)and a stable capacity of 312 mAh g^(-1)at 0.5 A g^(-1)for 500 cycles with a capacity retention up to 84.3%.This work not only sheds light on the structure design of carbon hosts with specific pore structure but also open an avenue for high value-added utilization of coal tar pitch.展开更多
Secondary batteries are widely used in energy storage equipment.To obtain high-performance batteries,the development and utilization of electrode materials with cheap price and ideal theoretical gravimetric and volume...Secondary batteries are widely used in energy storage equipment.To obtain high-performance batteries,the development and utilization of electrode materials with cheap price and ideal theoretical gravimetric and volumetric specific capacities have become particularly important.Naturally abundant and low-cost red phosphorus(RP)is recognized as an anode material with great promise because it has a theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g^(-1) in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,owing to the inferior discharging,the capacity of pure RP has a fast decay.Nanoconfinement of RP nanoparticles within porous carbon framework is one of the efficient methods to overcome these problems.In this review,we introduce the recent progress of RP confinement into carbon matrix as an energy storage anode material in LIBs,SIBs and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).The synthetic strategies,lithiation/sodia tion/potassiation mechanism,and the electrochemical performances of RP/carbon composites(RP/C)with kinds of designed structures and P-C and P-O-C bond by kinds of methods are included.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of RP faced in the application development as anodes for LIBs/SIBs/PIBs are covered.This review will strengthen the understanding of composites of RP nanoparticles in porous carbon materials and aid researchers to carry out future work rationally.展开更多
Red phosphorus(RP),owing to its abundance and stable chemical properties,has been considered a promising highcapacity anode material for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,commercial red phosphorus(CRP)generally exist...Red phosphorus(RP),owing to its abundance and stable chemical properties,has been considered a promising highcapacity anode material for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,commercial red phosphorus(CRP)generally exists in bulk form with particle sizes ranging from micrometers to centimeters.This morphology leads to severe volume expansion during(de)sodiation and intrinsically low electronic conductivity,resulting in poor electrochemical performance.Consequently,the large-scale synthesis of uniform nanosized RP remains a major challenge.In this work,an economical and scalable method was developed for the large-scale synthesis of nanosized red phosphorus(NRP)spheres directly from CRP.The synthesis process was systematically investigated using complementary spectroscopic techniques,including Raman spectroscopy,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses.This strategy not only mitigated the volume expansion upon Na+(de)intercalation but also improved electronic conductivity during cycling,as evidenced by in-situ transmission electron microscopy analysis.By uniformly dispersing NRP spheres on a graphene oxide(GO)substrate,the composite anodes exhibited enhanced electrochemical performance with superior(dis)charge performance and cycling stability.The NRP/GO composite electrode achieved a capacity retention of 97.7%after 100 cycles.This work provides a feasible route for commercial NRP preparation for high-capacity,longlife SIB anodes and offers new insights into structural design for performance optimization.展开更多
Photocatalytic water bacterial inactivation is a promising strategy for microorganism removal from water,but the fabrication of efficient visible light-driven photocatalytic disinfection materials remains a challenge....Photocatalytic water bacterial inactivation is a promising strategy for microorganism removal from water,but the fabrication of efficient visible light-driven photocatalytic disinfection materials remains a challenge.Herein,In_(2)O_(3)/red phosphorus(In_(2)O_(3)/RP)hollow fibers were created through a chemical vapor deposition strategy to enhance photocatalytic water disinfection efficiency.The optimized In_(2)O_(3)/RP heterostructure exhibited rapid and effective bacterial inactivation of Escherichia coli(7-log CFU·mL^(−1))within 10 min under white light-emitting device(LED)illumination.The enhanced photocatalytic bacterial inactivation performance can be attributed to the synergistic improvement in light absorption by RP decoration,as well as the enhanced charge separation and migration capacity at the interface between RP and In_(2)O_(3).This led to the more unpaired photogenerated carriers transfer to the photocatalysts surface,thus promoting the production of photoexcited holes,·O_(2)^(−),and·OH radicals essential for efficient destruction of bacterial cells.展开更多
Ball milling is a prevalent technique for synthesizing phosphorus/carbon(P/C)anodes,conventionally deemed inherently safe due to the presumed avoidance of toxic white phosphorus(WP)formation.Challenging this widesprea...Ball milling is a prevalent technique for synthesizing phosphorus/carbon(P/C)anodes,conventionally deemed inherently safe due to the presumed avoidance of toxic white phosphorus(WP)formation.Challenging this widespread assumption,this study firstly reveals the overlooked generation of WP during the P/C ball milling process,highlighting a significant and unrecognized hazard.To counteract this critical issue,an effective sulfur(S8)co-ball milling strategy is introduced,which not only suppresses WP formation but also promotes phosphorus polysulfide(P4Sn)generation.Critically,P4Sn converts in situ to Na3PS4 solid electrolyte upon initial sodiation,establishing an integrated three-dimensional(3D)ionic network throughout the electrode matrix.This facilitates rapid Na+transport,especially beneficial for high-mass-loading electrodes.Consequently,the S-P/C electrode with 3.0 mg·cm^(-2) demonstrates superior rate capability(424 mAh·g^(-1) at 5.0 A·g^(-1))and excellent cyclic stability(86.9% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 5.0 A·g^(-1))in half-cells.Furthermore,sodium-ion full cells pairing this anode with a high-loading Na3V2(PO_(4))_(3) cathode(~12.0 mg·cm^(-2))demonstrate remarkable electrochemical performance.展开更多
Phosphorus,particularly the red phosphorus(RP)allotrope,has been extensively studied as an anode material in both lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and emerging sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).RP is featured with high theoretical...Phosphorus,particularly the red phosphorus(RP)allotrope,has been extensively studied as an anode material in both lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and emerging sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).RP is featured with high theoretical capacity(2,596 mA h g^(−1)),suitable low redox potential(~0.7/0.4 V for LIBs/SIBs),abundant resources,and environmental friendliness.Despite its promises,the inherent poor electrical conductivity of RP(-10^(-14) S cm^(−1))and significant volume changes during charge/discharge processes(>300%)compromise its cycling stability.In order to address these issues,various countermeasures have been proposed,focusing on the incorporation of materials that provide high conductivity and mechanical strength in composite-type anodes.In addition,the interfacialinstability,oxidation,and safety concerns and the low mass ratio of active material in the electrode need to be addressed.Herein,this review summarizes the up-to-date development in RP materials,outlines the challenges,and presents corresponding countermeasures aimed to enhance the electrochemical performance.It covers aspects such as the structural design of RP,the choice of the additive materials and electrolytes,rational electrode construction,etc.The review also discusses the future prospects of RP for LIBs/SIBs and aims to provide a different perspective on the challenges that must be overcome to fully exploit the potential of RP and meet commercial application requirements.展开更多
Bone-implant materials are important for bone repairing and orthopedics surgery,which include bone plates and bone nails.These materials need to be designed not only considering its biostability and biocompatibility,b...Bone-implant materials are important for bone repairing and orthopedics surgery,which include bone plates and bone nails.These materials need to be designed not only considering its biostability and biocompatibility,but also their by-products induced infection after therapy or long-time treatment in vivo.Thus,the development of novel implant materials is quite urgent.Red phosphorus has great biocompatibility and exhibits efficient photothermal ability.Herein,a red phosphorus/IR780/arginine-glycine-asparticacid-cysteine(RGDC)coating on titanium bone-implant was prepared.The temperature sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is enhanced in the presence of ROS produced by IR780 with 808 nm light irradiation.With keeping the cells and tissues normal,a high antibacterial performance can be realized by near-infrared(808 nm)irradiated within 10 min at 50℃.Besides the high effective antibacterial efficacy provided by photothermal therapy(PTT)and photodynamic therapy(PDT),the RGDC decorated surface can also possess an excellent performance in osteogenesis in vivo.展开更多
Red phosphorus has received remarkable attention as a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries(NIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application has been impeded by its intrinsic ...Red phosphorus has received remarkable attention as a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries(NIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application has been impeded by its intrinsic low electronic conductivity and large volume variations during sodiation/desodiation process. Here, we design a composite to confine nanosized red phosphorus into the hierarchically porous carbon(HPC) walls by a vaporization-condensation strategy. The mass loading of P in the HPC/P composite is optimized to deliver a reversible specific capacity of 2,202 m Ah/gpbased on the mass of red P(836 m Ah/gcompositebased on the total composite mass), a high capacity retention over 77% after100 cycles, and excellent rate performance of 929 m Ah/gpat 2 C. The hierarchical porous carbon serves as the conductive networks, downsize the red phosphorus to nanoscale, and provide free space to accommodate the large volume expansions. The suppressed mechanical failure of the red phosphorus also enhances the stability of solid-electrolyte interface(SEI) layer, which is confirmed by the microscopy and impedance spectroscopy after the cycling tests. Our studies provide a feasible approach for potentially viable high-capacity NIB anode.展开更多
Red phosphorus-carbon nanotube （P@CNT） composites were synthesized as anodes for advanced lithium ion batteries via a facile solution-based method at room temperature. In these composites, the entangled P@CNT nanost...Red phosphorus-carbon nanotube （P@CNT） composites were synthesized as anodes for advanced lithium ion batteries via a facile solution-based method at room temperature. In these composites, the entangled P@CNT nanostructure reduced the aggregation of both components and allowed their complete utilization in a synergetic manner. The highly conductive and porous CNT framework, along with the nanoscale red P particles intimately anchored on the CNT surface, conferred the composite with excellent ion/electron transport properties. Volume expansion within the red P particles was mitigated by their amorphous and nanoscale features, which can be well buffered by the soft CNTs, therefore maintaining an integrated electrode structure during cycling. When used as an anode in lithium ion batteries, the composite exhibited a reversible capacity of 960 mAh·g^-1 （based on the overall weight of the composite） after 120 cycles at 200 mA·g^-1. The composite also delivered excellent high-rate capability with capacities of 886, 847, and 784 mAh·g^-1 at current densities of 2,000, 4,000, and 10,000 mA·g^-1 respectively, which reveals its potential as a high performance anode for lithium ion batteries.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22175167 and 22375195)the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Anhui Province(No.2308085J05)This work was also partially carried out at the Instruments Center for Physical Science,University of Science and Technology of China,and partially performed using the services from Scientific Compass(www.shiyanjia.com).
文摘Nanoscale red phosphorus(NRP)was synthesized via a phosphorus-amine dissolution method and immobilized onto mesoporous silica nanospheres(MSNs)to obtain hybrid NRP@MSN particles with improved dispersion stability.Epoxy resin(EP)composites containing 2 wt%fillers were prepared to evaluate their thermal and flame-retardant behaviors.Compared with EP,the NRP@MSNs/EP composite significantly enhanced fire safety,resulting in a 52.8%reduction in the peak heat release rate,a 13.9%decrease in total smoke production,and a 165%increase in char yield.Mechanical testing revealed a notable toughening effect under impact loading.The improved flame retardancy originates from the combined nano-barrier effect of MSNs and the catalytic charring and radical-quenching functions of NRP.This work demonstrates an efficient strategy for stabilizing NRP and highlights its strong potential as an environmentally friendly flame retardant for EP systems.
文摘Although bimetallic phosphide cocatalysts have attracted considerable interest in photocatalysis research owing to their advantageous thermodynamic characteristics,superstable and efficient cocatalysts have rarely been produced through the modulation of their structure and composition.In this study,a series of bimetallic nickel-iron phosphide(Ni_(x)Fe_(2-x)P,where 0<x<2)cocatalysts with controllable structures and overpotentials were designed by adjusting the atomic ratio of Ni/Fe onto nonmetallic elemental red phosphorus(RP)for the photocatalytic selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol(BA)coupled with hydrogen production.The catalysts exhibited an outstanding photocatalytic activity for benzaldehyde and a high H_(2)yield.The RP regulated by bimetallic phosphide cocatalysts(Ni_(x)Fe_(2-x)P)demonstrated higher photocatalytic oxidation-reduction activity than that regulated by monometallic phosphide cocatalysts(Ni_(2)P and Fe2P).In particular,the RP regulated by Ni_(1.25)Fe_(0.75)P exhibited the best photocatalytic performance.In addition,experimental and theoretical calculations further illustrated that Ni_(1.25)Fe_(0.75)P,with the optimized electronic structure,possessed good electrical conductivity and provided strong adsorption and abundant active sites,thereby accelerating electron migration and lowering the reaction energy barrier of RP.This finding offers valuable insights into the rational design of highly effective cocatalysts aimed at optimizing the photocatalytic activity of composite photocatalysts.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U23B20171)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2023YFE0119500 and 2024YFB2408303).
文摘Red phosphorus(RP)has been recognized as a promising anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to its high theor-etical capacity and natural abundance.However,the electrochemical performance of RP is restricted by the critical issues of the large volume variation upon cycling and the low intrinsic electronic conductivity.Herein,a nanocomposite with the structure of well-dispersed RP nanoparticles intimately attached to the surface of two-dimensional Ti_(3)C_(2) nanosheets(NRP/Ti_(3)C_(2))is prepared by a facile chemical precipitation method.The introduction of Ti_(3)C_(2) nanosheets can effectively prevent the RP nano-grains/clusters from agglomeration and growth in the synthesis process.Besides,the flexible Ti_(3)C_(2) sheets can not only function as the mechanical support for accommodating the volume change of RP upon Na+uptake/release process,but also provide an efficient conductive network for electron transportation.Moreover,the shortened ions diffusion distance enabled by the nano feature of RP further favors the electrode reaction kinetics.When employed as anode for SIBs,the synthesized NRP/Ti_(3)C_(2) composite exhibits a reversible capacity of~862 and 576 mAh·g^(-1) at 0.1 and 0.5 A·g^(-1),respectively,as well as a maintained capacity of 525.2 mAh·g^(-1) after 100 cycles at 0.1 A·g^(-1).In addition,the fabricated free-stand-ing NRP/Ti_(3)C_(2) electrode with a capacity of~2.21 mAh·cm-2 and stable electrochemical cycling provides a valid guide toward high-per-formance RP-based anodes for realizing SIBs with high energy density.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51672143,51808303,52102362)Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province,Outstanding Youth of Natural Science in Shandong Province(No.JQ201713)+2 种基金Applied Basic Research of Qingdao City(Special Youth Project)(No.19-6-2-74-cg)State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles(Qingdao University)(Nos.ZKT-25,ZKT-26,and ZKT-30)Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges in Shandong Province(No.DC2000000961)。
文摘Solar-to-hydrogen conversion through photocatalysis is a sustainable and promising strategy for storing solar energy.Recently,elemental red phosphorus(RP)with broad light absorption has been recognized as a potential candidate for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution,while challenges remain due to the rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers.In this work,RP modified TiO_(2)hollow spheres were designed and fabricated through the chemical vapor deposition method.The optimal hydrogen production rate reaching 215.5μmol/(g h)over TiO_(2)@RP heterostructure was obtained under simulated solar light irradiation.Experimental results evidenced that the hollow sphere structure and RP light absorber extended light absorption ability,and the heterostructure induced interfacial charge migration facilitated photoinduced charge separation,which benefited the photocatalytic hydrogen production performance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51801056)the National Natural Science Foundation of China key program(No.51631007)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51671081,51871162)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.51925104)the Natural Science Fund of Hubei Province(No.2018CFA064)。
文摘Pathogens pose a serious challenge to environmental sanitation and a threat to public health.The frequent use of chemicals for sterilization in recent years has not only caused secondary damage to the environment but also increased pathogen resistance to drugs,which further threatens public health.To address this issue,the use of non-chemical antibacterial means has become a new trend for environmental disinfection.In this study,we developed red phosphorus nanoparticles(RPNPs),a safe and degradable photosensitive material with good photocatalytic and photothermal properties.The red phosphorus nanoparticles were prepared using a template method and ultrasonication.Under the irradiation of simulated sunlight for 20 min,the RPNPs exhibited an efficiency of 99.98%in killing Staphylococcus aureus due to their excellent photocatalytic and photothermal abilities.Transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy revealed that the RPNPs exhibited degradability within eight weeks.Both the RPNPs and their degradation products were nontoxic to fibroblast cells.Therefore,such RPNPs are expected to be used as a new type of low-cost,efficient,degradable,biocompatible,and eco-friendly photosensitive material for environmental disinfection.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.51801136,51701142,and 51871165)the Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DECRA,No.DE180101478) of the Australian Research Council。
文摘Red phosphorus/graphite(P/G) and red phosphorus/carbon nanotube(P/CNT) composites were prepared by ball milling red phosphorus with CNTs and graphite, respectively. The electrochemical results show superior electrochemical performances of the P/G and P/CNT composites compared with that of the reference sample milled with Super-P carbon. After 70 cycles, the P/G and P/CNT composites remained771.6 and 431.7 mA h g^(-1), with 68 % and 50 % capacity retention, respectively. With increasing the milling time(20 h), CNTs were cut into short pieces and then broken into carbon rings and sheets which were well mixed with red phosphorus. The morphology of the P/CNT composite can buffer the large volume changes from alloying and de-alloying during cycling, resulting in the enhanced cycling stability.
基金supported by Basic Sci-ence Research Program through National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)founded by the ministry of Education(NRF-2017R1D1A1B03030456)
文摘Supercapacitors have attracted much attention in the field of electrochemical energy storage.However,material preparation,stability,performance as well as power density limit their applications in many fields.Herein,a sponge-like red phosphorus@graphene(rP@rGO)negative electrode and a Ni2P positive electrode were prepared using a simple one-step method.Both electrodes showed excellent performances(294 F g^−1 and 1526.6 F g^−1 for rP@rGO and Ni2P,respectively),which seem to be the highest among all rP@rGO-and Ni2P-based electrodes reported so far.The asymmetric solid-state supercapacitor was assembled by sandwiching a gel electrolyte-soaked cellulose paper between rP@rGO and Ni2P as the negative and positive electrodes.Compared to other asymmetric devices,the device,which attained a high operating window of up to 1.6 V,showed high energy and power density values of 41.66 and 1200 W kg−1,respectively.It also has an excellent cyclic stability up to 88%after various consecutive charge/discharge tests.Additionally,the device could power commercial light emitting diodes and fans for 30 s.So,the ease of the synthesis method and excellent performance of the prepared electrode materials mat have significant potential for energy storage applications.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51503041)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(No.2018J01752)。
文摘The inherent difficulty in preservation and processing of conventional red phosphorus flame retardant severely limits its growing applications in polymer materials,thus,there is an urgent need to exploit effective technology to modify red phosphorus.Functionalized lignin-based compounds can provide a great potential in improving the preservation and processing of red phosphorus.Here,we prepared melamine modified lignin/aluminum phosphate coated red phosphorus(LMAP@RP)and used it as the flame retardant of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)resin.With 25wt%loading LMAP@RP,the ABS samples show excellent flame inhibiting capacity and reached UL-94 V-0 rating.Cone calorimetry test results show that the peak heat release rate,total heat release and total smoke release of ABS/25LMAP@RP are reduced strikingly by 64.6%,49.3%,and 30.1%,respectively.The char residue is 15.36wt%and the char layer is continuous and dense.The outstanding flame retardant and smoke-suppressant performances of LMAP@RP show its application prospect for ABS.
基金partially supported by grants from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Nos. 404112 and T23-407/13-N)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21173179)a grant from the Vice-Chancellor's One-off Discretionary Fund of The Chinese University of Hong Kong (No. VCF2014016)
文摘A simple approach to enhance the photocatalytic activity of red phosphorus（P） was developed.A mechanical ball milling method was applied to reduce the size of red P and to deposit graphene quantum dots onto red P. The product was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, zeta-potential measurements, X-ray diffraction and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The product exhibited high visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance in the photodegradation of rhodamine B.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51672143,51808303,52102362)Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province(ts201712030)+5 种基金Outstanding Youth of Natural Science in Shandong Province(JQ201713)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.ZR2021QB022,ZR2021ME012)Applied Basic Research of Qingdao City(Special Youth Project)(19-6-2-74-cg)Qingdao Science and Technology Plan Key Research and Development Special Project No.21-1-2-17-xxState Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles(Qingdao University)(Nos.ZKT-25,ZKT-26,ZKT-30,ZDKT202105)Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges in Shandong Province(DC2000000961)。
文摘Red phosphorus(RP) is a promising visible-light-driven semiconductor for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution,but the activity is restricted due to the rapid charge carrier recombination and sluggish surface reaction kinetics.Herein,cobalt phosphide(CoP_(2)) modified RP heterostructure was developed by in situ phosphorization of cobalt oxide from phosphorus vapor.By tuning the amounts of CoP_(2) in the heterostructure,the optimized hybrid exhibited a HER rate reaching 11.79 μmol h^(-1) under visible light illumination,which is 3.5 times higher than that of the RP with Pt as cocatalyst.It was experimentally indicated that the intimate interaction between CoP_(2) and RP gave rise to improved visible light absorption and accelerated photogenerated electron-holes separation.Moreover,the CoP_(2) as a noble-metal-free cocatalyst could promote the surface hydrogen evolution reaction,which synergetic benefited the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51976143)the Guangdong Key Areas Research and Development Program(2020B090904001 and 2019B090909003)。
文摘The practical applications of high-capacity alloy-type anode materials in sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)are challenged by their vast volume effects and resulting unstable electrode-electrolyte interphases during discharge-charge cycling.Taking red phosphorus(P)/carbon anode material as an example,we report an on-site conversion reaction to intentionally eliminate the volume effect-dominated surface P and yield an ionically conducting layer of Na3PS4solid-state electrolyte on the composite.Such a surface reconstruction can significantly suppress the electrode swelling and simultaneously enable the activation energy of interfacial Na+transfer as low as 36.7 k J mol^(-1),resulting in excellent electrode stability and ultrafast reaction kinetics.Consequently,excellent cycling performance(510 mA h g^(-1)at 5 A g^(-1)after 1000 cycles with a tiny capacity fading rate of 0.016%per cycle)and outstanding rate capability(484 mA h g^(-1)at 10 A g^(-1)are achieved in half cells.When coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO4)3cathode,the full cells exhibit 100%capacity retention over 200 cycles at 5C with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.93%and a high energy density of 125.5 W h kg^(-1)at a power density of 8215.6 W kg^(-1)(charge or discharge within~49 s).Remarkably,the full cell can steadily operate at a high areal capacity of 1.9 mA h cm^(-2),the highest level among red P-based full SIBs ever reported.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52071171,52202248,22208138)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2020-MS-137,2023-MS-140)+7 种基金Doctoral Start-up Foundation of Liaoning Province,China(2020-BS-081)Australian Research Council(ARC)through Future Fellowship(FT210100298,FT210100806)Discovery Project(DP220100603)Linkage Project(LP210100467,LP210200504,LP210200345,LP220100088)Industrial Transformation Training center(IC180100005)schemesCSIRO Energy center and Kick-Start Project,and the Australian Government through the Cooperative Research Centres Projects(CRCPXIII000077)Young Scientific Project of the Department of Education of Liaoning Province(LJKQZ20222263,LQN202008)Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and High Valued Utilization,Anhui University of Technology(CHV22-05).
文摘Red phosphorus has been well-recognized as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)due to its extremely high theoretical capacity and low cost.However,the huge volume change and poor electric conductivity severely limit its further practical application.Herein,the nanoscale ultrafine red phosphorus has been successfully confined in a three-dimensional pitch-based porous carbon skeleton composed of well-interconnected carbon nanosheets through the vaporization-condensation method.Except for the traditional requirement of high electric conductivity and stable mechanical stability,the micropores and small mesopores in the porous carbon matrix centered at 1 to 3 nm and the abundant amount of oxygen-containing functional groups are also beneficial for the high loading and dispersion of red phosphorus.As anode for LIBs,the composite exhibits high reversible discharge capacities of 968 mAh g^(-1),excellent rate capabilities of 593 mAh g^(-1)at 2 A g^(-1),and long cycle performance of 557 mAh g^(-1)at 2 A g^(-1).More impressively,as the anode for PIBs,the composite presents a high reversible capacity of 661 mAh g^(-1)and a stable capacity of 312 mAh g^(-1)at 0.5 A g^(-1)for 500 cycles with a capacity retention up to 84.3%.This work not only sheds light on the structure design of carbon hosts with specific pore structure but also open an avenue for high value-added utilization of coal tar pitch.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51808303 and 51672143)the Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges in Shandong Province(DC2000000961)+2 种基金the Taishan Scholar Program,Outstanding Youth of Natural Science in Shandong Province(JQ201713)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2019BEE027)the State Key Laboratory of BioFibers and Eco-Textiles(Qingdao University,No.ZKT25 and ZKT30)。
文摘Secondary batteries are widely used in energy storage equipment.To obtain high-performance batteries,the development and utilization of electrode materials with cheap price and ideal theoretical gravimetric and volumetric specific capacities have become particularly important.Naturally abundant and low-cost red phosphorus(RP)is recognized as an anode material with great promise because it has a theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g^(-1) in lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,owing to the inferior discharging,the capacity of pure RP has a fast decay.Nanoconfinement of RP nanoparticles within porous carbon framework is one of the efficient methods to overcome these problems.In this review,we introduce the recent progress of RP confinement into carbon matrix as an energy storage anode material in LIBs,SIBs and potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).The synthetic strategies,lithiation/sodia tion/potassiation mechanism,and the electrochemical performances of RP/carbon composites(RP/C)with kinds of designed structures and P-C and P-O-C bond by kinds of methods are included.Finally,the challenges and perspectives of RP faced in the application development as anodes for LIBs/SIBs/PIBs are covered.This review will strengthen the understanding of composites of RP nanoparticles in porous carbon materials and aid researchers to carry out future work rationally.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.U2230102)the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(grant no.23QA1403700)the Shanghai Technical Service Center of Science and Engineering Computing,Shanghai University。
文摘Red phosphorus(RP),owing to its abundance and stable chemical properties,has been considered a promising highcapacity anode material for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).However,commercial red phosphorus(CRP)generally exists in bulk form with particle sizes ranging from micrometers to centimeters.This morphology leads to severe volume expansion during(de)sodiation and intrinsically low electronic conductivity,resulting in poor electrochemical performance.Consequently,the large-scale synthesis of uniform nanosized RP remains a major challenge.In this work,an economical and scalable method was developed for the large-scale synthesis of nanosized red phosphorus(NRP)spheres directly from CRP.The synthesis process was systematically investigated using complementary spectroscopic techniques,including Raman spectroscopy,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses.This strategy not only mitigated the volume expansion upon Na+(de)intercalation but also improved electronic conductivity during cycling,as evidenced by in-situ transmission electron microscopy analysis.By uniformly dispersing NRP spheres on a graphene oxide(GO)substrate,the composite anodes exhibited enhanced electrochemical performance with superior(dis)charge performance and cycling stability.The NRP/GO composite electrode achieved a capacity retention of 97.7%after 100 cycles.This work provides a feasible route for commercial NRP preparation for high-capacity,longlife SIB anodes and offers new insights into structural design for performance optimization.
基金supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2021QB022)Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province(No.tstp20230665)+3 种基金Technology Support Program for Youth Innovation Team of Shandong Universities(No.2023KJ225)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62004143)the Key R&D Program of Hubei Province(No.2022BAA084)Shandong Provincial Key Medical and Health Discipline of Oral Medicine(Qingdao University Affiliated Qingdao Stomatological Hospital)(2025-2027).
文摘Photocatalytic water bacterial inactivation is a promising strategy for microorganism removal from water,but the fabrication of efficient visible light-driven photocatalytic disinfection materials remains a challenge.Herein,In_(2)O_(3)/red phosphorus(In_(2)O_(3)/RP)hollow fibers were created through a chemical vapor deposition strategy to enhance photocatalytic water disinfection efficiency.The optimized In_(2)O_(3)/RP heterostructure exhibited rapid and effective bacterial inactivation of Escherichia coli(7-log CFU·mL^(−1))within 10 min under white light-emitting device(LED)illumination.The enhanced photocatalytic bacterial inactivation performance can be attributed to the synergistic improvement in light absorption by RP decoration,as well as the enhanced charge separation and migration capacity at the interface between RP and In_(2)O_(3).This led to the more unpaired photogenerated carriers transfer to the photocatalysts surface,thus promoting the production of photoexcited holes,·O_(2)^(−),and·OH radicals essential for efficient destruction of bacterial cells.
基金supported by State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing(Wuhan University of Technology)(No.2024-KF-14)supported by the National energy key laboratory for new hydrogen ammonia energy technologies,Foshan Xianhu Laboratory(No.XHRD2023-009)the provincial key research and development(R&D)program of Hubei(No.2023BAB005).
文摘Ball milling is a prevalent technique for synthesizing phosphorus/carbon(P/C)anodes,conventionally deemed inherently safe due to the presumed avoidance of toxic white phosphorus(WP)formation.Challenging this widespread assumption,this study firstly reveals the overlooked generation of WP during the P/C ball milling process,highlighting a significant and unrecognized hazard.To counteract this critical issue,an effective sulfur(S8)co-ball milling strategy is introduced,which not only suppresses WP formation but also promotes phosphorus polysulfide(P4Sn)generation.Critically,P4Sn converts in situ to Na3PS4 solid electrolyte upon initial sodiation,establishing an integrated three-dimensional(3D)ionic network throughout the electrode matrix.This facilitates rapid Na+transport,especially beneficial for high-mass-loading electrodes.Consequently,the S-P/C electrode with 3.0 mg·cm^(-2) demonstrates superior rate capability(424 mAh·g^(-1) at 5.0 A·g^(-1))and excellent cyclic stability(86.9% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 5.0 A·g^(-1))in half-cells.Furthermore,sodium-ion full cells pairing this anode with a high-loading Na3V2(PO_(4))_(3) cathode(~12.0 mg·cm^(-2))demonstrate remarkable electrochemical performance.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074023)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(2222062)the National KeyR&D Program of China(2023YFE0119500).
文摘Phosphorus,particularly the red phosphorus(RP)allotrope,has been extensively studied as an anode material in both lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and emerging sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).RP is featured with high theoretical capacity(2,596 mA h g^(−1)),suitable low redox potential(~0.7/0.4 V for LIBs/SIBs),abundant resources,and environmental friendliness.Despite its promises,the inherent poor electrical conductivity of RP(-10^(-14) S cm^(−1))and significant volume changes during charge/discharge processes(>300%)compromise its cycling stability.In order to address these issues,various countermeasures have been proposed,focusing on the incorporation of materials that provide high conductivity and mechanical strength in composite-type anodes.In addition,the interfacialinstability,oxidation,and safety concerns and the low mass ratio of active material in the electrode need to be addressed.Herein,this review summarizes the up-to-date development in RP materials,outlines the challenges,and presents corresponding countermeasures aimed to enhance the electrochemical performance.It covers aspects such as the structural design of RP,the choice of the additive materials and electrolytes,rational electrode construction,etc.The review also discusses the future prospects of RP for LIBs/SIBs and aims to provide a different perspective on the challenges that must be overcome to fully exploit the potential of RP and meet commercial application requirements.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China No.2016YFC1100600(sub-project 2016YFC1100604)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.51671081,51871162,51801056 and 51422102Natural Science Fund of Hubei Province,2018CFA064.
文摘Bone-implant materials are important for bone repairing and orthopedics surgery,which include bone plates and bone nails.These materials need to be designed not only considering its biostability and biocompatibility,but also their by-products induced infection after therapy or long-time treatment in vivo.Thus,the development of novel implant materials is quite urgent.Red phosphorus has great biocompatibility and exhibits efficient photothermal ability.Herein,a red phosphorus/IR780/arginine-glycine-asparticacid-cysteine(RGDC)coating on titanium bone-implant was prepared.The temperature sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm is enhanced in the presence of ROS produced by IR780 with 808 nm light irradiation.With keeping the cells and tissues normal,a high antibacterial performance can be realized by near-infrared(808 nm)irradiated within 10 min at 50℃.Besides the high effective antibacterial efficacy provided by photothermal therapy(PTT)and photodynamic therapy(PDT),the RGDC decorated surface can also possess an excellent performance in osteogenesis in vivo.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51603013,61574018,and 21606050)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)+1 种基金‘‘Hundred Talents Program"of CASthe National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0202703)
文摘Red phosphorus has received remarkable attention as a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries(NIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity. However, its practical application has been impeded by its intrinsic low electronic conductivity and large volume variations during sodiation/desodiation process. Here, we design a composite to confine nanosized red phosphorus into the hierarchically porous carbon(HPC) walls by a vaporization-condensation strategy. The mass loading of P in the HPC/P composite is optimized to deliver a reversible specific capacity of 2,202 m Ah/gpbased on the mass of red P(836 m Ah/gcompositebased on the total composite mass), a high capacity retention over 77% after100 cycles, and excellent rate performance of 929 m Ah/gpat 2 C. The hierarchical porous carbon serves as the conductive networks, downsize the red phosphorus to nanoscale, and provide free space to accommodate the large volume expansions. The suppressed mechanical failure of the red phosphorus also enhances the stability of solid-electrolyte interface(SEI) layer, which is confirmed by the microscopy and impedance spectroscopy after the cycling tests. Our studies provide a feasible approach for potentially viable high-capacity NIB anode.
基金This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China （No. 2652015425） and the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 51572246）.
文摘Red phosphorus-carbon nanotube （P@CNT） composites were synthesized as anodes for advanced lithium ion batteries via a facile solution-based method at room temperature. In these composites, the entangled P@CNT nanostructure reduced the aggregation of both components and allowed their complete utilization in a synergetic manner. The highly conductive and porous CNT framework, along with the nanoscale red P particles intimately anchored on the CNT surface, conferred the composite with excellent ion/electron transport properties. Volume expansion within the red P particles was mitigated by their amorphous and nanoscale features, which can be well buffered by the soft CNTs, therefore maintaining an integrated electrode structure during cycling. When used as an anode in lithium ion batteries, the composite exhibited a reversible capacity of 960 mAh·g^-1 （based on the overall weight of the composite） after 120 cycles at 200 mA·g^-1. The composite also delivered excellent high-rate capability with capacities of 886, 847, and 784 mAh·g^-1 at current densities of 2,000, 4,000, and 10,000 mA·g^-1 respectively, which reveals its potential as a high performance anode for lithium ion batteries.
