Spruce budworm （Choristoneura fumiferana （Clemens）） is one of the most serious forest insect pests in North America. Laboratory bioassays were performed to determine the lethal doses and lethal time of pyrethrins ...Spruce budworm （Choristoneura fumiferana （Clemens）） is one of the most serious forest insect pests in North America. Laboratory bioassays were performed to determine the lethal doses and lethal time of pyrethrins （a botanical insecticide） on 4th instar larvae of spruce bud-worm using larval dip assay. Results show that the LT50 values（time of 50% larval mortality）for spruce budworm at the pyrethrins concentra-tions of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg·L-1 were 94.78, 45.54, 20.36, 14.39 and 11.37 h, respectively. The percentage of cumulative mortality at the pyrethrins concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg·L-1 was approxi-mately 50%, 67%, 93%, 100% and 100% within 120 h, respectively. The LC50 value （concentration of 50% larval mortality） for the 4th instar lar-vae was 16.1μg·L-1. Thus, larval mortality of spruce budworm increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and lethal time decreased with increasing pyrethin concentrations. These findings suggest that pyrethrins have a potential in controlling spruce budworm populations.展开更多
Four undescribed pyrethrins C-F(1-4)as well as four known pyrethrins(5-8)were isolated from seeds of Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trev.The structures of compounds 1-4 were elucidated by UV,HRESIMS,and NMR(^(1)H and ^(13)...Four undescribed pyrethrins C-F(1-4)as well as four known pyrethrins(5-8)were isolated from seeds of Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trev.The structures of compounds 1-4 were elucidated by UV,HRESIMS,and NMR(^(1)H and ^(13)C NMR,^(1)H-^(1)H COSY,HSQC,HMBC and ROESY),among which the stereostructure of compound 4 was determined by calcu-lated ECD.Furthermore,compounds 1-4 were evaluated for their aphidicidal activities.The insecticidal assay results showed that 1-4 exhibited moderate aphidicidal activities at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL with the 24 h mortality rates ranging from 10.58 to 52.98%.Among them,pyrethrin D(2)showed the highest aphidicidal activity,with the 24 h mortality rate of 52.98%,which was slightly lower than the positive control(pyrethrin II,83.52%).展开更多
Using bio-chassis technology to realize the environmental protection and low energy consumption production of biological pesticides is the main goal of the future development of synthetic biology technology. Pyrethroi...Using bio-chassis technology to realize the environmental protection and low energy consumption production of biological pesticides is the main goal of the future development of synthetic biology technology. Pyrethroid is a kind of pure natural effective insecticide derived from pyrethrum, an herbal plant of Compositae. It has broad-spectrum and strong insecticidal and de-worming effects, and has little harm to mammals and no environmental harm. It is one of the best substitutes for biological insecticides, and has a wider application prospect. Natural pyrethrins, on the other hand, consist of six main components which are formed by condensation of two heteromorphic terpenoid acid ligands and three alcohol ligands which are the main raw materials of jasmonic acid. In this paper, the whole research and development process of pyrethrins is summarized. By using the analyzed plant metabolic synthesis methods and microbial systems to prepare pyrethrins on a large scale, it can provide an example for the scientific research foundation and application practice of preparing green biopesticides by synthetic biology methods.展开更多
Fipronil is an insecticide with low residual activity and high efficacy at low concentrations.Due to its widespread use and long half-life,fipronil can persist during wastewater treatment and is found even in surface ...Fipronil is an insecticide with low residual activity and high efficacy at low concentrations.Due to its widespread use and long half-life,fipronil can persist during wastewater treatment and is found even in surface waters.When released into the environment,it can accumulate over time and can lead to concentrations in soil and plant tissues that are harmful to both target and non-target organisms.As the reuse of treated wastewater and sewage sludge presents challenges and opportunities for farmers,this study investigates the effects of irrigation with environmentally relevant doses of fipronil on zucchini plants and their main insect pest,Aphis gossypii.Traces of fipronil were found in the zucchini leaves,but not in the flowers,after 35-days of cumulative exposure.A decrease in nymph-to-adult survival and a dose-dependent reduction in the fecundity of A.gossypii feeding on contaminated host plants was observed.Also,aphids feeding on contaminated host plants exhibited the same mortality rate as the control group when exposed to an acute dose of fipronil.However,when natural pyrethrins were used,there was a significant increase in resistance to this insecticide.Our results demonstrate the potential for fipronil to accumulate in plant tissues and highlight the risk of changes in insecticide susceptibility in insect pests.This suggests a need for a holistic approach to the complex dynamics of wastewater reuse in agriculture.展开更多
Objective The pulmonary toxicity of a commercially available formulated preparation of Fenvalerate (Fen), a synthetic pyrethroid has been studied in rats following subchronic nose only inhalation exposure route. Metho...Objective The pulmonary toxicity of a commercially available formulated preparation of Fenvalerate (Fen), a synthetic pyrethroid has been studied in rats following subchronic nose only inhalation exposure route. Method Adult male rats were exposed to Fen for 4h/day, 5 days a week for 90 days by using Flow Past Dynamic Nose only Inhalation Chamber. Results Fen exposed rats showed a significant increase in enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) which are considered as biochemical indicators of pulmonary damage. The concomitant histopathological examination of Fen exposed rats' lung revealed inflammatory changes viz., influx of mononuclear cells admixed with a few giant cells in alveolar lumen, hypetrophied bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial lining cells and presence of edematous fluid in alveolar lumen alongwith congested parenchymatous blood vessels. Conclusion These results for the first time indicate the pulmonary toxic effects of a commonly used formulated Fen preparation by using rat model and nose only inhalation as the route of exposure.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Pesticides are used to control various pests of agricultural crops worldwide. Despite their agricultural benefits, pesticides are often considered a serious threat to the environment because of their pers...BACKGROUND： Pesticides are used to control various pests of agricultural crops worldwide. Despite their agricultural benefits, pesticides are often considered a serious threat to the environment because of their persistence. Pyrethroids are synthetic derivates of pyrethrins, which are natural organic insecticides procured from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum. Pyrethroids are classified into two groups class Ⅰ and class Ⅱ-based on their toxicity and physical properties. These pyrethroids are now used in many synthetic insecticides and are highly specific against insects; they are generally used against mosquitoes. The prominent site of insecticidal action ofpyrethroids is the voltage-sensitive sodium channels. METHODS and RESULTS： Pyrethroids are found to be stable, and they persist in the environment for a long period. This article provides an overview of the different classes, structure, and insecticidal properties of pyrethroid. Furthermore, the toxicity of pyrethroids is also discussed with emphasis on bioremediation to alleviate pollution. CONCLUSIONS： The article focuses on various microorganisms used in the degradation ofpyrethroids, the molecular basis of degradation, and the role of carboxylesterase enzymes and genes in the detoxification of pyrethroid.展开更多
A series of field trials were conducted in a commercial food storage facility to evaluate exposure of stored-product insects to aerosol formulations of synergized pyrethrins and the insect growth regulator methoprene....A series of field trials were conducted in a commercial food storage facility to evaluate exposure of stored-product insects to aerosol formulations of synergized pyrethrins and the insect growth regulator methoprene. When adults of Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, and Tribolium confusum （Jacqueline DuVal）, the confused flour beetle were exposed with and without a food source to synergized pyrethrin aerosol, there was no difference in adult mortality with respect to availability of food at either 7 or 14 days after exposure （P≥0.05）. However, mortality was lower in T. confusum （40.4% and 79.3% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 38.9% and 84.8% without flour at 7 and 14 days） compared to T. castaneum （96.5% and 99.8% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 91.0% and 98.7% without flour at 7 and 14 days）. Few late-stage larvae and pupae of either species exposed to the pyrethrin aerosol emerged as adults. In tests with methoprene aerosol, adult emergence of exposed 3- and 4-week-old larvae of T. confusum was less than 2%. Only 0.3% of 4-week-old larvae of T. castaneum exposed in open and obstructed areas emerged as adults. Emergence of adults from eggs of Plodia interpunctella （Hubner）, the Indianmeal moth, embedded in culture media and exposed to the methoprene aerosol was 13.2%±3.5%. Results show that the aerosols evaluated in our study could give effective control of some of the major storedproduct insect pests in commercial food storage facilities, and may offer an alternative to fumigation.展开更多
基金This research was supported by Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Project No. CFSCB2005-09.
文摘Spruce budworm （Choristoneura fumiferana （Clemens）） is one of the most serious forest insect pests in North America. Laboratory bioassays were performed to determine the lethal doses and lethal time of pyrethrins （a botanical insecticide） on 4th instar larvae of spruce bud-worm using larval dip assay. Results show that the LT50 values（time of 50% larval mortality）for spruce budworm at the pyrethrins concentra-tions of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg·L-1 were 94.78, 45.54, 20.36, 14.39 and 11.37 h, respectively. The percentage of cumulative mortality at the pyrethrins concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg·L-1 was approxi-mately 50%, 67%, 93%, 100% and 100% within 120 h, respectively. The LC50 value （concentration of 50% larval mortality） for the 4th instar lar-vae was 16.1μg·L-1. Thus, larval mortality of spruce budworm increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and lethal time decreased with increasing pyrethin concentrations. These findings suggest that pyrethrins have a potential in controlling spruce budworm populations.
基金the Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Province,China(202003AD 150006)the Cooperation Project with DR PLANT Company(2023).
文摘Four undescribed pyrethrins C-F(1-4)as well as four known pyrethrins(5-8)were isolated from seeds of Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trev.The structures of compounds 1-4 were elucidated by UV,HRESIMS,and NMR(^(1)H and ^(13)C NMR,^(1)H-^(1)H COSY,HSQC,HMBC and ROESY),among which the stereostructure of compound 4 was determined by calcu-lated ECD.Furthermore,compounds 1-4 were evaluated for their aphidicidal activities.The insecticidal assay results showed that 1-4 exhibited moderate aphidicidal activities at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL with the 24 h mortality rates ranging from 10.58 to 52.98%.Among them,pyrethrin D(2)showed the highest aphidicidal activity,with the 24 h mortality rate of 52.98%,which was slightly lower than the positive control(pyrethrin II,83.52%).
文摘Using bio-chassis technology to realize the environmental protection and low energy consumption production of biological pesticides is the main goal of the future development of synthetic biology technology. Pyrethroid is a kind of pure natural effective insecticide derived from pyrethrum, an herbal plant of Compositae. It has broad-spectrum and strong insecticidal and de-worming effects, and has little harm to mammals and no environmental harm. It is one of the best substitutes for biological insecticides, and has a wider application prospect. Natural pyrethrins, on the other hand, consist of six main components which are formed by condensation of two heteromorphic terpenoid acid ligands and three alcohol ligands which are the main raw materials of jasmonic acid. In this paper, the whole research and development process of pyrethrins is summarized. By using the analyzed plant metabolic synthesis methods and microbial systems to prepare pyrethrins on a large scale, it can provide an example for the scientific research foundation and application practice of preparing green biopesticides by synthetic biology methods.
基金funding from MUR under the umbrella of the PRIMA-Partnership for Research&Innovation in the Mediterranean Area through the research project SAFE"Sustainable water reuse practices improving safety in agriculture,food and environment"support from the CERCA Institute through the CERCAGINYS programme,funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovationsupport from the Economy and Knowledge Department of the Catalan Government through a Consolidated Research Groups(ICRA-ENV-2021 SGR 01282 and ICRA-TECH 2021 SGR 01283)。
文摘Fipronil is an insecticide with low residual activity and high efficacy at low concentrations.Due to its widespread use and long half-life,fipronil can persist during wastewater treatment and is found even in surface waters.When released into the environment,it can accumulate over time and can lead to concentrations in soil and plant tissues that are harmful to both target and non-target organisms.As the reuse of treated wastewater and sewage sludge presents challenges and opportunities for farmers,this study investigates the effects of irrigation with environmentally relevant doses of fipronil on zucchini plants and their main insect pest,Aphis gossypii.Traces of fipronil were found in the zucchini leaves,but not in the flowers,after 35-days of cumulative exposure.A decrease in nymph-to-adult survival and a dose-dependent reduction in the fecundity of A.gossypii feeding on contaminated host plants was observed.Also,aphids feeding on contaminated host plants exhibited the same mortality rate as the control group when exposed to an acute dose of fipronil.However,when natural pyrethrins were used,there was a significant increase in resistance to this insecticide.Our results demonstrate the potential for fipronil to accumulate in plant tissues and highlight the risk of changes in insecticide susceptibility in insect pests.This suggests a need for a holistic approach to the complex dynamics of wastewater reuse in agriculture.
文摘Objective The pulmonary toxicity of a commercially available formulated preparation of Fenvalerate (Fen), a synthetic pyrethroid has been studied in rats following subchronic nose only inhalation exposure route. Method Adult male rats were exposed to Fen for 4h/day, 5 days a week for 90 days by using Flow Past Dynamic Nose only Inhalation Chamber. Results Fen exposed rats showed a significant increase in enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) which are considered as biochemical indicators of pulmonary damage. The concomitant histopathological examination of Fen exposed rats' lung revealed inflammatory changes viz., influx of mononuclear cells admixed with a few giant cells in alveolar lumen, hypetrophied bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial lining cells and presence of edematous fluid in alveolar lumen alongwith congested parenchymatous blood vessels. Conclusion These results for the first time indicate the pulmonary toxic effects of a commonly used formulated Fen preparation by using rat model and nose only inhalation as the route of exposure.
文摘BACKGROUND： Pesticides are used to control various pests of agricultural crops worldwide. Despite their agricultural benefits, pesticides are often considered a serious threat to the environment because of their persistence. Pyrethroids are synthetic derivates of pyrethrins, which are natural organic insecticides procured from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium and C. coccineum. Pyrethroids are classified into two groups class Ⅰ and class Ⅱ-based on their toxicity and physical properties. These pyrethroids are now used in many synthetic insecticides and are highly specific against insects; they are generally used against mosquitoes. The prominent site of insecticidal action ofpyrethroids is the voltage-sensitive sodium channels. METHODS and RESULTS： Pyrethroids are found to be stable, and they persist in the environment for a long period. This article provides an overview of the different classes, structure, and insecticidal properties of pyrethroid. Furthermore, the toxicity of pyrethroids is also discussed with emphasis on bioremediation to alleviate pollution. CONCLUSIONS： The article focuses on various microorganisms used in the degradation ofpyrethroids, the molecular basis of degradation, and the role of carboxylesterase enzymes and genes in the detoxification of pyrethroid.
文摘A series of field trials were conducted in a commercial food storage facility to evaluate exposure of stored-product insects to aerosol formulations of synergized pyrethrins and the insect growth regulator methoprene. When adults of Tribolium castaneum （Herbst）, the red flour beetle, and Tribolium confusum （Jacqueline DuVal）, the confused flour beetle were exposed with and without a food source to synergized pyrethrin aerosol, there was no difference in adult mortality with respect to availability of food at either 7 or 14 days after exposure （P≥0.05）. However, mortality was lower in T. confusum （40.4% and 79.3% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 38.9% and 84.8% without flour at 7 and 14 days） compared to T. castaneum （96.5% and 99.8% with flour at 7 and 14 days, 91.0% and 98.7% without flour at 7 and 14 days）. Few late-stage larvae and pupae of either species exposed to the pyrethrin aerosol emerged as adults. In tests with methoprene aerosol, adult emergence of exposed 3- and 4-week-old larvae of T. confusum was less than 2%. Only 0.3% of 4-week-old larvae of T. castaneum exposed in open and obstructed areas emerged as adults. Emergence of adults from eggs of Plodia interpunctella （Hubner）, the Indianmeal moth, embedded in culture media and exposed to the methoprene aerosol was 13.2%±3.5%. Results show that the aerosols evaluated in our study could give effective control of some of the major storedproduct insect pests in commercial food storage facilities, and may offer an alternative to fumigation.
