Genetically encoded biosensors are powerful tools for monitoring plant proteins,which could offer high spatial and temporal resolution and help reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth and stress respon...Genetically encoded biosensors are powerful tools for monitoring plant proteins,which could offer high spatial and temporal resolution and help reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth and stress responses.However,a comprehensive review focused on the spatiotemporal monitoring of plant proteins using these biosensors is still lacking.This review highlights key advancements in the field,evaluates the strengths and limitations of current biosensors,and discusses their applications for tracking plant protein dynamics.We aim to provide a thorough understanding of genetically encoded biosensors for plant proteins,promote the development of these technologies,and foster deeper insights into molecular mechanisms in plant cells.Future research should prioritize overcoming challenges such as interference from plant autofluorescence and enhancing the sensitivity of biosensors,particularly in complex cellular compartments like chloroplasts and cell walls,to further improve spatial and temporal resolution.展开更多
Considerable studies have been carried out on fault diagnosis of gears, with most of them concentrated on conventional vibration analysis. However, besides the complexity of gear dynamics, the diagnosis results in ter...Considerable studies have been carried out on fault diagnosis of gears, with most of them concentrated on conventional vibration analysis. However, besides the complexity of gear dynamics, the diagnosis results in terms of vibration signal are easily misjudged owing to the interference of sensor position or other components. In this paper, an alternative gearbox fault detection method based on the instantaneous rotational speed is proposed because of its advantages over vibration analysis. Depending on the timer/counter-based method for the pulse signal of the optical encoder, the varying rotational speed can be obtained e ectively. Owing to the coupling and meshing of gears in transmission, the excitations are the same for the instantaneous rotational speed of the input and output shafts. Thus, the di erential signal of instantaneous rotational speeds can be adopted to eliminate the e ect of the interference excitations and extract the associated feature of the localized fault e ectively. With the experiments on multistage gearbox test system, the di erential signal of instantaneous speeds is compared with other signals. It is proved that localized faults in the gearbox generate small angular speed fluctuations, which are measurable with an optical encoder. Using the di erential signal of instantaneous speeds, the fault characteristics are extracted in the spectrum where the deterministic frequency component and its harmonics corresponding to crack fault characteristics are displayed clearly.展开更多
Low cost and miniaturized rotary encoders are important in automatic and precise production. Presented here is a code called Single Track Cyclic Gray Code (STCGC) that is an image etched on a single circular track of ...Low cost and miniaturized rotary encoders are important in automatic and precise production. Presented here is a code called Single Track Cyclic Gray Code (STCGC) that is an image etched on a single circular track of a rotary encoder disk read by a group of even spread reading heads to provide a unique codeword for every angular position and features such that every two adjacent words differ in exactly one component, thus avoiding coarse error. The existing construction or combination methods are helpful but not sufficient in determining the period of the STCGC of large word length and the theoretical approach needs further development to extend the word length. Three principles, such as the seed combination, short code removal and ergodicity examination were put forward that suffice determination of the optimal period for such absolute rotary encoders using STCGC with even spread heads. The optimal periods of STCGC in 3 through 29 bit length were determined and listed.展开更多
In this paper,the sentiment classification method of multimodal adversarial autoencoder is studied.This paper includes the introduction of the multimodal adversarial autoencoder emotion classification method and the e...In this paper,the sentiment classification method of multimodal adversarial autoencoder is studied.This paper includes the introduction of the multimodal adversarial autoencoder emotion classification method and the experiment of the emotion classification method based on the encoder.The experimental analysis shows that the encoder has higher precision than other encoders in emotion classification.It is hoped that this analysis can provide some reference for the emotion classification under the current intelligent algorithm mode.展开更多
BACKGROUND Crohn’s disease(CD)is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with unknown etiology.Inflammatory chemical mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid,an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA),have been shown to...BACKGROUND Crohn’s disease(CD)is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with unknown etiology.Inflammatory chemical mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid,an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA),have been shown to activate CD.Additionally,n-3 PUFAs are metabolized by the same enzyme as n-6 PUFAs and known to inhibit the arachidonic acid cascade.Our previous study noted that the presence of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids is a characteristic finding in Japanese CD patients.It was thus speculated that FADS2 gene polymorphisms,which induce PUFA metabolizing enzymes,are involved in the pathogenesis of CD,though no such relationship was found.AIM To investigate the relationship of FADS2 polymorphisms with serum and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition ratios,and disease activity.METHODS Using previously reported findings regarding FADS2 genetic polymorphisms,the records of 52 CD patients undergoing treatment at Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital were analyzed.Mutations noted were divided into three groups;wild-type(GG),heterozygous mutants(GA),and homozygous(AA),with the activities of delta-6 and delta-5 desaturases compared using redefined d6d index(rd.d6di)and d5d index(d5di).Additionally,comparisons of serum and erythrocyte membranes for fatty acid composition,and also gene polymorphisms and CD activity index(CDAI)were performed.RESULTS The presence of the rs174538 mutation in FADS2 resulted in reduction of only rd.d6di in the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.01).In contrast,that mutation was found to be associated with d5di induced by FADS1 in serum(P=0.019)as well as the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.0001),and also with reduction in the fatty acid composition of arachidonic acid in both serum(P<0.0001)and the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.01).Regarding disease activity,a positive correlation of CDAI score with rd.d6di in both serum(P<0.05)and the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.05)was found only in the rs174538 wild-type group.In contrast,there was no correction between CDAI and d5di in either serum or erythrocyte membrane samples.CONCLUSION The rs174538 mutation alters the fatty acid profile through strong linkage to the FADS1 gene.In wild-type individuals,rd.d6di was positively correlated with CDAI,suggesting predictive utility of disease severity.展开更多
The topological connectivity information derived from the brain functional network can bring new insights for diagnosing and analyzing dementia disorders.The brain functional network is suitable to bridge the correlat...The topological connectivity information derived from the brain functional network can bring new insights for diagnosing and analyzing dementia disorders.The brain functional network is suitable to bridge the correlation between abnormal connectivities and dementia disorders.However,it is challenging to access considerable amounts of brain functional network data,which hinders the widespread application of data-driven models in dementia diagnosis.In this study,a novel distribution-regularized adversarial graph auto-Encoder(DAGAE)with transformer is proposed to generate new fake brain functional networks to augment the brain functional network dataset,improving the dementia diagnosis accuracy of data-driven models.Specifically,the label distribution is estimated to regularize the latent space learned by the graph encoder,which canmake the learning process stable and the learned representation robust.Also,the transformer generator is devised to map the node representations into node-to-node connections by exploring the long-term dependence of highly-correlated distant brain regions.The typical topological properties and discriminative features can be preserved entirely.Furthermore,the generated brain functional networks improve the prediction performance using different classifiers,which can be applied to analyze other cognitive diseases.Attempts on the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative(ADNI)dataset demonstrate that the proposed model can generate good brain functional networks.The classification results show adding generated data can achieve the best accuracy value of 85.33%,sensitivity value of 84.00%,specificity value of 86.67%.The proposed model also achieves superior performance compared with other related augmentedmodels.Overall,the proposedmodel effectively improves cognitive disease diagnosis by generating diverse brain functional networks.展开更多
The brain has very high energy requirements and consumes 20% of the oxygen and 25% of the glucose in the human body. Therefore, the molecular mechanism under- lying how the brain metabolizes substances to support neur...The brain has very high energy requirements and consumes 20% of the oxygen and 25% of the glucose in the human body. Therefore, the molecular mechanism under- lying how the brain metabolizes substances to support neural activity is a fundamental issue for neuroscience studies. A well-known model in the brain, the astrocyte- neuron lactate shuttle, postulates that glucose uptake and glycolytic activity are enhanced in astrocytes upon neu- ronal activation and that astrocytes transport lactate into neurons to fulfill their energy requirements. Current evidence for this hypothesis has yet to reach a clear consensus, and new concepts beyond the shuttle hypothesis are emerging. The discrepancy is largely attributed to the lack of a critical method for real-time monitoring of metabolic dynamics at cellular resolution. Recent advances in fluorescent protein-based sensors allow the generation of a sensitive, specific, real-time readout of subcellular metabolites and fill the current technological gap. Here,we summarize the development of genetically encoded metabolite sensors and their applications in assessing cell metabolism in living cells and in vivo, and we believe that these tools will help to address the issue of elucidating neural energy metabolism.展开更多
Fluorescently encoded microbeads are in demand for multiplexed applications in different fields.Compared to organic dye-based commercially available Luminex's x MAP technology, upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs) ar...Fluorescently encoded microbeads are in demand for multiplexed applications in different fields.Compared to organic dye-based commercially available Luminex's x MAP technology, upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs) are better alternatives due to their large antiStokes shift, photostability, nil background, and single wavelength excitation. Here, we developed a new multiplexed detection system using UCNPs for encoding poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate(PEGDA) microbeads as well as for labeling reporter antibody. However, to prepare UCNPs-encoded microbeads, currently used swellingbased encapsulation leads to non-uniformity, which is undesirable for fluorescence-based multiplexing. Hence,we utilized droplet microfluidics to obtain encoded microbeads of uniform size, shape, and UCNPs distribution inside. Additionally, PEGDA microbeads lack functionality for probe antibodies conjugation on their surface.Methods to functionalize the surface of PEGDA microbeads(acrylic acid incorporation, polydopamine coating)reported thus far quench the fluorescence of UCNPs. Here,PEGDA microbeads surface was coated with silica followed by carboxyl modification without compromising the fluorescence intensity of UCNPs. In this study, droplet microfluidics-assisted UCNPs-encoded microbeads of uniform shape, size, and fluorescence were prepared.Multiple color codes were generated by mixing UCNPs emitting red and green colors at different ratios prior to encapsulation. UCNPs emitting blue color were used to label the reporter antibody. Probe antibodies were covalently immobilized on red UCNPs-encoded microbeads for specific capture of human serum albumin(HSA) as a model protein. The system was also demonstrated for multiplexed detection of both human C-reactive protein(hCRP) and HSA protein by immobilizing anti-h CRP antibodies on green UCNPs.展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1700102)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(22422702)+1 种基金Knowledge Innovation Program of Wuhan-Basic Research(No.2022013301015174)Prof.Alexander Jones at Cambridge University for his guidance and contribution.
文摘Genetically encoded biosensors are powerful tools for monitoring plant proteins,which could offer high spatial and temporal resolution and help reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth and stress responses.However,a comprehensive review focused on the spatiotemporal monitoring of plant proteins using these biosensors is still lacking.This review highlights key advancements in the field,evaluates the strengths and limitations of current biosensors,and discusses their applications for tracking plant protein dynamics.We aim to provide a thorough understanding of genetically encoded biosensors for plant proteins,promote the development of these technologies,and foster deeper insights into molecular mechanisms in plant cells.Future research should prioritize overcoming challenges such as interference from plant autofluorescence and enhancing the sensitivity of biosensors,particularly in complex cellular compartments like chloroplasts and cell walls,to further improve spatial and temporal resolution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(1127105011371183+2 种基金61403036)the Science and Technology Development Foundation of CAEP(2013A04030202013B0403068)
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51575438)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant Nos.2017M623159,2018T111046)Shaanxi Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2017BSHEDZZ68)
文摘Considerable studies have been carried out on fault diagnosis of gears, with most of them concentrated on conventional vibration analysis. However, besides the complexity of gear dynamics, the diagnosis results in terms of vibration signal are easily misjudged owing to the interference of sensor position or other components. In this paper, an alternative gearbox fault detection method based on the instantaneous rotational speed is proposed because of its advantages over vibration analysis. Depending on the timer/counter-based method for the pulse signal of the optical encoder, the varying rotational speed can be obtained e ectively. Owing to the coupling and meshing of gears in transmission, the excitations are the same for the instantaneous rotational speed of the input and output shafts. Thus, the di erential signal of instantaneous rotational speeds can be adopted to eliminate the e ect of the interference excitations and extract the associated feature of the localized fault e ectively. With the experiments on multistage gearbox test system, the di erential signal of instantaneous speeds is compared with other signals. It is proved that localized faults in the gearbox generate small angular speed fluctuations, which are measurable with an optical encoder. Using the di erential signal of instantaneous speeds, the fault characteristics are extracted in the spectrum where the deterministic frequency component and its harmonics corresponding to crack fault characteristics are displayed clearly.
基金Project(JX2004J0170) supported by the Foundation of Beijing Jiaotong University, China
文摘Low cost and miniaturized rotary encoders are important in automatic and precise production. Presented here is a code called Single Track Cyclic Gray Code (STCGC) that is an image etched on a single circular track of a rotary encoder disk read by a group of even spread reading heads to provide a unique codeword for every angular position and features such that every two adjacent words differ in exactly one component, thus avoiding coarse error. The existing construction or combination methods are helpful but not sufficient in determining the period of the STCGC of large word length and the theoretical approach needs further development to extend the word length. Three principles, such as the seed combination, short code removal and ergodicity examination were put forward that suffice determination of the optimal period for such absolute rotary encoders using STCGC with even spread heads. The optimal periods of STCGC in 3 through 29 bit length were determined and listed.
文摘In this paper,the sentiment classification method of multimodal adversarial autoencoder is studied.This paper includes the introduction of the multimodal adversarial autoencoder emotion classification method and the experiment of the emotion classification method based on the encoder.The experimental analysis shows that the encoder has higher precision than other encoders in emotion classification.It is hoped that this analysis can provide some reference for the emotion classification under the current intelligent algorithm mode.
文摘BACKGROUND Crohn’s disease(CD)is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with unknown etiology.Inflammatory chemical mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid,an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA),have been shown to activate CD.Additionally,n-3 PUFAs are metabolized by the same enzyme as n-6 PUFAs and known to inhibit the arachidonic acid cascade.Our previous study noted that the presence of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids is a characteristic finding in Japanese CD patients.It was thus speculated that FADS2 gene polymorphisms,which induce PUFA metabolizing enzymes,are involved in the pathogenesis of CD,though no such relationship was found.AIM To investigate the relationship of FADS2 polymorphisms with serum and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition ratios,and disease activity.METHODS Using previously reported findings regarding FADS2 genetic polymorphisms,the records of 52 CD patients undergoing treatment at Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital were analyzed.Mutations noted were divided into three groups;wild-type(GG),heterozygous mutants(GA),and homozygous(AA),with the activities of delta-6 and delta-5 desaturases compared using redefined d6d index(rd.d6di)and d5d index(d5di).Additionally,comparisons of serum and erythrocyte membranes for fatty acid composition,and also gene polymorphisms and CD activity index(CDAI)were performed.RESULTS The presence of the rs174538 mutation in FADS2 resulted in reduction of only rd.d6di in the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.01).In contrast,that mutation was found to be associated with d5di induced by FADS1 in serum(P=0.019)as well as the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.0001),and also with reduction in the fatty acid composition of arachidonic acid in both serum(P<0.0001)and the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.01).Regarding disease activity,a positive correlation of CDAI score with rd.d6di in both serum(P<0.05)and the erythrocyte membrane(P<0.05)was found only in the rs174538 wild-type group.In contrast,there was no correction between CDAI and d5di in either serum or erythrocyte membrane samples.CONCLUSION The rs174538 mutation alters the fatty acid profile through strong linkage to the FADS1 gene.In wild-type individuals,rd.d6di was positively correlated with CDAI,suggesting predictive utility of disease severity.
基金This paper is partially supported by the British Heart Foundation Accelerator Award,UK(AA\18\3\34220)Royal Society International Exchanges Cost Share Award,UK(RP202G0230)+9 种基金Hope Foundation for Cancer Research,UK(RM60G0680)Medical Research Council Confidence in Concept Award,UK(MC_PC_17171)Sino-UK Industrial Fund,UK(RP202G0289)Global Challenges Research Fund(GCRF),UK(P202PF11)LIAS Pioneering Partnerships Award,UK(P202ED10)Data Science Enhancement Fund,UK(P202RE237)Fight for Sight,UK(24NN201)Sino-UK Education Fund,UK(OP202006)Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council,UK(RM32G0178B8)LIAS Seed Corn,UK(P202RE969).
文摘The topological connectivity information derived from the brain functional network can bring new insights for diagnosing and analyzing dementia disorders.The brain functional network is suitable to bridge the correlation between abnormal connectivities and dementia disorders.However,it is challenging to access considerable amounts of brain functional network data,which hinders the widespread application of data-driven models in dementia diagnosis.In this study,a novel distribution-regularized adversarial graph auto-Encoder(DAGAE)with transformer is proposed to generate new fake brain functional networks to augment the brain functional network dataset,improving the dementia diagnosis accuracy of data-driven models.Specifically,the label distribution is estimated to regularize the latent space learned by the graph encoder,which canmake the learning process stable and the learned representation robust.Also,the transformer generator is devised to map the node representations into node-to-node connections by exploring the long-term dependence of highly-correlated distant brain regions.The typical topological properties and discriminative features can be preserved entirely.Furthermore,the generated brain functional networks improve the prediction performance using different classifiers,which can be applied to analyze other cognitive diseases.Attempts on the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative(ADNI)dataset demonstrate that the proposed model can generate good brain functional networks.The classification results show adding generated data can achieve the best accuracy value of 85.33%,sensitivity value of 84.00%,specificity value of 86.67%.The proposed model also achieves superior performance compared with other related augmentedmodels.Overall,the proposedmodel effectively improves cognitive disease diagnosis by generating diverse brain functional networks.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA050400 and2017YFC0906900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31722033,91649123,31671484,31225008,and 31470833)+4 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission(14XD1401400,16430723100,and 15YF1402600)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology(to YZ)Shanghai Young Top-notch Talent(to YZ)the State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering(to YY)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(to YY and YZ)
文摘The brain has very high energy requirements and consumes 20% of the oxygen and 25% of the glucose in the human body. Therefore, the molecular mechanism under- lying how the brain metabolizes substances to support neural activity is a fundamental issue for neuroscience studies. A well-known model in the brain, the astrocyte- neuron lactate shuttle, postulates that glucose uptake and glycolytic activity are enhanced in astrocytes upon neu- ronal activation and that astrocytes transport lactate into neurons to fulfill their energy requirements. Current evidence for this hypothesis has yet to reach a clear consensus, and new concepts beyond the shuttle hypothesis are emerging. The discrepancy is largely attributed to the lack of a critical method for real-time monitoring of metabolic dynamics at cellular resolution. Recent advances in fluorescent protein-based sensors allow the generation of a sensitive, specific, real-time readout of subcellular metabolites and fill the current technological gap. Here,we summarize the development of genetically encoded metabolite sensors and their applications in assessing cell metabolism in living cells and in vivo, and we believe that these tools will help to address the issue of elucidating neural energy metabolism.
基金the funding support from the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund (AcRF Tier 3 Grant MOE2016-T3-1-004, R-397-000274-112 AcRF Tier 1 Grant R-397-000-270-114)
文摘Fluorescently encoded microbeads are in demand for multiplexed applications in different fields.Compared to organic dye-based commercially available Luminex's x MAP technology, upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs) are better alternatives due to their large antiStokes shift, photostability, nil background, and single wavelength excitation. Here, we developed a new multiplexed detection system using UCNPs for encoding poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate(PEGDA) microbeads as well as for labeling reporter antibody. However, to prepare UCNPs-encoded microbeads, currently used swellingbased encapsulation leads to non-uniformity, which is undesirable for fluorescence-based multiplexing. Hence,we utilized droplet microfluidics to obtain encoded microbeads of uniform size, shape, and UCNPs distribution inside. Additionally, PEGDA microbeads lack functionality for probe antibodies conjugation on their surface.Methods to functionalize the surface of PEGDA microbeads(acrylic acid incorporation, polydopamine coating)reported thus far quench the fluorescence of UCNPs. Here,PEGDA microbeads surface was coated with silica followed by carboxyl modification without compromising the fluorescence intensity of UCNPs. In this study, droplet microfluidics-assisted UCNPs-encoded microbeads of uniform shape, size, and fluorescence were prepared.Multiple color codes were generated by mixing UCNPs emitting red and green colors at different ratios prior to encapsulation. UCNPs emitting blue color were used to label the reporter antibody. Probe antibodies were covalently immobilized on red UCNPs-encoded microbeads for specific capture of human serum albumin(HSA) as a model protein. The system was also demonstrated for multiplexed detection of both human C-reactive protein(hCRP) and HSA protein by immobilizing anti-h CRP antibodies on green UCNPs.
