This year marks the 20th anniversary of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between China and Spain.Over these two decades,this relationship has matured into a model of mutual respect,strategic foresight,and vibra...This year marks the 20th anniversary of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between China and Spain.Over these two decades,this relationship has matured into a model of mutual respect,strategic foresight,and vibrant cooperation,serving as a cornerstone for stability and growth in both nations and offering a reference for productive China-EU engagement.展开更多
Swiss Ambassador to China eyes promising areas for more cooperation with China.THIS year marks the 75th anniversary of the diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and Switzerland.Since the two cou...Swiss Ambassador to China eyes promising areas for more cooperation with China.THIS year marks the 75th anniversary of the diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and Switzerland.Since the two countries established an innovative strategic partnership in 2016,the bilateral ties have been hailed as a“model”in China’s relations with Western countries.展开更多
In January 2025,the Beijing Chamber of Commerce(Singapore)was officially established.Coinciding with the 35th anniversary of China-Singapore diplomatic relations and the 60th anniversary of Singapore’s independence,i...In January 2025,the Beijing Chamber of Commerce(Singapore)was officially established.Coinciding with the 35th anniversary of China-Singapore diplomatic relations and the 60th anniversary of Singapore’s independence,its founding is part of a timely response to the growing needs of businesses and communities from both Beijing and Singapore to deepen mutual understanding and expand cooperation.As a Chinese person who has lived and worked in Singapore for many years,Feng Jianli,president of the Beijing Chamber of Commerce(Singapore),knows first-hand just how challenging it can be for new immigrants from Beijing to adapt to identity transitions and access local support.The chamber was founded not only to help them take root and thrive,but also to serve as a platform for deeper people-to-people exchange between Singapore and Beijing.展开更多
Circulose,a global leader in recycled pulp production,hasreached a strategic partnership agreement with Tangshan SanyouChemical Fiber,a front-runner in the cellulose fiber industry.Thiscollaboration marks a significan...Circulose,a global leader in recycled pulp production,hasreached a strategic partnership agreement with Tangshan SanyouChemical Fiber,a front-runner in the cellulose fiber industry.Thiscollaboration marks a significant milestone in the commercializa-tion and scaling of CIRCULOSER,whle also propelling TangshanSanyou's brand toward greater international recognition.展开更多
As new innovation ecosystems emerge around AI,standards will be essential in bringing these ecosystems to the global scale.Our recent AI for Good Global Summit 2025 showcased our progress on AI standards in areas from...As new innovation ecosystems emerge around AI,standards will be essential in bringing these ecosystems to the global scale.Our recent AI for Good Global Summit 2025 showcased our progress on AI standards in areas from networking,multimedia,energy efficiency to healthcare,food security,road safety and disaster risk reduction.展开更多
Academic exchanges,training,and technology transfer under China-Africa cooperation are heralding a sea change in rural Tanzania.Iden Revocatus Stephano,based in Morogoro Region,is a shining example of this youth-drive...Academic exchanges,training,and technology transfer under China-Africa cooperation are heralding a sea change in rural Tanzania.Iden Revocatus Stephano,based in Morogoro Region,is a shining example of this youth-driven transition.A graduate of Sokoine University of Agriculture,26-year-old Stephano runs a flourishing mushroom farm-a testament to the growing wave of young Africans reshaping rural economies with global insight and local innovation.展开更多
This article is excerpted from a speech titled“Bridging Innovation:Advancing China-ASEAN Digital Technology Collaboration”delivered at the Shanghai Forum 2025 by Koh King Kee,president of the Centre for New Inclusiv...This article is excerpted from a speech titled“Bridging Innovation:Advancing China-ASEAN Digital Technology Collaboration”delivered at the Shanghai Forum 2025 by Koh King Kee,president of the Centre for New Inclusive Asia and president of the ASEAN Research Center for a Community with Shared Future,Malaysia.The text has been edited for length and clarity.展开更多
At the turn of the 21st century,specifically from 10 to 12 October 2000,the first Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)was held in Beijing,following prior consultations.More than 80 mi...At the turn of the 21st century,specifically from 10 to 12 October 2000,the first Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)was held in Beijing,following prior consultations.More than 80 ministers from China and 44 African countries attended.In a joint declaration issued at the end of the conference,both sides expressed strong appreciation for the stable development of Sino-African relations over the past decades,full confidence in future cooperation,and a shared belief that a solid foundation exists for friendly relations and collaboration,rooted in their long-standing traditional friendship.展开更多
From the establishment of dialogue relations between China and ASEAN in 1991 to the 30th anniversary of their dialogue relations in 2021,bilateral ties have been continuously elevated to a comprehensive strategic part...From the establishment of dialogue relations between China and ASEAN in 1991 to the 30th anniversary of their dialogue relations in 2021,bilateral ties have been continuously elevated to a comprehensive strategic partnership.We have witnessed relentless enhancement of political mutual trust,deepening economic cooperation,and closer people-to-people exchanges.The sustained development of the China-ASEAN bilateral partnership is precisely what has generated significant positive spillover e!ects,driving profound changes in China’s relations with neighboring countries.The various levels of partnerships China has established with neighboring countries will play an important role in shaping a networked,non-hierarchical regional order in the future,and such relationships have already become a key pathway for China and its neighbors to jointly build a community with a shared future in the region.展开更多
Applying the Public-Private Partnership(PPP)model is indispensable in creating new economic growth points in the public service sector.However,there is still a lack of research on mapping the application of the PPP mo...Applying the Public-Private Partnership(PPP)model is indispensable in creating new economic growth points in the public service sector.However,there is still a lack of research on mapping the application of the PPP model in the new era and context.Therefore,based on reviewing the characteristics and development concepts of the PPP model,this paper uses CiteSpace software to analyze the sample authors,journals,and regions in the Scopus database.This paper aims to explore the current development status,research paradigms,and research gap as well as future trends of the PPP model.The results show that(1)The focus of PPP research has shifted from traditional models such as Build-Operate-Transfer(BOT)and Private Finance Initiatives(PFI)to contemporary themes such as risk management,policy analysis,and project governance.Subsequent research(2014-2018)has emphasized the importance of governance and regulatory frameworks to improve PPP outcomes.(2)The growing academic interest in PPP development in China accounts for 28.78%of the total publications.This surge reflects China's rapid economic growth and highlights the interplay between government regulation and private financing.Key research themes include risk management,performance evaluation,contractual flexibility,and financing mechanisms,particularly concerning the BOT model.(3)Effective risk management,relationship dynamics,and innovative financing strategies are key components of a strong PPP knowledge framework.Collaborative risk sharing and strong relationships between public and private entities are key to project success,and strategic financing partnerships are necessary to cope with the complexity of large infrastructure projects.展开更多
Across more than a decade of joint Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)promotion,China and Singapore have forged a robust collaboration framework that has yielded substantial results.As the international landscape grows incr...Across more than a decade of joint Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)promotion,China and Singapore have forged a robust collaboration framework that has yielded substantial results.As the international landscape grows increasingly complex,bilateral ties between the two countries continue to strengthen.Leveraging its strategic geographical location,trade connectivity,and developed financial infrastructure,Singapore continues to attract a growing number of Chinese businesses,with over 100,000 entrepreneurs from China’s Zhejiang Province now navigating these changing tides in pursuit of new growth opportunities.Since its inception,the Zhejiang(S)Entrepreneurs Association(ZJEA)has remained committed to promoting resource integration including private capital and talent.It has actively supported Zhejiang entrepreneurs seeking to expand business in Southeast Asia,while also facilitating greater investment by Singaporean companies in Zhejiang.展开更多
Objective To study the cases of public-private partnerships(PPPs)commonly used in Europe Union and the United States to solve common challenges such as the decline in drug R&D efficiency,and to provide reference f...Objective To study the cases of public-private partnerships(PPPs)commonly used in Europe Union and the United States to solve common challenges such as the decline in drug R&D efficiency,and to provide reference for developing countries to deal with these challenges in drug R&D.Methods Multiple case study method was used to make a comparative analysis of three PPP models in European Union and the United States.Results and Conclusion Third-party conveners,project-based cooperation models,and PPP funding mechanisms were key elements of PPP models in European and the United States.The developing countries should establish new PPP mechanisms to solve common challenges in drug R&D in their countries based on national conditions and key elements of PPP models.展开更多
Both China and Indonesia are influential maritime powers in the Asia-Pacific region.Strengthening practical maritime cooperation is highly significant to both sides as an important component of comprehensive strategic...Both China and Indonesia are influential maritime powers in the Asia-Pacific region.Strengthening practical maritime cooperation is highly significant to both sides as an important component of comprehensive strategic cooperation.Maritime cooperation has become a prominent part of the“five pillar”cooperation framework between the two countries alongside political,economic,people-to-people exchange,and security,playing a positive role in elevating the China-Indonesia comprehensive strategic partnership to a higher level.展开更多
Eliminating tuberculosis(TB)is among India's top public health priorities[1].Despite the considerable progress in providing quality TB care services,the Global TB report-2022 reveals that India is amongst the eigh...Eliminating tuberculosis(TB)is among India's top public health priorities[1].Despite the considerable progress in providing quality TB care services,the Global TB report-2022 reveals that India is amongst the eight high TB burden countries that contributed to more than two-thirds(68.3%)of the global TB cases[2].To strengthen and aid the TB elimination efforts by 2025,five years ahead of the sustainable development goal target,the Government of India,under the program,promotes intersectoral convergence with various public sector departments and the private sector.The national multisectoral action framework for TB-free India promotes private-private or public-private partnerships for sustainable and impactful Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives[3].展开更多
This paper is based on the partnership between China’s higher vocational colleges and industry, and obtains a large number of data on industry-college partnerships through case analysis, interviews and questionnaires...This paper is based on the partnership between China’s higher vocational colleges and industry, and obtains a large number of data on industry-college partnerships through case analysis, interviews and questionnaires. This paper analyzes the main factors that affect industry-college partnerships and the current problems and challenges, then puts forward the solutions.展开更多
On October 29,CHTC Fong’s International Co.,Ltd.and Shandong Zhongkang Guochuang Advanced Printing and Dyeing Technology Research Institute Co.,Ltd.held a strategic cooperation signing ceremony in TaiAn,Shandong.
Purpose:Strong primary health care(PHC)systems require well‐established PHC education systems to enhance the skills of general practitioners(GPs).However,the literature on the experiences of international collaborati...Purpose:Strong primary health care(PHC)systems require well‐established PHC education systems to enhance the skills of general practitioners(GPs).However,the literature on the experiences of international collaboration in primary care education in low‐and middle‐income countries remains limited.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation and perceived impact of the McGill‐Tongji Blended Education Program for Teacher Leaders in General Practice(referred to as the“Tongji Program”).Methods:In 2020–2021,the McGill Department of Family Medicine(Montreal,Canada)and Tongji University School of Medicine(TUSM,Shanghai,China)jointly implemented the Tongji Program in Shanghai,China to improve the teaching capacity of PHC teachers.We conducted an exploratory longitudinal case study with a mixed methods design for the evaluation.Quantitative(QUAN)data was collected through questionnaire surveys and qualitative(QUAL)data was collected through focus group discussions.Results:The evaluation showed that learners in Tongji Program were primarily female GPs(21/22,95%)with less than 4 years of experience in teaching(16/22,73%).This program was considered a successful learning experience by most participants(19/22,86%)with higher order learning tasks such as critical thinking and problem‐solving.They also agreed that this program helped them feel more prepared to teach(21/22,95%),and developed a positive attitude toward primary care(21/22,95%).The QUAL interview revealed that both the Tongji and McGill organizers noted that TUSM showed strong leadership in organization,education,and coordination.Both students and teachers agreed that by adapting training content into contextualized delivery formats and settings,the Tongji Program successfully overcame language and technology barriers.Conclusions:Committed partnerships and contextualization were key to the success of the Tongji Program.Future research should focus on how international primary care education programs affect learners'behavior in their practice settings,and explore barriers and facilitators to change.展开更多
Under Lenzing’s on-going commitment to drive the adoption of responsible practices and circularity,the TENCEL^(TM)brand continues to participate in various initiatives with like-minded groups and organizations.These ...Under Lenzing’s on-going commitment to drive the adoption of responsible practices and circularity,the TENCEL^(TM)brand continues to participate in various initiatives with like-minded groups and organizations.These strategic partnerships help toward achieving this goal,further amplifying the reach of this important message among the textile supply chain and fashion community.展开更多
The study indicates that public-private partnerships （PPPs） can play ＂strategic＂, ＂practical＂, or ＂regulative＂ roles by making use of ＂instrumental＂, ＂institutional＂, and ＂normative＂ approaches in tackli...The study indicates that public-private partnerships （PPPs） can play ＂strategic＂, ＂practical＂, or ＂regulative＂ roles by making use of ＂instrumental＂, ＂institutional＂, and ＂normative＂ approaches in tackling political issues between countries. PPPs have often been discussed in studies of urban development, service provision, health care, and so on, but they have rarely been analyzed in terms of international relations and political problems on global environmental issues. This study takes an environmental problena---Sino-US energy and climate change cooperation--as a case study to inspect the possible roles and approaches of PPPs. Sino-US cooperation has been launched such as under the Strategic ＆ Economic Dialogue （S＆ED） by both administrations, which has significantly contributed to their reconciliation of domestic abatement policies in climate change, environmental protection, and energy. The establishment of schemes such as the Ten-Year Framework for Cooperation on Energy and Environment （TYF）, the EcoPartnerships, and wide-ranging dialogues and initiatives on clean energy and clean vehicles, in which both public and private actors participate, are among the important approaches of facilitating bilateral cooperation. The study concludes that these schemes have played strategic and practical roles in strengthening the degree of mutual trust and in facilitating the progress of cooperation, although more investigations are needed to considerate their regulative roles. The application of instrumental, institutional, and normative approaches have been observed through the implementation of the TYF and EcoPartnerships.展开更多
文摘This year marks the 20th anniversary of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between China and Spain.Over these two decades,this relationship has matured into a model of mutual respect,strategic foresight,and vibrant cooperation,serving as a cornerstone for stability and growth in both nations and offering a reference for productive China-EU engagement.
文摘Swiss Ambassador to China eyes promising areas for more cooperation with China.THIS year marks the 75th anniversary of the diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and Switzerland.Since the two countries established an innovative strategic partnership in 2016,the bilateral ties have been hailed as a“model”in China’s relations with Western countries.
文摘In January 2025,the Beijing Chamber of Commerce(Singapore)was officially established.Coinciding with the 35th anniversary of China-Singapore diplomatic relations and the 60th anniversary of Singapore’s independence,its founding is part of a timely response to the growing needs of businesses and communities from both Beijing and Singapore to deepen mutual understanding and expand cooperation.As a Chinese person who has lived and worked in Singapore for many years,Feng Jianli,president of the Beijing Chamber of Commerce(Singapore),knows first-hand just how challenging it can be for new immigrants from Beijing to adapt to identity transitions and access local support.The chamber was founded not only to help them take root and thrive,but also to serve as a platform for deeper people-to-people exchange between Singapore and Beijing.
文摘Circulose,a global leader in recycled pulp production,hasreached a strategic partnership agreement with Tangshan SanyouChemical Fiber,a front-runner in the cellulose fiber industry.Thiscollaboration marks a significant milestone in the commercializa-tion and scaling of CIRCULOSER,whle also propelling TangshanSanyou's brand toward greater international recognition.
文摘As new innovation ecosystems emerge around AI,standards will be essential in bringing these ecosystems to the global scale.Our recent AI for Good Global Summit 2025 showcased our progress on AI standards in areas from networking,multimedia,energy efficiency to healthcare,food security,road safety and disaster risk reduction.
文摘Academic exchanges,training,and technology transfer under China-Africa cooperation are heralding a sea change in rural Tanzania.Iden Revocatus Stephano,based in Morogoro Region,is a shining example of this youth-driven transition.A graduate of Sokoine University of Agriculture,26-year-old Stephano runs a flourishing mushroom farm-a testament to the growing wave of young Africans reshaping rural economies with global insight and local innovation.
文摘This article is excerpted from a speech titled“Bridging Innovation:Advancing China-ASEAN Digital Technology Collaboration”delivered at the Shanghai Forum 2025 by Koh King Kee,president of the Centre for New Inclusive Asia and president of the ASEAN Research Center for a Community with Shared Future,Malaysia.The text has been edited for length and clarity.
文摘At the turn of the 21st century,specifically from 10 to 12 October 2000,the first Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)was held in Beijing,following prior consultations.More than 80 ministers from China and 44 African countries attended.In a joint declaration issued at the end of the conference,both sides expressed strong appreciation for the stable development of Sino-African relations over the past decades,full confidence in future cooperation,and a shared belief that a solid foundation exists for friendly relations and collaboration,rooted in their long-standing traditional friendship.
文摘From the establishment of dialogue relations between China and ASEAN in 1991 to the 30th anniversary of their dialogue relations in 2021,bilateral ties have been continuously elevated to a comprehensive strategic partnership.We have witnessed relentless enhancement of political mutual trust,deepening economic cooperation,and closer people-to-people exchanges.The sustained development of the China-ASEAN bilateral partnership is precisely what has generated significant positive spillover e!ects,driving profound changes in China’s relations with neighboring countries.The various levels of partnerships China has established with neighboring countries will play an important role in shaping a networked,non-hierarchical regional order in the future,and such relationships have already become a key pathway for China and its neighbors to jointly build a community with a shared future in the region.
基金supported by the following projects:Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Leading Group of Guangdong Province(Project No.GD21CGL31)Research Projects of Department of Education of Guangdong Province(Project No.2023WCXTD037).
文摘Applying the Public-Private Partnership(PPP)model is indispensable in creating new economic growth points in the public service sector.However,there is still a lack of research on mapping the application of the PPP model in the new era and context.Therefore,based on reviewing the characteristics and development concepts of the PPP model,this paper uses CiteSpace software to analyze the sample authors,journals,and regions in the Scopus database.This paper aims to explore the current development status,research paradigms,and research gap as well as future trends of the PPP model.The results show that(1)The focus of PPP research has shifted from traditional models such as Build-Operate-Transfer(BOT)and Private Finance Initiatives(PFI)to contemporary themes such as risk management,policy analysis,and project governance.Subsequent research(2014-2018)has emphasized the importance of governance and regulatory frameworks to improve PPP outcomes.(2)The growing academic interest in PPP development in China accounts for 28.78%of the total publications.This surge reflects China's rapid economic growth and highlights the interplay between government regulation and private financing.Key research themes include risk management,performance evaluation,contractual flexibility,and financing mechanisms,particularly concerning the BOT model.(3)Effective risk management,relationship dynamics,and innovative financing strategies are key components of a strong PPP knowledge framework.Collaborative risk sharing and strong relationships between public and private entities are key to project success,and strategic financing partnerships are necessary to cope with the complexity of large infrastructure projects.
文摘Across more than a decade of joint Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)promotion,China and Singapore have forged a robust collaboration framework that has yielded substantial results.As the international landscape grows increasingly complex,bilateral ties between the two countries continue to strengthen.Leveraging its strategic geographical location,trade connectivity,and developed financial infrastructure,Singapore continues to attract a growing number of Chinese businesses,with over 100,000 entrepreneurs from China’s Zhejiang Province now navigating these changing tides in pursuit of new growth opportunities.Since its inception,the Zhejiang(S)Entrepreneurs Association(ZJEA)has remained committed to promoting resource integration including private capital and talent.It has actively supported Zhejiang entrepreneurs seeking to expand business in Southeast Asia,while also facilitating greater investment by Singaporean companies in Zhejiang.
文摘Objective To study the cases of public-private partnerships(PPPs)commonly used in Europe Union and the United States to solve common challenges such as the decline in drug R&D efficiency,and to provide reference for developing countries to deal with these challenges in drug R&D.Methods Multiple case study method was used to make a comparative analysis of three PPP models in European Union and the United States.Results and Conclusion Third-party conveners,project-based cooperation models,and PPP funding mechanisms were key elements of PPP models in European and the United States.The developing countries should establish new PPP mechanisms to solve common challenges in drug R&D in their countries based on national conditions and key elements of PPP models.
文摘Both China and Indonesia are influential maritime powers in the Asia-Pacific region.Strengthening practical maritime cooperation is highly significant to both sides as an important component of comprehensive strategic cooperation.Maritime cooperation has become a prominent part of the“five pillar”cooperation framework between the two countries alongside political,economic,people-to-people exchange,and security,playing a positive role in elevating the China-Indonesia comprehensive strategic partnership to a higher level.
文摘Eliminating tuberculosis(TB)is among India's top public health priorities[1].Despite the considerable progress in providing quality TB care services,the Global TB report-2022 reveals that India is amongst the eight high TB burden countries that contributed to more than two-thirds(68.3%)of the global TB cases[2].To strengthen and aid the TB elimination efforts by 2025,five years ahead of the sustainable development goal target,the Government of India,under the program,promotes intersectoral convergence with various public sector departments and the private sector.The national multisectoral action framework for TB-free India promotes private-private or public-private partnerships for sustainable and impactful Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives[3].
文摘This paper is based on the partnership between China’s higher vocational colleges and industry, and obtains a large number of data on industry-college partnerships through case analysis, interviews and questionnaires. This paper analyzes the main factors that affect industry-college partnerships and the current problems and challenges, then puts forward the solutions.
文摘On October 29,CHTC Fong’s International Co.,Ltd.and Shandong Zhongkang Guochuang Advanced Printing and Dyeing Technology Research Institute Co.,Ltd.held a strategic cooperation signing ceremony in TaiAn,Shandong.
基金China Scholarship Council,Grant/Award Number:202000610047McGill University+4 种基金Fonds de recherche du Québec–Santé,Grant/Award Number:315852Québec Ministry of HealthCanadian Institutes for Health Research,Strategy for Patient‐Oriented Research Mentorship ChairGlobal Health Scholars ProgramFonds de recherche du Québec‐Santé,Grant/Award Number:311200。
文摘Purpose:Strong primary health care(PHC)systems require well‐established PHC education systems to enhance the skills of general practitioners(GPs).However,the literature on the experiences of international collaboration in primary care education in low‐and middle‐income countries remains limited.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation and perceived impact of the McGill‐Tongji Blended Education Program for Teacher Leaders in General Practice(referred to as the“Tongji Program”).Methods:In 2020–2021,the McGill Department of Family Medicine(Montreal,Canada)and Tongji University School of Medicine(TUSM,Shanghai,China)jointly implemented the Tongji Program in Shanghai,China to improve the teaching capacity of PHC teachers.We conducted an exploratory longitudinal case study with a mixed methods design for the evaluation.Quantitative(QUAN)data was collected through questionnaire surveys and qualitative(QUAL)data was collected through focus group discussions.Results:The evaluation showed that learners in Tongji Program were primarily female GPs(21/22,95%)with less than 4 years of experience in teaching(16/22,73%).This program was considered a successful learning experience by most participants(19/22,86%)with higher order learning tasks such as critical thinking and problem‐solving.They also agreed that this program helped them feel more prepared to teach(21/22,95%),and developed a positive attitude toward primary care(21/22,95%).The QUAL interview revealed that both the Tongji and McGill organizers noted that TUSM showed strong leadership in organization,education,and coordination.Both students and teachers agreed that by adapting training content into contextualized delivery formats and settings,the Tongji Program successfully overcame language and technology barriers.Conclusions:Committed partnerships and contextualization were key to the success of the Tongji Program.Future research should focus on how international primary care education programs affect learners'behavior in their practice settings,and explore barriers and facilitators to change.
文摘Under Lenzing’s on-going commitment to drive the adoption of responsible practices and circularity,the TENCEL^(TM)brand continues to participate in various initiatives with like-minded groups and organizations.These strategic partnerships help toward achieving this goal,further amplifying the reach of this important message among the textile supply chain and fashion community.
文摘The study indicates that public-private partnerships （PPPs） can play ＂strategic＂, ＂practical＂, or ＂regulative＂ roles by making use of ＂instrumental＂, ＂institutional＂, and ＂normative＂ approaches in tackling political issues between countries. PPPs have often been discussed in studies of urban development, service provision, health care, and so on, but they have rarely been analyzed in terms of international relations and political problems on global environmental issues. This study takes an environmental problena---Sino-US energy and climate change cooperation--as a case study to inspect the possible roles and approaches of PPPs. Sino-US cooperation has been launched such as under the Strategic ＆ Economic Dialogue （S＆ED） by both administrations, which has significantly contributed to their reconciliation of domestic abatement policies in climate change, environmental protection, and energy. The establishment of schemes such as the Ten-Year Framework for Cooperation on Energy and Environment （TYF）, the EcoPartnerships, and wide-ranging dialogues and initiatives on clean energy and clean vehicles, in which both public and private actors participate, are among the important approaches of facilitating bilateral cooperation. The study concludes that these schemes have played strategic and practical roles in strengthening the degree of mutual trust and in facilitating the progress of cooperation, although more investigations are needed to considerate their regulative roles. The application of instrumental, institutional, and normative approaches have been observed through the implementation of the TYF and EcoPartnerships.
