One novel two-dimensional(2D)terbium-based framework[Tb(L2-)(Ac)(DMA)]n(1)(H2 L=4’-(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-4,2’:6’,4"-terpyridine)was successfully isolated and structurally characterized.The structural analysis ...One novel two-dimensional(2D)terbium-based framework[Tb(L2-)(Ac)(DMA)]n(1)(H2 L=4’-(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-4,2’:6’,4"-terpyridine)was successfully isolated and structurally characterized.The structural analysis reveals that two Tb3+ions in 1 are bridged by twoη1:η1:μ2 carboxylates from L2-to form a binuclear unit,which is further linked by L2-to generate a 2D layer with kgd topology.Moreover,1 displays excellent thermostability and extensive solvent stability.Luminescent measurements reveal that 1 can be used as a recyclable luminescent probe for detecting pyridine with the lowest detection lim it of 0.12 vol%,and the luminescent mechanism is also discussed.展开更多
Recyclability and self-healing are two most critical factors in developing sustainable polymers to deal with environmental pollution and resource waste.In this work,a dynamic cross-linked polyimide insulation film wit...Recyclability and self-healing are two most critical factors in developing sustainable polymers to deal with environmental pollution and resource waste.In this work,a dynamic cross-linked polyimide insulation film with full closed-loop recyclability is successfully prepared,which also possesses good self-healing ability after being mechanical/electrical damaged depending on the Schiff base dynamic covalent bonds.The recycled and self-healed polyimide film still maintain its good tensile strength(r t)>60 MPa with Young’s modulus(E)>4 GPa,high thermal stability with glass transition temperature(T g)>220℃,and outstanding insulation property with breakdown strength(E 0)>358 kV mm^(-1),making it a very promising low energy consumption and high temperature resistant insulation material.The strategy of using Schiff base dynamic covalent bonds for reversible repairing the structure of high T g polyimides promotes the wider application of such sustainable and recyclable material in the field of electrical power and micro-electronics.展开更多
Physical cross-linking by hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds), providing a good combination of application properties of thermosets and processability of thermoplastics, is a potential strategy to resolve the recycling problem o...Physical cross-linking by hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds), providing a good combination of application properties of thermosets and processability of thermoplastics, is a potential strategy to resolve the recycling problem of traditional chemically cross-linked polyethylene. However, ureidopyrimidone (UPy), the most widely used H-bonding motif, is unfavorable for large-scale industrial application due to its poor thermal stability. In this work, H-bonds cross-linked polyethylene was successfully prepared by reactive melt blending maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MAH) with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATA) to form amide triazole ring-carboxylic acid units. Triazole ring can easily generate multiple H-bonds with carboxylic acid and amide. More importantly, these units are more thermal stable than UPy due to the absence of unstable urea group of UPy. The introduction of H-bonds cross-linking leads to an obvious improvement in mechanical properties and creep resistance and a good maintain in thermal properties and recyclability. Furthermore, the reinforcement effect monotonically improves with increasing the density of H-bonds. The obtained good properties are mainly attributed to largely enhanced interchain interactions induced by H-bonds cross-linking and intrinsic reversibility of H-bonds. This work develops a novel way for the simple fabrication of H-bonds cross-linked PE with high performance through reactive melt blending.展开更多
In order to extend the application of epoxy vitrimer, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid（CHDA） was used as a co-curing agent and structure modifier for sebacic acid（SA） cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A（DGEBA）...In order to extend the application of epoxy vitrimer, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid（CHDA） was used as a co-curing agent and structure modifier for sebacic acid（SA） cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A（DGEBA） epoxy vitrimer to tailor the mechanical properties of epoxy vitrimers with 1,5,7-triazabicylo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene（TBD） as a transesterification catalyst. The glass transition temperature（Tg） of vitrimer increased gradually with the increase in CHDA content. Vitrimers behaved from elastomer to tough and hard plastics were successfully achieved by varying the feed ratio of CHDA to SA. Both the Young＇s modulus and storage modulus increased apparently with the increase in CHDA content. Stress relaxation measurement indicated that more prominent stress relaxation occurred at elevated temperatures and the stress relaxation decreased with the increase of CHDA content due to the reduced mobility of the vitrimer backbone. The vitrimers showed excellent recyclability as evidenced by the unchanged gel fraction and mechanical properties after compression molded for several times. With tunable mechanical properties, the epoxy vitrimers may find extensive potential applications.展开更多
Phase change materials(PCMs) present promising potential for guaranteeing safety in thermal management systems.However,most reported PCMs have a single application in energy storage for thermal management systems,whic...Phase change materials(PCMs) present promising potential for guaranteeing safety in thermal management systems.However,most reported PCMs have a single application in energy storage for thermal management systems,which does not meet the growing demand for multi-functional materials.In this paper,the flexible material and hydrogen-bonding function are innovatively combined to design and prepare a novel multi-functional flexible phase change film(PPL).The 0.2PPL-2 film exhibits solid-solid phase change behavior with energy storage density of 131.8 J/g at the transition temperature of42.1℃,thermal cycling stability(500 cycles),wide-temperature range flexibility(0-60℃) and selfhealing property.Notably,the PPL film can be recycled up to 98.5% by intrinsic remodeling.Moreover,the PPL film can be tailored to the desired colors and configurations and can be cleverly assembled on several thermal management systems at ambient temperature through its flexibility combined with shape-memory properties.More interestingly,the transmittance of PPL will be altered when the ambient temperature changes(60℃),conveying a clear thermal signal.Finally,the thermal energy storage performance of the PPL film is successfully tested by human thermotherapy and electronic device temperature control experiments.The proposed functional integration strategy provides innovative ideas to design PCMs for multifunctionality,and makes significant contributions in green chemistry,highefficiency thermal management,and energy sustainability.展开更多
In this paper,we propose that the urinary toxins from the wastewater be adsorbed on an adsorbent such as spherical activated carbon and the latter be regenerated by subjecting it to high temperatures to recycle activa...In this paper,we propose that the urinary toxins from the wastewater be adsorbed on an adsorbent such as spherical activated carbon and the latter be regenerated by subjecting it to high temperatures to recycle activated carbon and also to recycle the water used in dialysis.We studied the adsorption of artificial waste dialysate,which is a mixed solution of urea,creatinine,and uric acid,and the separate solutions for each of these and found that their extents of adsorption onto the spherical activated carbon material were nearly identical.The amount of adsorption was approximately 1.4 mg·g^−1 for urea,18 mg·g^−1 for creatinine,and 20 mg·g^−1 for uric acid.The urea,creatinine,and uric acid adsorbed onto the spherical activated carbon decomposed on heat treatment at 500℃,and the adsorption capacity of the spherical activated carbon was regenerated.Our study successfully demonstrated that the spherical activated carbon can be recycled in the waste dialysate treatment process.展开更多
Now, a rapidly growing concern for the environmental protection and resource utilization has stimulated many new activities in the in dustrialized world for coping with urgent environmental problems created by the ste...Now, a rapidly growing concern for the environmental protection and resource utilization has stimulated many new activities in the in dustrialized world for coping with urgent environmental problems created by the steadily increasing consumption of industrial products. Increasingly stringent r egulations and widely expressed public concern for the environment highlight the importance of disposing solid waste generated from industrial and consumable pr oducts. How to efficiently recycle and tackle this problem has been a very impo rtant issue over the world. Designing products for recyclability is driven by environmental and economic goals. To obtain good recyclability, two measures can be adopted. One is better recycling strategy and technology; the other is design for recycling (DFR). The recycling strategies of products generally inclu de: reuse, service, remanufacturing, recycling of production scraps during the p roduct usage, recycle (separation first) and disposal. Recyclability assessment is a very important content in DFR. This paper first discusses the content of D FR and strategies and types related to products recyclability, and points out th at easy or difficult recyclability depends on the design phase. Then method and procedure of recyclability assessment based on ANN is explored in detail. The pr ocess consists of selection of the ANN input and output parameters, control of t he sample quality and construction and training of the neural network. At la st, the case study shows this method is simple and operative.展开更多
We present a ring-opening polymerization of bridged cyclic lactone utilizing alcohol as the initiator and organic base as the catalyst.Bridged γ-butyrolactone monomers(PhSGBL and PhSeGBL)were synthesized efficiently ...We present a ring-opening polymerization of bridged cyclic lactone utilizing alcohol as the initiator and organic base as the catalyst.Bridged γ-butyrolactone monomers(PhSGBL and PhSeGBL)were synthesized efficiently from commercially available 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid.Due to the ring strain of the bridged structure,ring-opening polymerization of this type of γ-butyrolactone derivative was successfully carried out under mild conditions,e.g.,using ethylene glycol as the initiator and a commercial catalyst[1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0 dec-5-ene(TBD)]]as the catalyst at 30℃.The obtained polymer could be degraded to its monomer for recycling in the presence of ZnCl_(2) as a catalyst.PhSGBL and PhSeGBL could also be copolymerized with ε-caprolactone to tune the glass transition temperature.Additionally,the hydrophilicity of the obtained sulfur-containing polymers could be adjusted by selectively oxidizing the thioether side group to sulfone/sulfoxide,which offered a way to tune the hydrophilicity of polyester.On the other hand,the obtained selenium-containing compound could be degraded in the presence of m-CPBA(3-chloroperbenzoic acid),which offered potential application in sustained drug release.展开更多
The molecular recyclability of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and three semi-aromatic polyesters poly (phloretic acid) (poly-H), poly (dihydroferulic acid) (poly-G), and poly (dihydrosinapinic acid) (poly-S) is e...The molecular recyclability of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and three semi-aromatic polyesters poly (phloretic acid) (poly-H), poly (dihydroferulic acid) (poly-G), and poly (dihydrosinapinic acid) (poly-S) is evaluated in this study. PET is an extensively used aromatic polyester, and poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S can be considered semi-aromatic poly (lactic acid) modifications. All these polyesters have been depolymerized at neutral pH and by acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolysis at two temperatures, i.e., 50˚C and 80˚C. Base-catalyzed depolymerization of virgin PET leads to an isolated yield of 38% after 48 hours of reaction at 80˚C. Contrary to these results for PET, almost all the monomers of the semi-aromatic polyesters poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S are recovered with isolated yields larger than 90% at the same temperature after 15 minutes in a facile manner. A shrinking particle model used to determine the global kinetics of the base-catalyzed depolymerization showed that the rate rises with increasing temperature. Using the shrinking particle model, the intrinsic reaction rate constants were determined. It has been demonstrated that the rate coefficients of the depolymerization of the semi-aromatic polyesters poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S are between 2 and 3 orders of magnitude higher than those for PET.展开更多
Recently,the focus of materials research has shifted toward intelligent materials and structures with customizable properties and stimulus-responsive functions.Here,a recyclable thermosetting epoxy resin with self-rep...Recently,the focus of materials research has shifted toward intelligent materials and structures with customizable properties and stimulus-responsive functions.Here,a recyclable thermosetting epoxy resin with self-reported wear and customizable friction is achieved through dynamic and reversible molecular structure design.The epoxy vitrimer displays exceptional mechanical properties,with a Young's modulus of 2.3 GPa,elongation at break of 7.1%,and tensile strength of 79.25 MPa.Based on the reversible exchange of dynamic covalent bonds,the epoxy vitrimer can be fully recovered through hot pressing without the need for additional adhesives or catalysts,and even self-healing can be achieved.Furthermore,by utilizing the reversibility of dynamic covalent bonds,nanofillers(graphene oxide(GO)and polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE))with specific tribological properties are incorporated into the recovery process to achieve customizable friction coefficients and wear rates.The self-reported characteristics of wear based on sulfur radicals are realized by exploiting the dynamic nature of disulfide bonds.The correlation between wear time and wear state is investigated.The molecular structure design of epoxy based on dynamic covalent bonds has resulted in a versatile thermosetting material with self-reporting and customizable friction properties that is ideal for sustainable engineering and friction applications.This enables intelligent manufacturing while reducing resource waste.展开更多
In this work,we report a fabrication of recyclable iron oxide decorated MoS_(2)nanosheets via a facile liq-uid exfoliation approach and solvothermal reaction for visible-light photodegradation of tetracycline.The prep...In this work,we report a fabrication of recyclable iron oxide decorated MoS_(2)nanosheets via a facile liq-uid exfoliation approach and solvothermal reaction for visible-light photodegradation of tetracycline.The prepared Fe_(3)O_(4)-MoS_(2)was characterized by X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectros-copy,Raman spectroscopy,magnetic hysteresis,and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms.Experimental results indicate that,successful attachment of Fe_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles to MoS_(2)sheets has been achieved.The enhanced surface area of Fe_(3)O_(4)-MoS_(2)induced high rates of adsorption and the adsorbed tetracycline was degraded to 90%after 150 min of visible exposure,which is better than that from pure MoS_(2).The introduction of Fe_(3)O_(4)not only enhances the photo-catalytic performance of Fe_(3)O_(4)-MoS_(2),but also enables its convenient recovery from water by an external magnetic field.Furthermore,both the photocatalytic activity and composite phase of Fe_(3)O_(4)-MoS_(2)were well-retained over cy-cles.Owing to its efficient photocatalytic activity,good stability and magnetic recyclability,the Fe_(3)O_(4)-MoS_(2)nano-composite is considered to be a promising photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.展开更多
Growing demand for sustainable,high-performance materials is driving research to replace petroleumbased plastics with abundant biomass,especially cellulose.However,the effective modification and functionalization of c...Growing demand for sustainable,high-performance materials is driving research to replace petroleumbased plastics with abundant biomass,especially cellulose.However,the effective modification and functionalization of cellulose is often impeded by complex processing requirements and limited performance tunability.Here,an innovative“active”green medium strategy based on an ethyl cellulose/thymol eutectic system is reported,enabling in situ chemical modification of eutectic components and the construction of dynamic self-adaptive networks without external catalysts or initiators.Through precise molecular design,dynamic boroxine networks and acrylate crosslinking networks are synergistically integrated into the cellulosic bioplastic(CBP)matrix.The resulting CBP-A2B8 exhibits exceptional optical transparency(~85%),superior mechanical properties(tensile strength~30 MPa),facile thermal processability,and closed-loop recyclability.Its chemical structure and mechanical performance remain highly stable even after 20 hot-compression recycling cycles.Complete biodegradation occurs under natural environmental conditions within approximately 100 days.Furthermore,the bioplastic,when combined with silver nanowires,forms high-performance flexible transparent conductive films successfully applied in customizable electroluminescent devices.Post-lifecycle,device components(silver nanowires and CBP matrix)are efficiently separated and recycled using a straightforward solvent-based method.This eutectic system-mediated strategy offers a novel pathway for the development of sustainable,high-performance bioplastics with a closed-loop lifecycle.展开更多
Current thermochromic materials for smart windows suffer from poor environmental stability,lack of self-healing and recyclability,and susceptibility to contamination.In this study,thermochromic supramolecular ionogels...Current thermochromic materials for smart windows suffer from poor environmental stability,lack of self-healing and recyclability,and susceptibility to contamination.In this study,thermochromic supramolecular ionogels with excellent environmental stability,efficient room-temperature self-healing and recyclability properties,as well as amphiphobic slippery surfaces,are fabricated by incorporating binary ionic liquids into a rationally designed self-healing polyurethane with perfluoroalkyl side chains.The outstanding and stable thermochromic performance of the resulting ionogels stems from the hydrogen bond-mediated,confined,and reversible phase separation of ionic liquids within the polyurethane network,enabling the ionogels to effectively reduce indoor temperatures and enhance the comfort of occupants.The surface-enriched perfluoroalkyl side chains enable various liquids,including water,alkanes,and edible oils,to easily slide off the ionogel surface without leaving any residue,preventing the transmittance decrease and thermochromic performance degradation caused by contaminations.The dynamic hydrogen bonds within the polyurethane network enable the ionogels to repeatedly heal physical and chemical damages,as well as to be recycled multiple times without performance loss,thereby reducing maintenance costs and minimizing material waste.This study provides a novel approach to developing advanced thermochromic materials for smart windows,potentially improving the building energy efficiency and sustainability.展开更多
The industrial application of nano-photocatalysts in wastewater treatment has been severely restricted for a long time due to their difficult separation,poor reusability,and low efficiency.In this work,a facile strate...The industrial application of nano-photocatalysts in wastewater treatment has been severely restricted for a long time due to their difficult separation,poor reusability,and low efficiency.In this work,a facile strategy was proposed to enhance the photocatalytic activity and recovery performance of Ag@AgCl nanocatalysts.Biological veins(Bio-veins)with a unique 3D porous construction were used as carriers for the in-situ growth of Ag@AgCl nanoparticles.Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the Ag@AgCl nanoparticles were uniformly loaded on the surface and interior of the Bio-veins,and the size of the Ag@AgCl nanoparticles immobilized on the Bio-veins(50–300 nm)was significantly smaller than Ag@AgCl obtained by the co-precipitation method(1–3μm).The Bio-veins played a vital role in the photocatalysis reaction system.The degradation efficiency of the Ag@AgCl/Bio-veins(CI4)was up to 3.50 times as high as pure Ag@AgCl.Furthermore,the composites also exhibited excellent recyclability and stability under both visible and solar light.This work provided a suitable strategy for nano-photocatalysts for practical application and may also offer new possibilities for the high-value utilization of biomass materials.展开更多
The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation,with wind energy,especially wind power,gaining increasing prominence due to its clean,renewable nature.However,as the installed capacity of wind powe...The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation,with wind energy,especially wind power,gaining increasing prominence due to its clean,renewable nature.However,as the installed capacity of wind power continues to expand,the disposal of waste wind turbine blades(WWTB)has emerged as a significant challenge.These blades are predominantly composed of epoxy resin(EP)polymers,carbon fibers(CFs),and glass fibers(GFs).Improper disposal not only exacerbates environmental concerns but also leads to the loss of valuable resources,particularly carbon-based materials.Pyrolysis technology,a versatile and environmentally sustainable method for resource recovery,has garnered considerable attention in the context of WWTB disposal.This work presents a comprehensive review of the pyrolytic recycling of WWTB,focusing on the principles and classifications of pyrolysis technology,key factors influencing the pyrolysis process,as well as the pyrolysis methods,equipment,products,and their applications.Through an in-depth analysis of the current research on the pyrolytic recycling of WWTB,this review identifies critical unresolved issues in the field and provides a forward-looking perspective on emerging research trends.展开更多
With the start of the new year,Wen Congxiang,managing director of Ningbo Nuoding,a company specialising in the recycling of end-of-life vehicles,has been constantly on the move.Much of his time is spent coordinating w...With the start of the new year,Wen Congxiang,managing director of Ningbo Nuoding,a company specialising in the recycling of end-of-life vehicles,has been constantly on the move.Much of his time is spent coordinating with vehicle collection firms,electric bicycle manufacturers and recycled materials distributors,as he works to build partnerships focused on the targeted collection and distribution of recycled products.展开更多
Conventional thermosetting polymers,mostly derived from nonrenewable petroleum resources,are not reprocessable and recyclable due to their highly cross-linked three-dimensional networks and face the disadvantage of hi...Conventional thermosetting polymers,mostly derived from nonrenewable petroleum resources,are not reprocessable and recyclable due to their highly cross-linked three-dimensional networks and face the disadvantage of high flammability.To solve these issues,in this study,we synthesized a novel Schiff base covalent adaptable thermoset from a furan-derived tri-aldehyde monomer(TMFP)and a furan-derived di-amine monomer(DFDA).The as-prepared TMFP-DFDA-Vitrimer exhibited superior anti-flammability with a high limiting oxygen index(LOI)of 35.0%and a UL-94 V-0 rating,which was attributed to the excellent charring ability.Additionally,TMFPDFDA-Vitrimer could also be conveniently recycled by chemical decomposition under a mixed hydrochloric acid/tetrahydrofuran(HCl/THF)solution.After recycling for 5 times,the thermal,mechanical,and flame retardant properties of the recycled TMFP-DFDA-Vitrimer retained almost unchanged compared to the original one.This work provides a prime instance to develop advanced thermosetting polymers from abundant furan-based compounds.展开更多
In recent years,the amount of waste generated during milling has increased dramatically,and improper disposal poses a significant environmental challenge.To mitigate environmental pollution and enhance the road perfor...In recent years,the amount of waste generated during milling has increased dramatically,and improper disposal poses a significant environmental challenge.To mitigate environmental pollution and enhance the road performance of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixtures(ECRM),this study employed recycled asphalt pavement(RAP)and reclaimed inorganic binder stabilized aggregate(RAI)as dual recycled materials for ECRM preparation.The blending ratios of reclaimed base and surface layer mixtures significantly influence ECRM's performance,with adjusted proportions substantially improving compressive strength and dynamic modulus.Firstly,three distinct proportioning options were developed for the recycled materials.Mix designs incorporating varying RAP/RAI ratios were used to determine the optimal mix parameters:moisture content,cement dosage,and emulsified asphalt content.Subsequently,comprehensive performance evaluations were conducted through high-temperature wheel tracking tests,freeze-thaw splitting tests,uniaxial compression tests,and dynamic modulus measurements to analyze the pavement characteristics of the three ECRM formulations.Experimental results demonstrate:Compared with ECRM with a blending ratio of RAP:RAI:new aggregate=30:50:20(Option 1),the dynamic stability,freeze-thaw splitting strength ratio,compressive strength,and compressive resilient modulus of ECRM under Option 3(RAP:RAI:new aggregate=50:30:20)decreased by 31.8%,5.2%,16.4%,and 13.1%,respectively.This indicates that increasing RAP content while reducing RAI proportion enhances the tensile strength of ECRM,yet adversely affects its high-temperature stability,moisture resistance,and compressive performance.This work not only addresses the challenge of jointly utilizing asphalt pavement waste and base waste,but also provides a cost-effective and sustainable method for the stable application of milling material resources in road engineering.展开更多
Concrete production often relies on natural aggregates,which can lead to resource depletion and environmental harm.In addition,improper disposal of thermoplastic waste exacerbates ecological problems.Although signific...Concrete production often relies on natural aggregates,which can lead to resource depletion and environmental harm.In addition,improper disposal of thermoplastic waste exacerbates ecological problems.Although significant attention has recently been given to recycling various waste materials into concrete,studies specifically addressing thermoplastic recycled aggregates are still trending.This underscores the need to comprehensively review existing literature,identify research trends,and recognize gaps in understanding the mechanical performance of thermoplastic-based recycled aggregate concrete.Accordingly,this review summarizes recent investigations focused on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic-based recycled aggregate concrete,emphasizing aspects such as compressive strength,tensile behavior,modulus of elasticity,and durability characteristics.The primary aim is to consolidate scattered research findings,identify key parameters influencing mechanical behavior,and propose future research directions.Understanding the influence of recycled thermoplastic aggregates on concrete performance significantly supports sustainable construction practices by reducing dependency on virgin aggregates and mitigating environmental impacts associated with waste disposal.In addition,assessing mechanical performance contributes to confidence in the practical application,encouraging the broader adoption of thermoplastic-based recycled aggregate concrete in construction projects.Through this critical synthesis,the review guides researchers and industry practitioners toward informed decisions on the feasibility and reliability of integrating thermoplastic waste into concrete,thereby promoting sustainable infrastructure development.展开更多
Recycling spent lithium-ion(Li+)batteries is critical for achieving environmental conservation and the strategic recovery of essential resources.Compared with conventional methods for recovering cathode materials,whic...Recycling spent lithium-ion(Li+)batteries is critical for achieving environmental conservation and the strategic recovery of essential resources.Compared with conventional methods for recovering cathode materials,which are energy-intensive and prone to secondary pollution,the direct regeneration approach has emerged as a rapid and highly efficient method,gaining widespread attention in recent years.However,this approach faces major challenges,including degraded electrochemical performances and limited economic value.This study,therefore,proposes a high-value direct regeneration strategy to convert degraded spent LiFePO_(4)(S-LFP)into a gradient manganese(Mn)-doped regenerated LiFe_(0.7)Mn_(0.3)PO_(4)/C(R-LFMP)composite.This method leverages the inherent microcracks and Li vacancies present in S-LFP,likely acting as diffusion channels for the Mn^(2+)/Li^(+)ions.Through a two-step mechanochemical ball-milling and carbothermal reduction process,this approach achieves simultaneous Li replenishment and surface-localised Mn gradient doping with enhanced structural control.Notably,the R-LFMP exhibits an exceptional electrochemical performance.At 0.1 C,it delivers a discharge capacity of 161.4 mA h g^(−1)and an energy density of 563.5 Wh kg^(−1)(representing a 60.5%improvement over S-LFP).Additionally,it maintains 83%capacity retention after 900 cycles at 0.5C,a considerable enhancement compared to commercial LFMP(62%).Furthermore,the regenerated cathode material generates a net profit of$7.102 kg^(−1),surpassing the profitability of conventional recycling methods by 90%.Overall,this study introduces a transformative and sustainable LFP regeneration technology,achieving breakthroughs in electrochemical restoration and high-value recycling,while paving the way for the closed-loop utilisation of LFP-based energy storage systems.展开更多
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(21701039)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2017201055)+1 种基金the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(201002099)the Fund for Shanxi"1331 Project"Key Innovative Research Team。
文摘One novel two-dimensional(2D)terbium-based framework[Tb(L2-)(Ac)(DMA)]n(1)(H2 L=4’-(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-4,2’:6’,4"-terpyridine)was successfully isolated and structurally characterized.The structural analysis reveals that two Tb3+ions in 1 are bridged by twoη1:η1:μ2 carboxylates from L2-to form a binuclear unit,which is further linked by L2-to generate a 2D layer with kgd topology.Moreover,1 displays excellent thermostability and extensive solvent stability.Luminescent measurements reveal that 1 can be used as a recyclable luminescent probe for detecting pyridine with the lowest detection lim it of 0.12 vol%,and the luminescent mechanism is also discussed.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51977114,52177020)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.FRF-NP-19-008 and FRF-TP-20-02B2)Scientific and Techno-logical Innovation Foundation of Foshan (BK21BE006).
文摘Recyclability and self-healing are two most critical factors in developing sustainable polymers to deal with environmental pollution and resource waste.In this work,a dynamic cross-linked polyimide insulation film with full closed-loop recyclability is successfully prepared,which also possesses good self-healing ability after being mechanical/electrical damaged depending on the Schiff base dynamic covalent bonds.The recycled and self-healed polyimide film still maintain its good tensile strength(r t)>60 MPa with Young’s modulus(E)>4 GPa,high thermal stability with glass transition temperature(T g)>220℃,and outstanding insulation property with breakdown strength(E 0)>358 kV mm^(-1),making it a very promising low energy consumption and high temperature resistant insulation material.The strategy of using Schiff base dynamic covalent bonds for reversible repairing the structure of high T g polyimides promotes the wider application of such sustainable and recyclable material in the field of electrical power and micro-electronics.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51803130)Fundamental Research Funds for Central UniversitiesChongqing University Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Materials Engineering and Technology (No. KFJJ2005)
文摘Physical cross-linking by hydrogen-bonds (H-bonds), providing a good combination of application properties of thermosets and processability of thermoplastics, is a potential strategy to resolve the recycling problem of traditional chemically cross-linked polyethylene. However, ureidopyrimidone (UPy), the most widely used H-bonding motif, is unfavorable for large-scale industrial application due to its poor thermal stability. In this work, H-bonds cross-linked polyethylene was successfully prepared by reactive melt blending maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MAH) with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATA) to form amide triazole ring-carboxylic acid units. Triazole ring can easily generate multiple H-bonds with carboxylic acid and amide. More importantly, these units are more thermal stable than UPy due to the absence of unstable urea group of UPy. The introduction of H-bonds cross-linking leads to an obvious improvement in mechanical properties and creep resistance and a good maintain in thermal properties and recyclability. Furthermore, the reinforcement effect monotonically improves with increasing the density of H-bonds. The obtained good properties are mainly attributed to largely enhanced interchain interactions induced by H-bonds cross-linking and intrinsic reversibility of H-bonds. This work develops a novel way for the simple fabrication of H-bonds cross-linked PE with high performance through reactive melt blending.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51703188)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos.XDJK2017A016 and XDJK2017C022)
文摘In order to extend the application of epoxy vitrimer, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid（CHDA） was used as a co-curing agent and structure modifier for sebacic acid（SA） cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A（DGEBA） epoxy vitrimer to tailor the mechanical properties of epoxy vitrimers with 1,5,7-triazabicylo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene（TBD） as a transesterification catalyst. The glass transition temperature（Tg） of vitrimer increased gradually with the increase in CHDA content. Vitrimers behaved from elastomer to tough and hard plastics were successfully achieved by varying the feed ratio of CHDA to SA. Both the Young＇s modulus and storage modulus increased apparently with the increase in CHDA content. Stress relaxation measurement indicated that more prominent stress relaxation occurred at elevated temperatures and the stress relaxation decreased with the increase of CHDA content due to the reduced mobility of the vitrimer backbone. The vitrimers showed excellent recyclability as evidenced by the unchanged gel fraction and mechanical properties after compression molded for several times. With tunable mechanical properties, the epoxy vitrimers may find extensive potential applications.
基金supported by the Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (Grant No. 19DZ1203102)National Key Research and Development Project (2018YFD0401300)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Project (16040501600)。
文摘Phase change materials(PCMs) present promising potential for guaranteeing safety in thermal management systems.However,most reported PCMs have a single application in energy storage for thermal management systems,which does not meet the growing demand for multi-functional materials.In this paper,the flexible material and hydrogen-bonding function are innovatively combined to design and prepare a novel multi-functional flexible phase change film(PPL).The 0.2PPL-2 film exhibits solid-solid phase change behavior with energy storage density of 131.8 J/g at the transition temperature of42.1℃,thermal cycling stability(500 cycles),wide-temperature range flexibility(0-60℃) and selfhealing property.Notably,the PPL film can be recycled up to 98.5% by intrinsic remodeling.Moreover,the PPL film can be tailored to the desired colors and configurations and can be cleverly assembled on several thermal management systems at ambient temperature through its flexibility combined with shape-memory properties.More interestingly,the transmittance of PPL will be altered when the ambient temperature changes(60℃),conveying a clear thermal signal.Finally,the thermal energy storage performance of the PPL film is successfully tested by human thermotherapy and electronic device temperature control experiments.The proposed functional integration strategy provides innovative ideas to design PCMs for multifunctionality,and makes significant contributions in green chemistry,highefficiency thermal management,and energy sustainability.
文摘In this paper,we propose that the urinary toxins from the wastewater be adsorbed on an adsorbent such as spherical activated carbon and the latter be regenerated by subjecting it to high temperatures to recycle activated carbon and also to recycle the water used in dialysis.We studied the adsorption of artificial waste dialysate,which is a mixed solution of urea,creatinine,and uric acid,and the separate solutions for each of these and found that their extents of adsorption onto the spherical activated carbon material were nearly identical.The amount of adsorption was approximately 1.4 mg·g^−1 for urea,18 mg·g^−1 for creatinine,and 20 mg·g^−1 for uric acid.The urea,creatinine,and uric acid adsorbed onto the spherical activated carbon decomposed on heat treatment at 500℃,and the adsorption capacity of the spherical activated carbon was regenerated.Our study successfully demonstrated that the spherical activated carbon can be recycled in the waste dialysate treatment process.
文摘Now, a rapidly growing concern for the environmental protection and resource utilization has stimulated many new activities in the in dustrialized world for coping with urgent environmental problems created by the steadily increasing consumption of industrial products. Increasingly stringent r egulations and widely expressed public concern for the environment highlight the importance of disposing solid waste generated from industrial and consumable pr oducts. How to efficiently recycle and tackle this problem has been a very impo rtant issue over the world. Designing products for recyclability is driven by environmental and economic goals. To obtain good recyclability, two measures can be adopted. One is better recycling strategy and technology; the other is design for recycling (DFR). The recycling strategies of products generally inclu de: reuse, service, remanufacturing, recycling of production scraps during the p roduct usage, recycle (separation first) and disposal. Recyclability assessment is a very important content in DFR. This paper first discusses the content of D FR and strategies and types related to products recyclability, and points out th at easy or difficult recyclability depends on the design phase. Then method and procedure of recyclability assessment based on ANN is explored in detail. The pr ocess consists of selection of the ANN input and output parameters, control of t he sample quality and construction and training of the neural network. At la st, the case study shows this method is simple and operative.
基金financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3704905)the Priority Academic Program Development(PAPD)of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘We present a ring-opening polymerization of bridged cyclic lactone utilizing alcohol as the initiator and organic base as the catalyst.Bridged γ-butyrolactone monomers(PhSGBL and PhSeGBL)were synthesized efficiently from commercially available 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid.Due to the ring strain of the bridged structure,ring-opening polymerization of this type of γ-butyrolactone derivative was successfully carried out under mild conditions,e.g.,using ethylene glycol as the initiator and a commercial catalyst[1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0 dec-5-ene(TBD)]]as the catalyst at 30℃.The obtained polymer could be degraded to its monomer for recycling in the presence of ZnCl_(2) as a catalyst.PhSGBL and PhSeGBL could also be copolymerized with ε-caprolactone to tune the glass transition temperature.Additionally,the hydrophilicity of the obtained sulfur-containing polymers could be adjusted by selectively oxidizing the thioether side group to sulfone/sulfoxide,which offered a way to tune the hydrophilicity of polyester.On the other hand,the obtained selenium-containing compound could be degraded in the presence of m-CPBA(3-chloroperbenzoic acid),which offered potential application in sustained drug release.
文摘The molecular recyclability of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and three semi-aromatic polyesters poly (phloretic acid) (poly-H), poly (dihydroferulic acid) (poly-G), and poly (dihydrosinapinic acid) (poly-S) is evaluated in this study. PET is an extensively used aromatic polyester, and poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S can be considered semi-aromatic poly (lactic acid) modifications. All these polyesters have been depolymerized at neutral pH and by acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolysis at two temperatures, i.e., 50˚C and 80˚C. Base-catalyzed depolymerization of virgin PET leads to an isolated yield of 38% after 48 hours of reaction at 80˚C. Contrary to these results for PET, almost all the monomers of the semi-aromatic polyesters poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S are recovered with isolated yields larger than 90% at the same temperature after 15 minutes in a facile manner. A shrinking particle model used to determine the global kinetics of the base-catalyzed depolymerization showed that the rate rises with increasing temperature. Using the shrinking particle model, the intrinsic reaction rate constants were determined. It has been demonstrated that the rate coefficients of the depolymerization of the semi-aromatic polyesters poly-H, poly-G, and poly-S are between 2 and 3 orders of magnitude higher than those for PET.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB 0470303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52305225 and 51935012)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(No.YSBR-023).
文摘Recently,the focus of materials research has shifted toward intelligent materials and structures with customizable properties and stimulus-responsive functions.Here,a recyclable thermosetting epoxy resin with self-reported wear and customizable friction is achieved through dynamic and reversible molecular structure design.The epoxy vitrimer displays exceptional mechanical properties,with a Young's modulus of 2.3 GPa,elongation at break of 7.1%,and tensile strength of 79.25 MPa.Based on the reversible exchange of dynamic covalent bonds,the epoxy vitrimer can be fully recovered through hot pressing without the need for additional adhesives or catalysts,and even self-healing can be achieved.Furthermore,by utilizing the reversibility of dynamic covalent bonds,nanofillers(graphene oxide(GO)and polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE))with specific tribological properties are incorporated into the recovery process to achieve customizable friction coefficients and wear rates.The self-reported characteristics of wear based on sulfur radicals are realized by exploiting the dynamic nature of disulfide bonds.The correlation between wear time and wear state is investigated.The molecular structure design of epoxy based on dynamic covalent bonds has resulted in a versatile thermosetting material with self-reporting and customizable friction properties that is ideal for sustainable engineering and friction applications.This enables intelligent manufacturing while reducing resource waste.
文摘In this work,we report a fabrication of recyclable iron oxide decorated MoS_(2)nanosheets via a facile liq-uid exfoliation approach and solvothermal reaction for visible-light photodegradation of tetracycline.The prepared Fe_(3)O_(4)-MoS_(2)was characterized by X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectros-copy,Raman spectroscopy,magnetic hysteresis,and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms.Experimental results indicate that,successful attachment of Fe_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles to MoS_(2)sheets has been achieved.The enhanced surface area of Fe_(3)O_(4)-MoS_(2)induced high rates of adsorption and the adsorbed tetracycline was degraded to 90%after 150 min of visible exposure,which is better than that from pure MoS_(2).The introduction of Fe_(3)O_(4)not only enhances the photo-catalytic performance of Fe_(3)O_(4)-MoS_(2),but also enables its convenient recovery from water by an external magnetic field.Furthermore,both the photocatalytic activity and composite phase of Fe_(3)O_(4)-MoS_(2)were well-retained over cy-cles.Owing to its efficient photocatalytic activity,good stability and magnetic recyclability,the Fe_(3)O_(4)-MoS_(2)nano-composite is considered to be a promising photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.
基金supported by the Jiangsu Provincial Natural Science Foundation(BK20240685)the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices,Ministry of Education,Jianghan University(JDGD202309)。
文摘Growing demand for sustainable,high-performance materials is driving research to replace petroleumbased plastics with abundant biomass,especially cellulose.However,the effective modification and functionalization of cellulose is often impeded by complex processing requirements and limited performance tunability.Here,an innovative“active”green medium strategy based on an ethyl cellulose/thymol eutectic system is reported,enabling in situ chemical modification of eutectic components and the construction of dynamic self-adaptive networks without external catalysts or initiators.Through precise molecular design,dynamic boroxine networks and acrylate crosslinking networks are synergistically integrated into the cellulosic bioplastic(CBP)matrix.The resulting CBP-A2B8 exhibits exceptional optical transparency(~85%),superior mechanical properties(tensile strength~30 MPa),facile thermal processability,and closed-loop recyclability.Its chemical structure and mechanical performance remain highly stable even after 20 hot-compression recycling cycles.Complete biodegradation occurs under natural environmental conditions within approximately 100 days.Furthermore,the bioplastic,when combined with silver nanowires,forms high-performance flexible transparent conductive films successfully applied in customizable electroluminescent devices.Post-lifecycle,device components(silver nanowires and CBP matrix)are efficiently separated and recycled using a straightforward solvent-based method.This eutectic system-mediated strategy offers a novel pathway for the development of sustainable,high-performance bioplastics with a closed-loop lifecycle.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22475082,21971083)。
文摘Current thermochromic materials for smart windows suffer from poor environmental stability,lack of self-healing and recyclability,and susceptibility to contamination.In this study,thermochromic supramolecular ionogels with excellent environmental stability,efficient room-temperature self-healing and recyclability properties,as well as amphiphobic slippery surfaces,are fabricated by incorporating binary ionic liquids into a rationally designed self-healing polyurethane with perfluoroalkyl side chains.The outstanding and stable thermochromic performance of the resulting ionogels stems from the hydrogen bond-mediated,confined,and reversible phase separation of ionic liquids within the polyurethane network,enabling the ionogels to effectively reduce indoor temperatures and enhance the comfort of occupants.The surface-enriched perfluoroalkyl side chains enable various liquids,including water,alkanes,and edible oils,to easily slide off the ionogel surface without leaving any residue,preventing the transmittance decrease and thermochromic performance degradation caused by contaminations.The dynamic hydrogen bonds within the polyurethane network enable the ionogels to repeatedly heal physical and chemical damages,as well as to be recycled multiple times without performance loss,thereby reducing maintenance costs and minimizing material waste.This study provides a novel approach to developing advanced thermochromic materials for smart windows,potentially improving the building energy efficiency and sustainability.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21776067)the Outstanding Youth Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2020JJ2014)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant Nos.2022JJ30264,2020JJ5159)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(Grant Nos.20C0803,21B0476).
文摘The industrial application of nano-photocatalysts in wastewater treatment has been severely restricted for a long time due to their difficult separation,poor reusability,and low efficiency.In this work,a facile strategy was proposed to enhance the photocatalytic activity and recovery performance of Ag@AgCl nanocatalysts.Biological veins(Bio-veins)with a unique 3D porous construction were used as carriers for the in-situ growth of Ag@AgCl nanoparticles.Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the Ag@AgCl nanoparticles were uniformly loaded on the surface and interior of the Bio-veins,and the size of the Ag@AgCl nanoparticles immobilized on the Bio-veins(50–300 nm)was significantly smaller than Ag@AgCl obtained by the co-precipitation method(1–3μm).The Bio-veins played a vital role in the photocatalysis reaction system.The degradation efficiency of the Ag@AgCl/Bio-veins(CI4)was up to 3.50 times as high as pure Ag@AgCl.Furthermore,the composites also exhibited excellent recyclability and stability under both visible and solar light.This work provided a suitable strategy for nano-photocatalysts for practical application and may also offer new possibilities for the high-value utilization of biomass materials.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22468035,22468036,22368038,22308048)the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia(2024QN02018,2025MS02030)+2 种基金First-class Discipline Research Special Project of Inner Mongolia(YLXKZX-NGD-045)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Postgraduate Research Innovation Project(KC2024047B)Research Foundation for Introducing High-level Talents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region。
文摘The global energy landscape is undergoing a profound transformation,with wind energy,especially wind power,gaining increasing prominence due to its clean,renewable nature.However,as the installed capacity of wind power continues to expand,the disposal of waste wind turbine blades(WWTB)has emerged as a significant challenge.These blades are predominantly composed of epoxy resin(EP)polymers,carbon fibers(CFs),and glass fibers(GFs).Improper disposal not only exacerbates environmental concerns but also leads to the loss of valuable resources,particularly carbon-based materials.Pyrolysis technology,a versatile and environmentally sustainable method for resource recovery,has garnered considerable attention in the context of WWTB disposal.This work presents a comprehensive review of the pyrolytic recycling of WWTB,focusing on the principles and classifications of pyrolysis technology,key factors influencing the pyrolysis process,as well as the pyrolysis methods,equipment,products,and their applications.Through an in-depth analysis of the current research on the pyrolytic recycling of WWTB,this review identifies critical unresolved issues in the field and provides a forward-looking perspective on emerging research trends.
文摘With the start of the new year,Wen Congxiang,managing director of Ningbo Nuoding,a company specialising in the recycling of end-of-life vehicles,has been constantly on the move.Much of his time is spent coordinating with vehicle collection firms,electric bicycle manufacturers and recycled materials distributors,as he works to build partnerships focused on the targeted collection and distribution of recycled products.
基金supported by the Project of State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials,Southwest University of Science and Technology(No.22FKSY17)
文摘Conventional thermosetting polymers,mostly derived from nonrenewable petroleum resources,are not reprocessable and recyclable due to their highly cross-linked three-dimensional networks and face the disadvantage of high flammability.To solve these issues,in this study,we synthesized a novel Schiff base covalent adaptable thermoset from a furan-derived tri-aldehyde monomer(TMFP)and a furan-derived di-amine monomer(DFDA).The as-prepared TMFP-DFDA-Vitrimer exhibited superior anti-flammability with a high limiting oxygen index(LOI)of 35.0%and a UL-94 V-0 rating,which was attributed to the excellent charring ability.Additionally,TMFPDFDA-Vitrimer could also be conveniently recycled by chemical decomposition under a mixed hydrochloric acid/tetrahydrofuran(HCl/THF)solution.After recycling for 5 times,the thermal,mechanical,and flame retardant properties of the recycled TMFP-DFDA-Vitrimer retained almost unchanged compared to the original one.This work provides a prime instance to develop advanced thermosetting polymers from abundant furan-based compounds.
基金sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52308466)SASAC Science and Technology Innovation Project(JF-23-01-0063)Shaanxi Provincial Transportation Research Project(25-84 K,25-85 K).
文摘In recent years,the amount of waste generated during milling has increased dramatically,and improper disposal poses a significant environmental challenge.To mitigate environmental pollution and enhance the road performance of emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixtures(ECRM),this study employed recycled asphalt pavement(RAP)and reclaimed inorganic binder stabilized aggregate(RAI)as dual recycled materials for ECRM preparation.The blending ratios of reclaimed base and surface layer mixtures significantly influence ECRM's performance,with adjusted proportions substantially improving compressive strength and dynamic modulus.Firstly,three distinct proportioning options were developed for the recycled materials.Mix designs incorporating varying RAP/RAI ratios were used to determine the optimal mix parameters:moisture content,cement dosage,and emulsified asphalt content.Subsequently,comprehensive performance evaluations were conducted through high-temperature wheel tracking tests,freeze-thaw splitting tests,uniaxial compression tests,and dynamic modulus measurements to analyze the pavement characteristics of the three ECRM formulations.Experimental results demonstrate:Compared with ECRM with a blending ratio of RAP:RAI:new aggregate=30:50:20(Option 1),the dynamic stability,freeze-thaw splitting strength ratio,compressive strength,and compressive resilient modulus of ECRM under Option 3(RAP:RAI:new aggregate=50:30:20)decreased by 31.8%,5.2%,16.4%,and 13.1%,respectively.This indicates that increasing RAP content while reducing RAI proportion enhances the tensile strength of ECRM,yet adversely affects its high-temperature stability,moisture resistance,and compressive performance.This work not only addresses the challenge of jointly utilizing asphalt pavement waste and base waste,but also provides a cost-effective and sustainable method for the stable application of milling material resources in road engineering.
文摘Concrete production often relies on natural aggregates,which can lead to resource depletion and environmental harm.In addition,improper disposal of thermoplastic waste exacerbates ecological problems.Although significant attention has recently been given to recycling various waste materials into concrete,studies specifically addressing thermoplastic recycled aggregates are still trending.This underscores the need to comprehensively review existing literature,identify research trends,and recognize gaps in understanding the mechanical performance of thermoplastic-based recycled aggregate concrete.Accordingly,this review summarizes recent investigations focused on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic-based recycled aggregate concrete,emphasizing aspects such as compressive strength,tensile behavior,modulus of elasticity,and durability characteristics.The primary aim is to consolidate scattered research findings,identify key parameters influencing mechanical behavior,and propose future research directions.Understanding the influence of recycled thermoplastic aggregates on concrete performance significantly supports sustainable construction practices by reducing dependency on virgin aggregates and mitigating environmental impacts associated with waste disposal.In addition,assessing mechanical performance contributes to confidence in the practical application,encouraging the broader adoption of thermoplastic-based recycled aggregate concrete in construction projects.Through this critical synthesis,the review guides researchers and industry practitioners toward informed decisions on the feasibility and reliability of integrating thermoplastic waste into concrete,thereby promoting sustainable infrastructure development.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3809300).
文摘Recycling spent lithium-ion(Li+)batteries is critical for achieving environmental conservation and the strategic recovery of essential resources.Compared with conventional methods for recovering cathode materials,which are energy-intensive and prone to secondary pollution,the direct regeneration approach has emerged as a rapid and highly efficient method,gaining widespread attention in recent years.However,this approach faces major challenges,including degraded electrochemical performances and limited economic value.This study,therefore,proposes a high-value direct regeneration strategy to convert degraded spent LiFePO_(4)(S-LFP)into a gradient manganese(Mn)-doped regenerated LiFe_(0.7)Mn_(0.3)PO_(4)/C(R-LFMP)composite.This method leverages the inherent microcracks and Li vacancies present in S-LFP,likely acting as diffusion channels for the Mn^(2+)/Li^(+)ions.Through a two-step mechanochemical ball-milling and carbothermal reduction process,this approach achieves simultaneous Li replenishment and surface-localised Mn gradient doping with enhanced structural control.Notably,the R-LFMP exhibits an exceptional electrochemical performance.At 0.1 C,it delivers a discharge capacity of 161.4 mA h g^(−1)and an energy density of 563.5 Wh kg^(−1)(representing a 60.5%improvement over S-LFP).Additionally,it maintains 83%capacity retention after 900 cycles at 0.5C,a considerable enhancement compared to commercial LFMP(62%).Furthermore,the regenerated cathode material generates a net profit of$7.102 kg^(−1),surpassing the profitability of conventional recycling methods by 90%.Overall,this study introduces a transformative and sustainable LFP regeneration technology,achieving breakthroughs in electrochemical restoration and high-value recycling,while paving the way for the closed-loop utilisation of LFP-based energy storage systems.
