ON May 20,2025,eighteen descendants of British prisoners of war(POWs)rescued in the Lisbon Maru incident arrived on Dongji Island in east China’s Zhejiang Province,after a long transoceanic journey.They joined descen...ON May 20,2025,eighteen descendants of British prisoners of war(POWs)rescued in the Lisbon Maru incident arrived on Dongji Island in east China’s Zhejiang Province,after a long transoceanic journey.They joined descendants of the local fishermen who had saved their ancestors 83 years ago,gathering to witness the unveiling of a memorial erected in honor of the fishermen’s extraordinary bravery.At its center,the memorial bears the inscription:“Love knows no boundaries;Friendship transcends time.”展开更多
During the Tang Dynasty,incarcerated prisoners enjoyed various rights during their detention,including access to clothing,food,medical care,hygiene,rest,and burial arrangements.Under specific conditions,prisoners were...During the Tang Dynasty,incarcerated prisoners enjoyed various rights during their detention,including access to clothing,food,medical care,hygiene,rest,and burial arrangements.Under specific conditions,prisoners were even granted leave for family events such as funerals or weddings.The Rules for Prison Officials(Yuguanling)detailed the rights and safeguards for prisoners and set clear guidelines on the use of restraints during detention.Additionally,the Statutes on Deciding Cases(Duanyu Lü)outlined explicit penalties for judicial officials who failed to ensure prisoner rights or committed related violations.Interrogation processes adhered to strict procedural and substantive requirements,including direct questioning by judges,the avoidance of cases involving personal connections or conflicts of interest,evidence-based cross-examinations,careful investigation of circumstances,and consistent rulings across similar cases.The Tang legal code imposed comprehensive,detailed,and stringent limits on the application of coercive interrogations,specifying restrictions on tools,methods,subjects,and extent.Any breaches of these restrictions were met with severe punishments.While the concept of“human rights”did not appear in Tang legal and administrative texts,these laws and regulations embody abundant principles of people-centered governance,benevolence,and human rights concepts.Systematic examination of these ideas,values,and principles—when integrated with the Marxist perspective on human rights—can enrich China’s contemporary human rights practice,contribute to articulating China’s unique narrative on human rights,and play a role in constructing a distinctly Chinese discourse on human rights.Such efforts could provide Chinese wisdom and proposals for the advancement of human rights globally.展开更多
In social and ecological systems,individual migration behavior and peer pressure are crucial factors influencing decision-making and cooperative behavior.However,how migration regulates the evolution of cooperation an...In social and ecological systems,individual migration behavior and peer pressure are crucial factors influencing decision-making and cooperative behavior.However,how migration regulates the evolution of cooperation and the specific role of peer pressure in this process remain to be further investigated.To address this,this study develops a model that incorporates migration mechanisms and peer pressure within the framework of the networked prisoner’s dilemma game.Specifically,we modify the population structure and introduce a migration strategy based on payoff maximization,enabling individuals to dynamically adjust their positions according to the local environment.The model also considers the impact of peer pressure on individual decision-making and introduces heterogeneity in individuals’sensitivity to pressure,thereby systematically examining the role of both factors in the evolution of cooperative behavior.Based on this framework,we further compare our model with a scenario in which no migration mechanism is present to evaluate its impact on cooperative dynamics.The results reveal that the migration mechanism significantly promotes the evolution of cooperative behavior.Under this mechanism,higher individual sensitivity leads to an increased level of cooperation,and stronger peer pressure intensity more effectively enhances the promotion of cooperation.Additionally,the influence of population structure on cooperation frequency cannot be overlooked.An increase in vacant nodes provides cooperators with greater buffering space and more migration opportunities,making cooperative behavior more stable and facilitating its propagation within the system.These findings suggest that appropriately regulating individual mobility and reinforcing peer pressure constraints can enhance the stability and propagation of cooperative behavior,providing significant theoretical support for social governance,organizational management,and group collaboration.展开更多
The year 2025 marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War.During World War II,China forged profound bonds with nation...The year 2025 marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War.During World War II,China forged profound bonds with nations worldwide on the anti-fascist battlefield,enduring testaments to transnational solidarity.In the Lisbon Maru incident,Chinese fishermen from Zhoushan risked their lives to rescue 384 British prisoners of war,making 65 perilous trips under Japanese gunfire in a monumental display of courage and compassion.展开更多
事实是这样的：2010年1月12日海地发生里氏7级地震,造成25万死亡,170万人无家可归。一部基于互联网制作、传播的纪录片《亲历海地地震》（Inside the Haiti Earthquake）的呈现是这样的：影片开始,字幕解释说：“《亲历海地地震》这部...事实是这样的：2010年1月12日海地发生里氏7级地震,造成25万死亡,170万人无家可归。一部基于互联网制作、传播的纪录片《亲历海地地震》（Inside the Haiti Earthquake）的呈现是这样的：影片开始,字幕解释说：“《亲历海地地震》这部作品的创作目的是改变人们对灾难救援工作的看法。这不是一个游戏。通过分别扮演一位救援者、一位记者和一位幸存者,你将有机会施展自己的策略，并承担其相应后果。”接着，屏幕上是三个头像，分别代表这三个不同角色。观众可以任选其一，开始自己的“灾区之行”。展开更多
Prisoner’s Dilemma is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers narrates a multiform of dilemma mainly narrating Eddie Hobson’...Prisoner’s Dilemma is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers narrates a multiform of dilemma mainly narrating Eddie Hobson’s traumatic history,along with Eddie’s attempt to carry out a strategy—Eddie’s ideal Hobstown which is supposed to cope with the confused dilemma.Pow⁃ers’strategic moral insights are revealed by assuming that each player feels sympathy for the other and a moral cooperative instead of antagonistic solution to the Prisoner’s Dilemma will be found.展开更多
The“prisoner’s dilemma”illustrates that everyone is rationally thinking about maximizing their own interests and taking their own best strategies,but the end result is counterproductive.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richa...The“prisoner’s dilemma”illustrates that everyone is rationally thinking about maximizing their own interests and taking their own best strategies,but the end result is counterproductive.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers describes multiformareas of dilemma;to lose balance;to make choices;and ask each other:what to do next?It is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In most cases,the prisoner's dilemma is more about the number of defeats in the game,and even a major loss of society.Individual rationality is likely to be a collective disregard,and if everyone is acting on the principle of self-interest,it is often the result that everyone is lost.Powers expresses his philosophical insight:Until a cooperative instead of antagonistic solution is collectively agreed upon,we still remain imprisoned in an interminable and oppressive struggle and conflict decided by self-interest and rational control,which is also a moral response to historical consciousness of postmodernism.展开更多
The intentional ingestion of foreign objects(IIFO) is described more commonly in prison populations than in the general population, with an estimated annual incidence of 1 in 1900 inmates in our state correctional fac...The intentional ingestion of foreign objects(IIFO) is described more commonly in prison populations than in the general population, with an estimated annual incidence of 1 in 1900 inmates in our state correctional facilities. Incidents often involve ingestion of small metal objects(e.g., paperclips, razor blades) or other commonly available items like pens or eating utensils. Despite ingestion of relatively sharp objects, most episodes can be clinically managed with either observation or endoscopy. Surgery should be reserved for those with signs or symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction. For those with a history of IIFO, efforts should focus on prevention of recurrenceas subsequent episodes are associated with higher morbidity, significant healthcare and security costs. The pattern of IIFO is often repetitive, with escalation both in frequency of ingestions and in number of items ingested. Little is known about successful prevention strategies, but efforts to monitor patients and provide psychiatric care are potential best-practice strategies. This article aims to provide state-of-the art review on the topic, followed by a set of basic recommendations.展开更多
The iterated prisoner's dilemma(IPD) is an ideal model for analyzing interactions between agents in complex networks. It has attracted wide interest in the development of novel strategies since the success of tit-...The iterated prisoner's dilemma(IPD) is an ideal model for analyzing interactions between agents in complex networks. It has attracted wide interest in the development of novel strategies since the success of tit-for-tat in Axelrod's tournament. This paper studies a new adaptive strategy of IPD in different complex networks, where agents can learn and adapt their strategies through reinforcement learning method. A temporal difference learning method is applied for designing the adaptive strategy to optimize the decision making process of the agents. Previous studies indicated that mutual cooperation is hard to emerge in the IPD. Therefore, three examples which based on square lattice network and scale-free network are provided to show two features of the adaptive strategy. First, the mutual cooperation can be achieved by the group with adaptive agents under scale-free network, and once evolution has converged mutual cooperation, it is unlikely to shift. Secondly, the adaptive strategy can earn a better payoff compared with other strategies in the square network. The analytical properties are discussed for verifying evolutionary stability of the adaptive strategy.展开更多
AIM:Recent studies in Iran has shown that prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among Iranian prisoners is high, in spite of low HCV seroprevalence in general population. METHODS: This study was carried out ...AIM:Recent studies in Iran has shown that prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among Iranian prisoners is high, in spite of low HCV seroprevalence in general population. METHODS: This study was carried out in the central prison of Hamedan - Iran, in year 2002. Inmates were interviewed using a standard questionnaire including demographic, imprisonment history and HCV-related risk behaviors items. Thereafter, the sera drawn from the participants were tested for anti-HIV and anti-HCV antibodies. RESULTS: A total number of 427 drug abuser inmates participated in our study. Three hundred and ninety-seven (93%) were men and 30 (7%) were women. Total number of IV drug abusers (IDA) and non-IV drug abusers (NIDA) was 149 (34.9%) and 278 (65.1%), respectively. The overall rate of antibody positivity among inmates was 0.9% for HIV and 30% for HCV. Of all IDAs, 31.5% and of NIDAs, 29.1% had serological evidence of HCV infection. CONCLUSION: The seroprevalence of HCV infection among drug abuser prisoners in comparison with the general population in Iran, is very high (30% vs in italics 0.2%). Our results indicate the importance of policies to prevent transmission of HCV infection during and following incarceration.展开更多
Repeated games describe situations where players interact with each other in a dynamic pattern and make decisions ac- cording to outcomes of previous stage games. Very recently, Press and Dyson have revealed a new cla...Repeated games describe situations where players interact with each other in a dynamic pattern and make decisions ac- cording to outcomes of previous stage games. Very recently, Press and Dyson have revealed a new class of zero-determinant （ZD） strategies for the repeated games, which can enforce a fixed linear relationship between expected payoffs of two play- ers, indicating that a smart player can control her unwitting co-player＇s payoff in a unilateral way [Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. USA 109, 10409 （2012）]. The theory of ZD strategies provides a novel viewpoint to depict interactions among players, and fundamentally changes the research paradigm of game theory. In this brief survey, we first introduce the mathematical framework of ZD strategies, and review the properties and constrains of two specifications of ZD strategies, called pinning strategies and extortion strategies. Then we review some representative research progresses, including robustness analysis, cooperative ZD strategy analysis, and evolutionary stability analysis. Finally, we discuss some significant extensions to ZD strategies, including the multi-player ZD strategies, and ZD strategies under noise. Challenges in related research fields are also listed.展开更多
AIM： To analyze the Hepatitis C virus （HCV） genotype distribution and transmission risk factors in a population of unselected patients in Luxembourg.METHODS： Epidemiological information （gender, age and transmiss...AIM： To analyze the Hepatitis C virus （HCV） genotype distribution and transmission risk factors in a population of unselected patients in Luxembourg.METHODS： Epidemiological information （gender, age and transmission risks） were collected from 802 patients newly diagnosed for hepatitis C and living in Luxembourg, among whom 228 patients referred from prison. Genotyping using 5＇noncoding （5＇NC） sequencing was performed. We compared categorical data using the Fisher＇s exact F-test and odds ratios （OR） were calculated for evaluating association of HCV genotype and risk factors.RESULTS： The sex ratio was predominantly male （2.2） and individuals aged less than 40 years represented 49.6% of the population. Genotype 1 was predominant （53.4%） followed by genotype 3 （33%）. Among risk factors, intravenous drug usage （IVDU） was the most frequently reported （71.4%） followed by medical-related transmission （17.6%） including haemophilia, transfusion recipients and other nosocomial reasons. Genotype 3 was significantly associated to IVDU （OR = 4.84, P 〈 0.0001） whereas genotype 1 was significantly associated with a medical procedure （OR = 2.42, P 〈 0.001）. The HCV genotype distribution from inmate patients differed significantly from the rest of the population （Chi-square test with four degrees of freedom, P 〈 0.0001） with a higher frequency of genotype 3 （46.5% vs 27.5%） and a lower frequency of genotype 1 and 4 （44.7% vs 56.8% and 5.3% vs 9.6%, respectively）. IVDU was nearly exclusively reported as a risk factor in prison.CONCLUSION： We report the first description of the HCV genotype distribution in Luxembourg. The repartition is similar to other European counties, with one of the highest European prevalence rates of genotype 3 （33%）. Since serology screening became available in 2992, IVDU remains the most common way of HCV transmission in Luxembourg.展开更多
The studies on hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection in prison populations are few and mostly cross-sectional. We analyzed prevalently the articles appearing on Pub Med in the last ten years. HCV infection is frequent in p...The studies on hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection in prison populations are few and mostly cross-sectional. We analyzed prevalently the articles appearing on Pub Med in the last ten years. HCV infection is frequent in prisoners, prevalences ranging from 3.1% to 38% according to the HCV endemicity in the geographical location of the prison and in the countries of origin of the foreign prisoners and to the prevalence of intravenous drug use, which is the most important risk factor for HCV infection, followed by an older age of prisoners and previous prison terms. HCV replication in anti-HCVpositive cases varies from 45% to 90% in different studies, and the most common HCV genotypes are generally 1 and 3. The response to antiviral treatment is similar in prisoners to that of the general population. Unfortunately, treatment is administered less frequently to prisoners because of the difficulties in management and follow-up. The new directly acting antivirals offer a good therapy option for inmates because of their good efficacy, short duration of treatment and low incidence of side effects. The efforts of the prison authorities and medical staff should be focused on reducing the spread of HCV infection in prisons by extending the possibility of follow-up and treatment to more prisoners with chronic hepatitis C.展开更多
This paper studies the continuous prisoner's dilemma games (CPDG) on Barabasi-Albert (BA) networks.In the model,each agent on a vertex of the networks makes an investment and interacts with all of his neighboring ...This paper studies the continuous prisoner's dilemma games (CPDG) on Barabasi-Albert (BA) networks.In the model,each agent on a vertex of the networks makes an investment and interacts with all of his neighboring agents.Making an investment is costly,but which benefits its neighboring agents,where benefit and cost depend on the level of investment made.The payoff of each agent is given by the sum of payoffs it receives in its interactions with all its neighbors.Not only payoff,individual's guilty emotion in the games has also been considered.The negative guilty emotion produced in comparing with its neighbors can reduce the utility of individuals directly.We assume that the reduction amount depends on the individual's degree and a baseline level parameter.The group's cooperative level is characterized by the average investment of the population.Each player makes his investment in the next step based on a convex combination of the investment of his best neighbors in the last step,his best history strategies in the latest steps which number is controlled by a memory length parameter,and a uniformly distributed random number.Simulation results show that this degree-dependent guilt mechanism can promote the evolution of cooperation dramatically comparing with degree-independent guilt or no guilt cases.Imitation,memory,uncertainty coefficients and network structure also play determinant roles in the cooperation level of the population.All our results may shed some new light on studying the evolution of cooperation based on network reciprocity mechanisms.展开更多
Aim of this research is to explore the relation of hunting with aggressiveness. For this purpose, two samples of prison inmates (who were students of the prison secondary school) were collected (class A = 23, class B ...Aim of this research is to explore the relation of hunting with aggressiveness. For this purpose, two samples of prison inmates (who were students of the prison secondary school) were collected (class A = 23, class B = 12). The network indicators for superficial, idiosyncratic and strategic behavior (particularly, aggressiveness), applied in Bekiari and Hasanagas (2016), which were based on the primary network variables (outdegree, indegree, Katz status, pagerank, authority) were used. Non-network variables were also used for the criminal profile of the inmates. The data were sampled with questionnaire. Spearman test was conducted for detecting correlation between aggressiveness and hunting and Principal Component Analysis was used for formulating a typology. The following results were produced: The criminal profile seems hardly to be related with hunting experience or attitude. The relation of hunting experience and attitude with the superficial, idiosyncratic and strategic aggressiveness was examined. These three occasions of aggressiveness are expected to describe the incidental reaction, impulsive and adaptive reaction, respectively. The hunting is quite irrelevant to the incidental reaction. The impulsiveness seems to be more strongly correlated with hunting. In case of adaptiveness, there are many similarities with impulsiveness. The typology which is based on the existence (or not) of hunting experience seems to be more insightful, as it reveals a gradual involvement of aggressiveness dimensions, from incidentality to impulsiveness and further to adaptiveness. The following behavioral patterns of gradually enhanced aggressiveness appear: incidentally just provoking, impulsively being aggressive but without harming, and adaptively being aggressive and harming.展开更多
The task of prison term prediction is to predict the term of penalty based on textual fact description for a certain type of criminal case.Recent advances in deep learning frameworks inspire us to propose a two-step m...The task of prison term prediction is to predict the term of penalty based on textual fact description for a certain type of criminal case.Recent advances in deep learning frameworks inspire us to propose a two-step method to address this problem.To obtain a better understanding and more specific representation of the legal texts,we summarize a judgment model according to relevant law articles and then apply it in the extraction of case feature from judgment documents.By formalizing prison term prediction as a regression problem,we adopt the linear regression model and the neural network model to train the prison term predictor.In experiments,we construct a real-world dataset of theft case judgment documents.Experimental results demonstrate that our method can effectively extract judgment-specific case features from textual fact descriptions.The best performance of the proposed predictor is obtained with a mean absolute error of 3.2087 months,and the accuracy of 72.54%and 90.01%at the error upper bounds of three and six months,respectively.展开更多
AIM To detect chronic hepatitis B(CHB),chronic hepatitis C(CHC) and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infections in dried blood spot(DBS) and compare these samples to venous blood sampling in real-life.METHODS We incl...AIM To detect chronic hepatitis B(CHB),chronic hepatitis C(CHC) and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infections in dried blood spot(DBS) and compare these samples to venous blood sampling in real-life.METHODS We included prospective patients with known viral infections from drug treatment centers,a prison and outpatient clinics and included blood donors as negative controls. Five drops of finger capillary blood were spotted on filter paper,and a venous blood sample was obtained. The samples were analyzed for HBs Ag,antiHBc,anti-HBs,anti-HCV,and anti-HIV levels as well as subjected to a combined nucleic acid test(NAT) for HBV DNA,HCV RNA and HIV RNA.RESULTS Samples from 404 subjects were screened(85 CHB,116 CHC,114 HIV and 99 blood donors). DBS had a sensitivity of > 96% and a specificity of > 98% for the detection of all three infections. NAT testing did not improve sensitivity,but correctly classified 95% of the anti-HCV-positive patients with chronic and past infections. Anti-HBc and anti-HBS showed low sensitivity in DBS(68% and 42%).CONCLUSION DBS sampling,combined with an automated analysis system,is a feasible screening method to diagnose chronic viral hepatitis and HIV infections outside of the health care system.展开更多
Natural selection opposes the evolution of cooperation unless specific mechanisms are at work in Prisoner＇s Dilemma. By taking advantage of the modern control theory, the controller design is discussed and the optima...Natural selection opposes the evolution of cooperation unless specific mechanisms are at work in Prisoner＇s Dilemma. By taking advantage of the modern control theory, the controller design is discussed and the optimal control is designed for promoting cooperation based on the recent advances in mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. Two con- trol strategies are proposed： compensation control strategy for the cooperator when playing against a defector and reward control strategy for cooperator when playing against a coop- erator. The feasibility and effectiveness of these control strategies for promoting cooperation in different stages are analyzed. The reward for cooperation can＇t prevent defection from being evolutionary stable strategy （ESS）. On the other hand, compensation for the coopera- tor can＇t prevent defection from emerging and sustaining. By considering the effect and the cost, an optimal control scheme with constraint on the admissible control set is put forward. By analyzing the special nonlinear system of replicator dynamics, the exact analytic solution of the optimal control scheme is obtained based on the maximum principle. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by examples.展开更多
Considering the inertia of individuals in real inertia of players is introduced into evolutionary prisoner＇s life, we propose a modified Fermi updating rule, where the dilemma game （PDG） on square lattices. We main...Considering the inertia of individuals in real inertia of players is introduced into evolutionary prisoner＇s life, we propose a modified Fermi updating rule, where the dilemma game （PDG） on square lattices. We mainly focus on how the inertia affects the cooperative behavior of the system. Interestingly, we find that the cooperation level has a nonmonotonic dependence on the inertia： with small inertia, cooperators will soon be invaded by defectors; with large inertia, players are unwilling to change their strategies and the cooperation level remains the same as the initial state; while a moderate inertia can induce the highest cooperation level. Moreover, effects of environmental noise and individual inertia are studied. Our work may be helpful in understanding the emergence and persistence of cooperation in nature and society.展开更多
文摘ON May 20,2025,eighteen descendants of British prisoners of war(POWs)rescued in the Lisbon Maru incident arrived on Dongji Island in east China’s Zhejiang Province,after a long transoceanic journey.They joined descendants of the local fishermen who had saved their ancestors 83 years ago,gathering to witness the unveiling of a memorial erected in honor of the fishermen’s extraordinary bravery.At its center,the memorial bears the inscription:“Love knows no boundaries;Friendship transcends time.”
基金This article is an interim achievement of the National Social Science Fund Major Project“Classification,System Construction,and Database Building of Legislative Language of Qin-Han to Tang Dynasty”(Project Approval Number 21&ZD197).
文摘During the Tang Dynasty,incarcerated prisoners enjoyed various rights during their detention,including access to clothing,food,medical care,hygiene,rest,and burial arrangements.Under specific conditions,prisoners were even granted leave for family events such as funerals or weddings.The Rules for Prison Officials(Yuguanling)detailed the rights and safeguards for prisoners and set clear guidelines on the use of restraints during detention.Additionally,the Statutes on Deciding Cases(Duanyu Lü)outlined explicit penalties for judicial officials who failed to ensure prisoner rights or committed related violations.Interrogation processes adhered to strict procedural and substantive requirements,including direct questioning by judges,the avoidance of cases involving personal connections or conflicts of interest,evidence-based cross-examinations,careful investigation of circumstances,and consistent rulings across similar cases.The Tang legal code imposed comprehensive,detailed,and stringent limits on the application of coercive interrogations,specifying restrictions on tools,methods,subjects,and extent.Any breaches of these restrictions were met with severe punishments.While the concept of“human rights”did not appear in Tang legal and administrative texts,these laws and regulations embody abundant principles of people-centered governance,benevolence,and human rights concepts.Systematic examination of these ideas,values,and principles—when integrated with the Marxist perspective on human rights—can enrich China’s contemporary human rights practice,contribute to articulating China’s unique narrative on human rights,and play a role in constructing a distinctly Chinese discourse on human rights.Such efforts could provide Chinese wisdom and proposals for the advancement of human rights globally.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.72031009)Major Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20&ZD058).
文摘In social and ecological systems,individual migration behavior and peer pressure are crucial factors influencing decision-making and cooperative behavior.However,how migration regulates the evolution of cooperation and the specific role of peer pressure in this process remain to be further investigated.To address this,this study develops a model that incorporates migration mechanisms and peer pressure within the framework of the networked prisoner’s dilemma game.Specifically,we modify the population structure and introduce a migration strategy based on payoff maximization,enabling individuals to dynamically adjust their positions according to the local environment.The model also considers the impact of peer pressure on individual decision-making and introduces heterogeneity in individuals’sensitivity to pressure,thereby systematically examining the role of both factors in the evolution of cooperative behavior.Based on this framework,we further compare our model with a scenario in which no migration mechanism is present to evaluate its impact on cooperative dynamics.The results reveal that the migration mechanism significantly promotes the evolution of cooperative behavior.Under this mechanism,higher individual sensitivity leads to an increased level of cooperation,and stronger peer pressure intensity more effectively enhances the promotion of cooperation.Additionally,the influence of population structure on cooperation frequency cannot be overlooked.An increase in vacant nodes provides cooperators with greater buffering space and more migration opportunities,making cooperative behavior more stable and facilitating its propagation within the system.These findings suggest that appropriately regulating individual mobility and reinforcing peer pressure constraints can enhance the stability and propagation of cooperative behavior,providing significant theoretical support for social governance,organizational management,and group collaboration.
文摘The year 2025 marks the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War.During World War II,China forged profound bonds with nations worldwide on the anti-fascist battlefield,enduring testaments to transnational solidarity.In the Lisbon Maru incident,Chinese fishermen from Zhoushan risked their lives to rescue 384 British prisoners of war,making 65 perilous trips under Japanese gunfire in a monumental display of courage and compassion.
文摘事实是这样的：2010年1月12日海地发生里氏7级地震,造成25万死亡,170万人无家可归。一部基于互联网制作、传播的纪录片《亲历海地地震》（Inside the Haiti Earthquake）的呈现是这样的：影片开始,字幕解释说：“《亲历海地地震》这部作品的创作目的是改变人们对灾难救援工作的看法。这不是一个游戏。通过分别扮演一位救援者、一位记者和一位幸存者,你将有机会施展自己的策略，并承担其相应后果。”接着，屏幕上是三个头像，分别代表这三个不同角色。观众可以任选其一，开始自己的“灾区之行”。
文摘Prisoner’s Dilemma is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers narrates a multiform of dilemma mainly narrating Eddie Hobson’s traumatic history,along with Eddie’s attempt to carry out a strategy—Eddie’s ideal Hobstown which is supposed to cope with the confused dilemma.Pow⁃ers’strategic moral insights are revealed by assuming that each player feels sympathy for the other and a moral cooperative instead of antagonistic solution to the Prisoner’s Dilemma will be found.
文摘The“prisoner’s dilemma”illustrates that everyone is rationally thinking about maximizing their own interests and taking their own best strategies,but the end result is counterproductive.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers describes multiformareas of dilemma;to lose balance;to make choices;and ask each other:what to do next?It is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In most cases,the prisoner's dilemma is more about the number of defeats in the game,and even a major loss of society.Individual rationality is likely to be a collective disregard,and if everyone is acting on the principle of self-interest,it is often the result that everyone is lost.Powers expresses his philosophical insight:Until a cooperative instead of antagonistic solution is collectively agreed upon,we still remain imprisoned in an interminable and oppressive struggle and conflict decided by self-interest and rational control,which is also a moral response to historical consciousness of postmodernism.
文摘The intentional ingestion of foreign objects(IIFO) is described more commonly in prison populations than in the general population, with an estimated annual incidence of 1 in 1900 inmates in our state correctional facilities. Incidents often involve ingestion of small metal objects(e.g., paperclips, razor blades) or other commonly available items like pens or eating utensils. Despite ingestion of relatively sharp objects, most episodes can be clinically managed with either observation or endoscopy. Surgery should be reserved for those with signs or symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction. For those with a history of IIFO, efforts should focus on prevention of recurrenceas subsequent episodes are associated with higher morbidity, significant healthcare and security costs. The pattern of IIFO is often repetitive, with escalation both in frequency of ingestions and in number of items ingested. Little is known about successful prevention strategies, but efforts to monitor patients and provide psychiatric care are potential best-practice strategies. This article aims to provide state-of-the art review on the topic, followed by a set of basic recommendations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(NNSF)of China(61603196,61503079,61520106009,61533008)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(BK20150851)+4 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2015M581842)Jiangsu Postdoctoral Science Foundation(1601259C)Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Science Foundation(NUPTSF)(NY215011)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,the open fund of Key Laboratory of Measurement and Control of Complex Systems of Engineering,Ministry of Education(MCCSE2015B02)the Research Innovation Program for College Graduates of Jiangsu Province(CXLX1309)
文摘The iterated prisoner's dilemma(IPD) is an ideal model for analyzing interactions between agents in complex networks. It has attracted wide interest in the development of novel strategies since the success of tit-for-tat in Axelrod's tournament. This paper studies a new adaptive strategy of IPD in different complex networks, where agents can learn and adapt their strategies through reinforcement learning method. A temporal difference learning method is applied for designing the adaptive strategy to optimize the decision making process of the agents. Previous studies indicated that mutual cooperation is hard to emerge in the IPD. Therefore, three examples which based on square lattice network and scale-free network are provided to show two features of the adaptive strategy. First, the mutual cooperation can be achieved by the group with adaptive agents under scale-free network, and once evolution has converged mutual cooperation, it is unlikely to shift. Secondly, the adaptive strategy can earn a better payoff compared with other strategies in the square network. The analytical properties are discussed for verifying evolutionary stability of the adaptive strategy.
文摘AIM:Recent studies in Iran has shown that prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among Iranian prisoners is high, in spite of low HCV seroprevalence in general population. METHODS: This study was carried out in the central prison of Hamedan - Iran, in year 2002. Inmates were interviewed using a standard questionnaire including demographic, imprisonment history and HCV-related risk behaviors items. Thereafter, the sera drawn from the participants were tested for anti-HIV and anti-HCV antibodies. RESULTS: A total number of 427 drug abuser inmates participated in our study. Three hundred and ninety-seven (93%) were men and 30 (7%) were women. Total number of IV drug abusers (IDA) and non-IV drug abusers (NIDA) was 149 (34.9%) and 278 (65.1%), respectively. The overall rate of antibody positivity among inmates was 0.9% for HIV and 30% for HCV. Of all IDAs, 31.5% and of NIDAs, 29.1% had serological evidence of HCV infection. CONCLUSION: The seroprevalence of HCV infection among drug abuser prisoners in comparison with the general population in Iran, is very high (30% vs in italics 0.2%). Our results indicate the importance of policies to prevent transmission of HCV infection during and following incarceration.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61004098 and 11222543)the Program for New Century Excellent Talentsin Universities of China(Grant No.NCET-11-0070)+2 种基金the Special Project of Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team of Sichuan ProvinceChina(Grant No.2013TD0006)the Research Foundation of UESTC and Scholars Program of Hong Kong(Grant No.G-YZ4D)
文摘Repeated games describe situations where players interact with each other in a dynamic pattern and make decisions ac- cording to outcomes of previous stage games. Very recently, Press and Dyson have revealed a new class of zero-determinant （ZD） strategies for the repeated games, which can enforce a fixed linear relationship between expected payoffs of two play- ers, indicating that a smart player can control her unwitting co-player＇s payoff in a unilateral way [Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. USA 109, 10409 （2012）]. The theory of ZD strategies provides a novel viewpoint to depict interactions among players, and fundamentally changes the research paradigm of game theory. In this brief survey, we first introduce the mathematical framework of ZD strategies, and review the properties and constrains of two specifications of ZD strategies, called pinning strategies and extortion strategies. Then we review some representative research progresses, including robustness analysis, cooperative ZD strategy analysis, and evolutionary stability analysis. Finally, we discuss some significant extensions to ZD strategies, including the multi-player ZD strategies, and ZD strategies under noise. Challenges in related research fields are also listed.
基金The "Centre de Recherche Public-Santé" (CRP-Santé, project LRV-REC-06-01)
文摘AIM： To analyze the Hepatitis C virus （HCV） genotype distribution and transmission risk factors in a population of unselected patients in Luxembourg.METHODS： Epidemiological information （gender, age and transmission risks） were collected from 802 patients newly diagnosed for hepatitis C and living in Luxembourg, among whom 228 patients referred from prison. Genotyping using 5＇noncoding （5＇NC） sequencing was performed. We compared categorical data using the Fisher＇s exact F-test and odds ratios （OR） were calculated for evaluating association of HCV genotype and risk factors.RESULTS： The sex ratio was predominantly male （2.2） and individuals aged less than 40 years represented 49.6% of the population. Genotype 1 was predominant （53.4%） followed by genotype 3 （33%）. Among risk factors, intravenous drug usage （IVDU） was the most frequently reported （71.4%） followed by medical-related transmission （17.6%） including haemophilia, transfusion recipients and other nosocomial reasons. Genotype 3 was significantly associated to IVDU （OR = 4.84, P 〈 0.0001） whereas genotype 1 was significantly associated with a medical procedure （OR = 2.42, P 〈 0.001）. The HCV genotype distribution from inmate patients differed significantly from the rest of the population （Chi-square test with four degrees of freedom, P 〈 0.0001） with a higher frequency of genotype 3 （46.5% vs 27.5%） and a lower frequency of genotype 1 and 4 （44.7% vs 56.8% and 5.3% vs 9.6%, respectively）. IVDU was nearly exclusively reported as a risk factor in prison.CONCLUSION： We report the first description of the HCV genotype distribution in Luxembourg. The repartition is similar to other European counties, with one of the highest European prevalence rates of genotype 3 （33%）. Since serology screening became available in 2992, IVDU remains the most common way of HCV transmission in Luxembourg.
文摘The studies on hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection in prison populations are few and mostly cross-sectional. We analyzed prevalently the articles appearing on Pub Med in the last ten years. HCV infection is frequent in prisoners, prevalences ranging from 3.1% to 38% according to the HCV endemicity in the geographical location of the prison and in the countries of origin of the foreign prisoners and to the prevalence of intravenous drug use, which is the most important risk factor for HCV infection, followed by an older age of prisoners and previous prison terms. HCV replication in anti-HCVpositive cases varies from 45% to 90% in different studies, and the most common HCV genotypes are generally 1 and 3. The response to antiviral treatment is similar in prisoners to that of the general population. Unfortunately, treatment is administered less frequently to prisoners because of the difficulties in management and follow-up. The new directly acting antivirals offer a good therapy option for inmates because of their good efficacy, short duration of treatment and low incidence of side effects. The efforts of the prison authorities and medical staff should be focused on reducing the spread of HCV infection in prisons by extending the possibility of follow-up and treatment to more prisoners with chronic hepatitis C.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.71071119 and 60574071supported by Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process (Wuhan University of Science and Technology)
文摘This paper studies the continuous prisoner's dilemma games (CPDG) on Barabasi-Albert (BA) networks.In the model,each agent on a vertex of the networks makes an investment and interacts with all of his neighboring agents.Making an investment is costly,but which benefits its neighboring agents,where benefit and cost depend on the level of investment made.The payoff of each agent is given by the sum of payoffs it receives in its interactions with all its neighbors.Not only payoff,individual's guilty emotion in the games has also been considered.The negative guilty emotion produced in comparing with its neighbors can reduce the utility of individuals directly.We assume that the reduction amount depends on the individual's degree and a baseline level parameter.The group's cooperative level is characterized by the average investment of the population.Each player makes his investment in the next step based on a convex combination of the investment of his best neighbors in the last step,his best history strategies in the latest steps which number is controlled by a memory length parameter,and a uniformly distributed random number.Simulation results show that this degree-dependent guilt mechanism can promote the evolution of cooperation dramatically comparing with degree-independent guilt or no guilt cases.Imitation,memory,uncertainty coefficients and network structure also play determinant roles in the cooperation level of the population.All our results may shed some new light on studying the evolution of cooperation based on network reciprocity mechanisms.
文摘Aim of this research is to explore the relation of hunting with aggressiveness. For this purpose, two samples of prison inmates (who were students of the prison secondary school) were collected (class A = 23, class B = 12). The network indicators for superficial, idiosyncratic and strategic behavior (particularly, aggressiveness), applied in Bekiari and Hasanagas (2016), which were based on the primary network variables (outdegree, indegree, Katz status, pagerank, authority) were used. Non-network variables were also used for the criminal profile of the inmates. The data were sampled with questionnaire. Spearman test was conducted for detecting correlation between aggressiveness and hunting and Principal Component Analysis was used for formulating a typology. The following results were produced: The criminal profile seems hardly to be related with hunting experience or attitude. The relation of hunting experience and attitude with the superficial, idiosyncratic and strategic aggressiveness was examined. These three occasions of aggressiveness are expected to describe the incidental reaction, impulsive and adaptive reaction, respectively. The hunting is quite irrelevant to the incidental reaction. The impulsiveness seems to be more strongly correlated with hunting. In case of adaptiveness, there are many similarities with impulsiveness. The typology which is based on the existence (or not) of hunting experience seems to be more insightful, as it reveals a gradual involvement of aggressiveness dimensions, from incidentality to impulsiveness and further to adaptiveness. The following behavioral patterns of gradually enhanced aggressiveness appear: incidentally just provoking, impulsively being aggressive but without harming, and adaptively being aggressive and harming.
基金This work is supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under grants 2018YFC0830602 and 2016QY03D0501in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)under grants 61872111,61732022 and 61601146.
文摘The task of prison term prediction is to predict the term of penalty based on textual fact description for a certain type of criminal case.Recent advances in deep learning frameworks inspire us to propose a two-step method to address this problem.To obtain a better understanding and more specific representation of the legal texts,we summarize a judgment model according to relevant law articles and then apply it in the extraction of case feature from judgment documents.By formalizing prison term prediction as a regression problem,we adopt the linear regression model and the neural network model to train the prison term predictor.In experiments,we construct a real-world dataset of theft case judgment documents.Experimental results demonstrate that our method can effectively extract judgment-specific case features from textual fact descriptions.The best performance of the proposed predictor is obtained with a mean absolute error of 3.2087 months,and the accuracy of 72.54%and 90.01%at the error upper bounds of three and six months,respectively.
文摘AIM To detect chronic hepatitis B(CHB),chronic hepatitis C(CHC) and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infections in dried blood spot(DBS) and compare these samples to venous blood sampling in real-life.METHODS We included prospective patients with known viral infections from drug treatment centers,a prison and outpatient clinics and included blood donors as negative controls. Five drops of finger capillary blood were spotted on filter paper,and a venous blood sample was obtained. The samples were analyzed for HBs Ag,antiHBc,anti-HBs,anti-HCV,and anti-HIV levels as well as subjected to a combined nucleic acid test(NAT) for HBV DNA,HCV RNA and HIV RNA.RESULTS Samples from 404 subjects were screened(85 CHB,116 CHC,114 HIV and 99 blood donors). DBS had a sensitivity of > 96% and a specificity of > 98% for the detection of all three infections. NAT testing did not improve sensitivity,but correctly classified 95% of the anti-HCV-positive patients with chronic and past infections. Anti-HBc and anti-HBS showed low sensitivity in DBS(68% and 42%).CONCLUSION DBS sampling,combined with an automated analysis system,is a feasible screening method to diagnose chronic viral hepatitis and HIV infections outside of the health care system.
文摘Natural selection opposes the evolution of cooperation unless specific mechanisms are at work in Prisoner＇s Dilemma. By taking advantage of the modern control theory, the controller design is discussed and the optimal control is designed for promoting cooperation based on the recent advances in mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. Two con- trol strategies are proposed： compensation control strategy for the cooperator when playing against a defector and reward control strategy for cooperator when playing against a coop- erator. The feasibility and effectiveness of these control strategies for promoting cooperation in different stages are analyzed. The reward for cooperation can＇t prevent defection from being evolutionary stable strategy （ESS）. On the other hand, compensation for the coopera- tor can＇t prevent defection from emerging and sustaining. By considering the effect and the cost, an optimal control scheme with constraint on the admissible control set is put forward. By analyzing the special nonlinear system of replicator dynamics, the exact analytic solution of the optimal control scheme is obtained based on the maximum principle. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by examples.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No.2011CB707004the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the NNSFC under Grant No.60921001+1 种基金the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China under Grant No.2011BAH24B02the State Science and Technology Support Program under Grant No.2012BAG04B01
文摘Considering the inertia of individuals in real inertia of players is introduced into evolutionary prisoner＇s life, we propose a modified Fermi updating rule, where the dilemma game （PDG） on square lattices. We mainly focus on how the inertia affects the cooperative behavior of the system. Interestingly, we find that the cooperation level has a nonmonotonic dependence on the inertia： with small inertia, cooperators will soon be invaded by defectors; with large inertia, players are unwilling to change their strategies and the cooperation level remains the same as the initial state; while a moderate inertia can induce the highest cooperation level. Moreover, effects of environmental noise and individual inertia are studied. Our work may be helpful in understanding the emergence and persistence of cooperation in nature and society.
