Genetic diversity of 18 processing apple varieties and two fresh varieties were evaluated using 12 simple sequence repeats （SSR） primer pairs previously identified in Malus domestica Borkh. A total of 87 alleles in ...Genetic diversity of 18 processing apple varieties and two fresh varieties were evaluated using 12 simple sequence repeats （SSR） primer pairs previously identified in Malus domestica Borkh. A total of 87 alleles in 10 loci were detected using 10 polymorphic SSR markers selected within the range of 5-14 alleles per locus. All the 20 varieties could be distinguished using two primer pairs and they were divided into four groups using cluster analysis. The genetic similarity （GS） of groups analyzed using cluster analysis varied from 0.14 to 0.83. High acid variety Avrolles separated from other varieties with GS less than 0.42. The second group contained Longfeng and Dolgo from Northeast of China, the inherited genes of Chinese crab apple. The five cider varieties with high tannin contents, namely, Dabinette, Frequin rouge, Kermerrien, M.Menard, and D.Coetligne were clustered into the third group. The fourth group was mainly composed of 12 juice and fresh varieties. Principal coordinate analysis （PCO） also divided all the varieties into four groups. Juice and fresh apple varieties, Longfeng and Dolgo were clustered together, respectively, using both the analyses. Both the analyses showed there was much difference between cider and juice varieties, cider and fresh varieties, as well as Chinese crab apple and western European crab apple, whereas juice varieties and fresh varieties had a similar genetic background. The genetic diversity and differentiation could be sufficiently reflected by combining the two analytical methods.展开更多
Evergreen azaleas are among the most important ornamental shrubs in China.Today,there are probably over 300 cultivars preserved in different nurseries,but with little information available on the cultivar itself or re...Evergreen azaleas are among the most important ornamental shrubs in China.Today,there are probably over 300 cultivars preserved in different nurseries,but with little information available on the cultivar itself or relationships between cultivars.Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) markers were employed to determine the genetic relationships between evergreen azalea cultivars in China.One hundred and thirty genotypes collected from gardens and nurseries,including cultivars classified in the groups East,West,Hairy,and Summer,unknown cultivars,and close species,were analyzed using three primer pairs.A total of 408 polymorphic fragments were generated by AFLP reactions with an average of 136 fragments per primer pair.The average values of expected heterozygosity and Shannon's information index were 0.3395 and 0.5153,respectively.Genetic similarities were generated based on Dice coefficients,used to construct a neighbor joining tree,and bootstrapped for 100 replicates in Treecon V1.3b.Principal coordinate analysis(PCO) was performed based on Dice distances using NTSYS-pc software.The AFLP technique was useful for analyzing genetic diversity in evergreen azaleas.Cluster analysis revealed that cultivars in the West and Summer groups were quite distinct from other groups in the four-group classification system and that the East and Hairy groups should be redefined.展开更多
Two anaerobic membrane bioreactors(AnMBRs)equipped with different membrane pore size(0.4 or 0.05μm)were operated at 25℃and fed with domestic wastewater.The hydraulic retention time(HRT)of the reactors was shortened....Two anaerobic membrane bioreactors(AnMBRs)equipped with different membrane pore size(0.4 or 0.05μm)were operated at 25℃and fed with domestic wastewater.The hydraulic retention time(HRT)of the reactors was shortened.The microbial communities of the two AnMBRs were investigated by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to see the effects of HRT.The predominant Archaea was an aceticlastic methanogen Methanosaeta.The composition of hydrogenotrophic methanogens changed with the HRTs:the population of Methanobacterium was higher for longer HRTs,whereas the population of unclassified Methanoregulaceae was higher for shorter HRTs.The Anaerolineae,Bacteroidia and Clostridia bacteria were dominant in both of the reactors,with a combined relative abundance of over 55%.The relative abundance of Anaerolineae was proportional to the biogas production performance.The change in the population of hydrogenotrophic methanogens or Anaerolineae can be used as an indicator for process monitoring.The sum of the relative abundance of Anaerolineae and Clostridia fluctuated slightly with changes in the HRT in both AnMBRs when the reactor was stably operated.The co-occurrence analysis revealed the relative abundance of the operational taxonomic units belonging to Anaerolineae and Clostridia was functionally equivalent during the treatment of real domestic sewage.A principal coordination analysis revealed that the changes in the microbial community in each reactor were consistent with the change of HRT.In addition,both the HRT and the stability of the process are important factors for maintaining microbial community structures.展开更多
Vibration cementing is a new technique that can significantly improve the bond strength of cementing interface.To popularize this technique,it is necessary to solve the key problem of how to make cementing string gene...Vibration cementing is a new technique that can significantly improve the bond strength of cementing interface.To popularize this technique,it is necessary to solve the key problem of how to make cementing string generate downhole radial vibration in the WOC stage.For this purpose,an electric vibrator was developed.With this vibrator,electric energy is converted into mechanical energy by means of a high-temperature motor vibration unit.The motor vibration unit rotates the eccentric block through an output shaft to generate an exciting source,which produces an axial-rotating exciting force at the bottom of the casing string.Then,the vibration characteristics of vertical well casing string under the exciting force were analyzed by using the principal coordinate analysis method,and the response model of casing string to an electric vibrator was developed.Finally,the effects of casing string length,exciting force and vibration frequency on the vibration amplitude at the lowermost of the casing string were analyzed based on a certain casing program.It is indicated that the casing string length and the square of vibration frequency are inversely proportional to the vibration amplitude at the lowermost of the casing string,and the exciting force is proportional to the vibration amplitude at the lowermost of the casing string.These research results provide a theoretical support for the application of vibration cementing technology to the cementing sites with different requirements on well depth and amplitude.展开更多
India’s race,religion,and caste are quite diverse.Even within the same nation,regional variations exist in the ABO blood type and the Rh system.The current research examined the relationship between diseases and the ...India’s race,religion,and caste are quite diverse.Even within the same nation,regional variations exist in the ABO blood type and the Rh system.The current research examined the relationship between diseases and the ABO blood type among Nagaland’s Chakhesang ethnic communities.This research considered the population of sick people with ABO blood types.One hundred persons,including men and women from the Chakhesang tribe,served as research respondents.The Chakhesang Naga tribe was selected for this study because of the documented higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus within this group compared to the broader regional population.The study also aimed to explore a possible association between these health conditions and blood type A.The ABD antisera typing Kit’s standard methodology was followed for blood group testing.S2 ABO software was used to compute the Hardy-Weinberg model,and the chi-square test was used to compare the results.In this research,we discovered that blood type A was more likely to develop hypertension and diabetes than blood types B and O(blood type A,X^(2)=16.3,P=0.00*;blood type B,X^(2)=18,P=0.00*;blood type O,X^(2)=0.085,P=0.87).This might imply that blood type A may be genetically predisposed to diabetes and hypertension more than other blood types.Our research shows that,compared to healthy individuals,the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was much higher in the general population.The Chakhesang Naga tribe has the highest prevalence of blood type B,while those with blood type A are the most afflicted and sensitive to hypertension and diabetes.A key limitation of the study is that the findings are based on a specific population and may not be generalizable.Larger and more diverse cohorts are needed to evaluate their broader applicability.展开更多
Aims Understanding relationships between vegetation and environments is of importance for ecosystem restoration and management.However,information on how environments influence the floristic patterns of shrublands is ...Aims Understanding relationships between vegetation and environments is of importance for ecosystem restoration and management.However,information on how environments influence the floristic patterns of shrublands is lack,especially in the subtropical China.In this study,we explored how environments regulate species composition of shrublands at landscape scale in mid-subtropical China.Methods We investigated species composition and measured the climate and soil environments for 207 shrubland plots in mid-subtropical China(24°39′-30°08′N,108°47′-114°15′E).We applied a hierarchical cluster analysis and indicator species analysis based on the Bray-Curtis similarity index to identify the main shrubland types and employed principal coordinate analysis(PCoA)to explore the relationship between floristic composition and environment.Important Findings We identified four shrubland types occurring in different environmental conditions.Montane shrubland,dominated by species suitable for cool climates(e.g.Rhododendron simsii),were distributed in steep areas at comparatively high altitudes;foothill shrubland,dominated by mesophilous species(e.g.Loropetalum chinense),were distributed in low mountains and hills;pioneer shrubland,dominated by fast grow and short-life cycles species(e.g.Rhus chinensis),were distributed at low altitudes with dense population;and finally,limestone shrubland,dominated by calcicole plants(e.g.Coriaria nepalensis),were distributed in the extensive karst areas.Communities occurring in high pH soils were completely separated from those in low pH soils according to the hierarchical cluster analysis.PCoA ordination associated the four types with distinct edaphic and climatic gradients.Soil pH explained 63.3%of variation in PCoA,followed by soil depth and soil bulk density.展开更多
文摘Genetic diversity of 18 processing apple varieties and two fresh varieties were evaluated using 12 simple sequence repeats （SSR） primer pairs previously identified in Malus domestica Borkh. A total of 87 alleles in 10 loci were detected using 10 polymorphic SSR markers selected within the range of 5-14 alleles per locus. All the 20 varieties could be distinguished using two primer pairs and they were divided into four groups using cluster analysis. The genetic similarity （GS） of groups analyzed using cluster analysis varied from 0.14 to 0.83. High acid variety Avrolles separated from other varieties with GS less than 0.42. The second group contained Longfeng and Dolgo from Northeast of China, the inherited genes of Chinese crab apple. The five cider varieties with high tannin contents, namely, Dabinette, Frequin rouge, Kermerrien, M.Menard, and D.Coetligne were clustered into the third group. The fourth group was mainly composed of 12 juice and fresh varieties. Principal coordinate analysis （PCO） also divided all the varieties into four groups. Juice and fresh apple varieties, Longfeng and Dolgo were clustered together, respectively, using both the analyses. Both the analyses showed there was much difference between cider and juice varieties, cider and fresh varieties, as well as Chinese crab apple and western European crab apple, whereas juice varieties and fresh varieties had a similar genetic background. The genetic diversity and differentiation could be sufficiently reflected by combining the two analytical methods.
基金Project(No.2012C12909-7) supported by the Science and Technology Major Project of Zhejiang Province,China
文摘Evergreen azaleas are among the most important ornamental shrubs in China.Today,there are probably over 300 cultivars preserved in different nurseries,but with little information available on the cultivar itself or relationships between cultivars.Amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) markers were employed to determine the genetic relationships between evergreen azalea cultivars in China.One hundred and thirty genotypes collected from gardens and nurseries,including cultivars classified in the groups East,West,Hairy,and Summer,unknown cultivars,and close species,were analyzed using three primer pairs.A total of 408 polymorphic fragments were generated by AFLP reactions with an average of 136 fragments per primer pair.The average values of expected heterozygosity and Shannon's information index were 0.3395 and 0.5153,respectively.Genetic similarities were generated based on Dice coefficients,used to construct a neighbor joining tree,and bootstrapped for 100 replicates in Treecon V1.3b.Principal coordinate analysis(PCO) was performed based on Dice distances using NTSYS-pc software.The AFLP technique was useful for analyzing genetic diversity in evergreen azaleas.Cluster analysis revealed that cultivars in the West and Summer groups were quite distinct from other groups in the four-group classification system and that the East and Hairy groups should be redefined.
基金supported by Grant-in-Aids for JSPS Fellows(KAKENHI Grant nos.JP19J11931 and JP19J12023)Scientific Research(B)(KAKENHI Grant no.JP18H01564)+1 种基金Scientific Research(A)(KAKENHI Grant no.JP19H01160)from Japan Society for the Promotion of Scienceby Ministry of the Environment,Japan(Low Carbon Technology Research,Development and Demonstration Program:Innovative sewage treatment system for energy saving and energy production,20172019)。
文摘Two anaerobic membrane bioreactors(AnMBRs)equipped with different membrane pore size(0.4 or 0.05μm)were operated at 25℃and fed with domestic wastewater.The hydraulic retention time(HRT)of the reactors was shortened.The microbial communities of the two AnMBRs were investigated by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to see the effects of HRT.The predominant Archaea was an aceticlastic methanogen Methanosaeta.The composition of hydrogenotrophic methanogens changed with the HRTs:the population of Methanobacterium was higher for longer HRTs,whereas the population of unclassified Methanoregulaceae was higher for shorter HRTs.The Anaerolineae,Bacteroidia and Clostridia bacteria were dominant in both of the reactors,with a combined relative abundance of over 55%.The relative abundance of Anaerolineae was proportional to the biogas production performance.The change in the population of hydrogenotrophic methanogens or Anaerolineae can be used as an indicator for process monitoring.The sum of the relative abundance of Anaerolineae and Clostridia fluctuated slightly with changes in the HRT in both AnMBRs when the reactor was stably operated.The co-occurrence analysis revealed the relative abundance of the operational taxonomic units belonging to Anaerolineae and Clostridia was functionally equivalent during the treatment of real domestic sewage.A principal coordination analysis revealed that the changes in the microbial community in each reactor were consistent with the change of HRT.In addition,both the HRT and the stability of the process are important factors for maintaining microbial community structures.
文摘Vibration cementing is a new technique that can significantly improve the bond strength of cementing interface.To popularize this technique,it is necessary to solve the key problem of how to make cementing string generate downhole radial vibration in the WOC stage.For this purpose,an electric vibrator was developed.With this vibrator,electric energy is converted into mechanical energy by means of a high-temperature motor vibration unit.The motor vibration unit rotates the eccentric block through an output shaft to generate an exciting source,which produces an axial-rotating exciting force at the bottom of the casing string.Then,the vibration characteristics of vertical well casing string under the exciting force were analyzed by using the principal coordinate analysis method,and the response model of casing string to an electric vibrator was developed.Finally,the effects of casing string length,exciting force and vibration frequency on the vibration amplitude at the lowermost of the casing string were analyzed based on a certain casing program.It is indicated that the casing string length and the square of vibration frequency are inversely proportional to the vibration amplitude at the lowermost of the casing string,and the exciting force is proportional to the vibration amplitude at the lowermost of the casing string.These research results provide a theoretical support for the application of vibration cementing technology to the cementing sites with different requirements on well depth and amplitude.
文摘India’s race,religion,and caste are quite diverse.Even within the same nation,regional variations exist in the ABO blood type and the Rh system.The current research examined the relationship between diseases and the ABO blood type among Nagaland’s Chakhesang ethnic communities.This research considered the population of sick people with ABO blood types.One hundred persons,including men and women from the Chakhesang tribe,served as research respondents.The Chakhesang Naga tribe was selected for this study because of the documented higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus within this group compared to the broader regional population.The study also aimed to explore a possible association between these health conditions and blood type A.The ABD antisera typing Kit’s standard methodology was followed for blood group testing.S2 ABO software was used to compute the Hardy-Weinberg model,and the chi-square test was used to compare the results.In this research,we discovered that blood type A was more likely to develop hypertension and diabetes than blood types B and O(blood type A,X^(2)=16.3,P=0.00*;blood type B,X^(2)=18,P=0.00*;blood type O,X^(2)=0.085,P=0.87).This might imply that blood type A may be genetically predisposed to diabetes and hypertension more than other blood types.Our research shows that,compared to healthy individuals,the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes was much higher in the general population.The Chakhesang Naga tribe has the highest prevalence of blood type B,while those with blood type A are the most afflicted and sensitive to hypertension and diabetes.A key limitation of the study is that the findings are based on a specific population and may not be generalizable.Larger and more diverse cohorts are needed to evaluate their broader applicability.
基金‘Strategic Priority Research Program-Climate Change:Carbon Budget and Related Issues’of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(#XDA05050302).
文摘Aims Understanding relationships between vegetation and environments is of importance for ecosystem restoration and management.However,information on how environments influence the floristic patterns of shrublands is lack,especially in the subtropical China.In this study,we explored how environments regulate species composition of shrublands at landscape scale in mid-subtropical China.Methods We investigated species composition and measured the climate and soil environments for 207 shrubland plots in mid-subtropical China(24°39′-30°08′N,108°47′-114°15′E).We applied a hierarchical cluster analysis and indicator species analysis based on the Bray-Curtis similarity index to identify the main shrubland types and employed principal coordinate analysis(PCoA)to explore the relationship between floristic composition and environment.Important Findings We identified four shrubland types occurring in different environmental conditions.Montane shrubland,dominated by species suitable for cool climates(e.g.Rhododendron simsii),were distributed in steep areas at comparatively high altitudes;foothill shrubland,dominated by mesophilous species(e.g.Loropetalum chinense),were distributed in low mountains and hills;pioneer shrubland,dominated by fast grow and short-life cycles species(e.g.Rhus chinensis),were distributed at low altitudes with dense population;and finally,limestone shrubland,dominated by calcicole plants(e.g.Coriaria nepalensis),were distributed in the extensive karst areas.Communities occurring in high pH soils were completely separated from those in low pH soils according to the hierarchical cluster analysis.PCoA ordination associated the four types with distinct edaphic and climatic gradients.Soil pH explained 63.3%of variation in PCoA,followed by soil depth and soil bulk density.
