In 2019,China had over 13.14 million dementia cases,with incidence rates of(56.47–207.08)/100,000[1].Early cognitive impairment—a key dementia symptom—reduces quality of life,increases care dependence,and lowers su...In 2019,China had over 13.14 million dementia cases,with incidence rates of(56.47–207.08)/100,000[1].Early cognitive impairment—a key dementia symptom—reduces quality of life,increases care dependence,and lowers survival in older adults[2].A decline in physical function can also be observed in older adults with increasing age.Grip strength has been shown to be a marker of overall physiological function in older adults.展开更多
Sustainable income growth and poverty reduction remain critical challenges at the forefront of research in Pakistan,particularly in rural areas.To overcome these challenges,the role of rural transformation(RT)has emer...Sustainable income growth and poverty reduction remain critical challenges at the forefront of research in Pakistan,particularly in rural areas.To overcome these challenges,the role of rural transformation(RT)has emerged and gained importance in recent years.The present study is based on district-level data and covers the period from 1981 to 2019.The study attempts to quantify the role of rural transformation in boosting rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty in the country.The study also aims to explore the impact of stages of rural transformation on rural per capita income and rural poverty alleviation.The empirical findings reveal that rural transformation(RT_(1)and RT_(2))is essential in enhancing rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty.The role of the share of high-value crops(RT_(1))is more pronounced than the share of non-farm employment(RT_(2))in boosting rural per capita income and poverty alleviation.The trend of larger contribution of RT_(1)to enhance rural per capita income also continued at 2nd stage of rural transformation.In the case of poverty reduction,at 3rd stage of rural transformation,the role of RT_(2)is dominant.Our results indicate that districts at higher stages of rural transformation(both RT_(1)and RT_(2))tend to correlate positively with increased rural per capita income and reduced poverty rates,suggesting that progress in rural transformation is associated with improved economic conditions.However,it is important to note that this correlation does not necessarily imply a direct causal relationship between rural transformation and these economic outcomes;other factors may have influenced this relationship.In addition,the welfare impacts are more noticeable among the districts where a simultaneous shift from grain crops to cash crops and from farm employment to non-farm employment is observed.The study provides baseline information to learn experiences from fast-growing districts and to replicate the strategies in other districts,which boosts the RT process that may increase rural per capita income and enhance poverty reduction efforts.展开更多
The number of countries participating in China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has been increasing since its official launch in 2013.Although the number of BRI participating countries has reached 145,only some are dir...The number of countries participating in China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has been increasing since its official launch in 2013.Although the number of BRI participating countries has reached 145,only some are directly connected with China through land,sea,and other trade routes developed under the BRI project.Because of their direct links with China,these countries have significantly increased their trade with China.In addition to increased trade,these countries have also been undergoing financial development(FD).Since trade and financial development are closely related to the production of goods and services,therefore;both of these are expected to have environmental impact.The current study examines the effect of trade and FD on carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions in selected BRI countries for the period 2001–2019.This study follows a proper estimation strategy based on preliminary tests,cointegration analysis,and coefficient estimation.The results suggest that trade between China and selected BRI countries has no significant effect on CO2 emissions,whereas,financial development has significantly increased CO2 emissions in these countries.Moreover,BRI countries’imports from China significantly reduce CO2 emissions,whereas their exports to China significantly increase CO2 emission in the BRI countries.The policy recommendations suggest that these BRI countries should leverage their direct connections with China for technology transfer.By utilizing environmentally friendly technology,these countries could also reduce the pollution associated with their exports to China and the rest of the world.Furthermore,their financial sectors should divert funds to industries advancing trade in environmental rather than pollution-intensive goods.展开更多
This work investigates the relationship between intellectual capital and value creation in the sector of production and assembly of vehicles and auto-parts in Brazil. Through the access of the database from the annual...This work investigates the relationship between intellectual capital and value creation in the sector of production and assembly of vehicles and auto-parts in Brazil. Through the access of the database from the annual industrial research conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, we gathered 865 observations, from 2000 to 2006, of public and private Brazilian companies with more than 100 employees. The database allows the estimate of relevant aggregated variables such as national accounts, gross domestic product, intermediate consumption, as well as propitiates a sectorial study of business strategies and performance, including value added by individual companies. In particular, in this study we use data on variables associated to intellectual capital. To achieve the goal of the study, we consider intellectual capital as defined by Pulic （2000, 2002）, including human capital and structural capital. For the analysis of business performance, we used Pulic＇s VAIC （Value Added Intellectual Cofficient） index as a measure of efficiency of the employed financial and intellectual capital. Regression models were run to verify the relationship among the efficiency in the use of intellectual capital and the profitability of Brazilian companies. The gross income, calculated as before selling, general and administrative expenses, depreciation expenses, amortization and interest expenses, was used as measure of the flows of value creation and the profitability was measured by the gross income to the total assets of the companies. Considering the constructs defined by Pulic （2000, 2002）, we tested, for the Brazilian sector of Production and Assembly of Vehicles and Auto-parts, the following hypotheses： （l） there is a positive relationship between value creation and intellectual capital, （2） there is a positive relationship between value creation and stock of intellectual capital, （3） there is a positive relationship between value creation and efficiency of the employed capital, （4） there is a positive relationship between value creation and efficiency of the human capital, （5） there is a positive relationship between value creation and efficiency of the structural capital. The results of the study, obtained through panel data analysis and through the use static and dynamic models, support the hypotheses that the intellectual capital of the companies, in its flow and stock dimensions, is positively and significantly related to value creation.展开更多
This study assessed critical factors for road traffic accidents and associated mitigation to reduce the accidents by the year 2030. The study was guided by research questions, what are the major causatives of road acc...This study assessed critical factors for road traffic accidents and associated mitigation to reduce the accidents by the year 2030. The study was guided by research questions, what are the major causatives of road accidents and how to mitigate the problem. The study used secondary data collected from the repository database of traffic police at the division of Tanzania Road Safety Squad. Data were collected at the events of accident occur</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">re</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nces and reported annually by regions. Panel data analysis was used to allow for controlling variables which cannot be observed over time and across areas such as regions. Pooled Poisson model, fixed effect and random effect Poisson model was applied to assess factors for road traffic accidents. Fixed effect model was the best model with a reasonably good fit. Results indicated that all predictors are significant under fixed effect Poisson model with </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p-value less than 0.05 but Passengers and Railway crossing road was found insignificant and dropped in the final model. Laws and regulatory frameworks should be formulated and enforced promptly for Tanzania may reach the target of 2</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nd</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> decade of action for roads safety 2021-2030.展开更多
In this paper, the large deflection theory is adopted to analyse the geometrical nonlinear stability of a sandwich shallow cylindrical panel with orthoiropic surfaces. The critical point is determined and the postbitc...In this paper, the large deflection theory is adopted to analyse the geometrical nonlinear stability of a sandwich shallow cylindrical panel with orthoiropic surfaces. The critical point is determined and the postbitckling behaviour of the panel is studied.展开更多
Wiping out poverty while controlling carbon emissions is a major challenge of our time.China eradicated extreme poverty in 2020 through the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)strategy,providing a unique case to examine ...Wiping out poverty while controlling carbon emissions is a major challenge of our time.China eradicated extreme poverty in 2020 through the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)strategy,providing a unique case to examine the poverty-carbon nexus at the subnational level.This paper investigates the nexus between county-level poverty reduction and carbon emissions in Hubei province during the TPA period.Our findings support the win-win hypothesis,indicating that poverty reduction and emissions control can be achieved simultaneously.CO_(2)sequestration through vegetation emerged as a key factor benefiting both objectives,with a 1% increase reducing poverty by 0.42% and lowering carbon emissions by 0.19%.Economic growth contributed to poverty alleviation but increased emissions:a 1% rise in GDP reduced poverty by 0.44% while raising emissions by 0.70%.Conversely,a 1% increase in electricity consumption raised poverty by 0.46% and lowered emissions by 0.12%.Agricultural development showed a 1%increase correlated with 0.52% higher poverty and 0.17% higher emissions.“Carbon Sink+”trading mechanisms facilitated ecological poverty alleviation in impoverished areas.Panel causality analysis confirms a bidirectional relationship between poverty reduction and carbon emissions.These findings highlight the potential for integrated strategies that advance both poverty alleviation and emissions reduction while considering the complex socioeconomic dynamics necessary to achieve sustainable development goals.展开更多
Since the early 1990s, China has become the largest destination of Japanese foreign direct investment （FDI）. Observing this trend, the authors analyzed whether Japanese FDI did promote exports from China to the rest...Since the early 1990s, China has become the largest destination of Japanese foreign direct investment （FDI）. Observing this trend, the authors analyzed whether Japanese FDI did promote exports from China to the rest of the world, and more importantly, whether this is a strategy adopted by Japanese multinationals to penetrate not only the Chinese market but also the global market. This analysis takes into account not only the direct effects of FDI on exports, but also the indirect effects, by examining the mediating role of export oriented Japanese FDI in China from 1998 to 2007 through panel analysis. The study contributes to the conceptual framework of indirect relationship among the macroeconomic variables, FDI and exports provides some insights into the strategy of export oriented Japanese FDI in creating a win-win platform for Japan and China.展开更多
Objectives:To analyze the role of nurse staffing in improving patient safety due to reducing surgical complications in member countries of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Methods:The numbe...Objectives:To analyze the role of nurse staffing in improving patient safety due to reducing surgical complications in member countries of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Methods:The number of practicing nurses'density per 1000 population and five surgical complications indicators including foreign body left in during procedure(FBL),postoperative pulmonary embolism(PPE)and deep vein thrombosis(DVT)after hip and knee replacement,postoperative sepsis after abdominal surgery(PSA)and postoperative wound dehiscence(PWD)were collected in crude rates per 100,000 hospital discharges for age group of 15 years old and over within 30 days after surgery based on surgical admission-related and all admission-related methods.The observations of 21 OECD countries were collected from OECD Health Statistics during 2010-2015 period.The statistical technique of panel data analysis including unit root test,co-integration test and dynamic long-run analysis were used to estimate the possible relationship between our panel series.Results:There were significant relationships from nurse-staffing level to reducing FBL,PPE,DVT,PSA and PWD with long-run magnitudes of-2.91,-1.30,-1.69,-2.81 and-1.12 based on surgical admission method as well as-6.12,-14.57,-7.29,-1.41 and-0.88 based on all admission method,respectively.Conclusions:A higher proportion of nurses is associated with higher patient safety resulting from lower surgical complications and adverse clinical outcomes in OECD countries.Hence,we alert policy makers about the risk of underestimating the impact of nurses on improving patient safety as well as the quality of health care services in OECD countries.展开更多
This study analyzes the effects of the Natural Forest Protection Program （NFPP） on the restoration of forest resources in the northeastern forest region of China, an important region because of its ecological and ge...This study analyzes the effects of the Natural Forest Protection Program （NFPP） on the restoration of forest resources in the northeastern forest region of China, an important region because of its ecological and geographical location and timber supply in China, by using panel data sets of 35 forest farms of state-owned forest enterprises. Panel data analysis results show that related policies under the NFPP have had positive effects on forest resources. Planting activity had a statistically significant effect on forest growth and could be reinforced continually by planting tree species suitable for a warming climate in temperate forests. Forest management and protection played a powerful role in increasing the growing stock of the forests. In NFPP areas timber harvests, after implementation of the NFPP, were a positive factor in increasing forest resources if the harvests combined effective tending and thinning under a carefully guided management plan.展开更多
Objective:To measure the possible magnitude of the role nurse staffing has on increasing life expectancy at birth and at 65 years old.Methods:The statistical technique of panel data analysis was applied to investigate...Objective:To measure the possible magnitude of the role nurse staffing has on increasing life expectancy at birth and at 65 years old.Methods:The statistical technique of panel data analysis was applied to investigate the relationship from the number of practicing nurses'density per 1000 population to life expectancy at birth and at 65 years old.Five control variables were used as the proxies for the levels of medical staffing,health care financial and physical resources,and medical technology.The observations of 35 member countries of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)were collected from OECD Health Statistics over 2000-2016 period.Results:There were meaningful relationships from nurse staffing to life expectancy at birth and at 65 years with the long-run elasticities of 0.02 and 0.08,respectively.Overall,the role of nursing characteristics in increasing life expectancy indicators varied among different health care systems of OECD countries and in average were determined at the highest level in Japan(0.25),followed by Iceland(0.24),Belgium(0.21),Czech Republic(0.21),Slovenia(0.20)and Sweden(0.18).Conclusion:A higher proportion of nursing staff is associated with higher life expectancy in OECD countries and the dependency of life expectancy to nursing staff would increase by aging.Hence,the findings of this study warn health policy makers about ignoring the effects nursing shortages create e.g.increasing the risk of actual age-specific mortality,especially in care of elderly people.展开更多
The increase in China’s skilled labor force has drawn much attention from policymakers,national and international firms and media.Understanding how educated talent locates and re-locates across the country can guide ...The increase in China’s skilled labor force has drawn much attention from policymakers,national and international firms and media.Understanding how educated talent locates and re-locates across the country can guide future policy discussions of equality,firm localization and service allocation.Prior studies have tended to adopt a static cross-national approach providing valuable insights into the relative importance of economic and amenity differentials driving the distribution of talent in China.Yet,few adopt longitudinal analysis to examine the temporal dynamics in the stregnth of existing associations.Recently released official statistical data now enables space-time analysis of the geographic distribution of talent and its determinants in China.Using four-year city-level data from national population censuses and 1%population sample surveys conducted every five years between 2000 and 2015,we examine the spatial patterns of talent across Chinese cities and their underpinning drivers evolve over time.Results reveal that the spatial distribution of talent in China is persistently unequal and spatially concentrated between 2000 and 2015.It also shows gradually strengthened and significantly positive spatial autocorrelation in the distribution of talent.An eigenvector spatial filtering negative binomial panel is employed to model the spatial determinants of talent distribution.Results indicate the influences of both economic opportunities and urban amenities,particularly urban public services and greening rate,on the distribution of talent.These results highlight that urban economic-and amenity-related factors have simultaneously driven China’s talent’s settlement patterns over the first fifteen years of the 21st century.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to provide a clear insight about the determinants of female employment rate in the European Union where we have used panel data analyses of 27 countries members of the European Union from 1995...The aim of this paper is to provide a clear insight about the determinants of female employment rate in the European Union where we have used panel data analyses of 27 countries members of the European Union from 1995 till 2009. Applying dynamic modeling, i.e, generalized method of moments （GMM） econometrics findings have driven us to system estimated model where the following institutional variables have been tested： maternity leave, child care facilities, college education, fertility rate, GDP growth, female unemployment rate and part-time employment. We expect these variables to have a positive impact on the female employment rate except for the female unemployment rate and maternity leave展开更多
The purpose of this study is to analyze the household waste reduction effect of sorted collection of recyclable waste in Japan using a panel data analysis, which considers time-series and cross-section data simultaneo...The purpose of this study is to analyze the household waste reduction effect of sorted collection of recyclable waste in Japan using a panel data analysis, which considers time-series and cross-section data simultaneously. Also, the study shows the effect of the type of sorted items on the quantity of household waste disposed. We used the data attained from 103 cities recorded over three years, and applied the quantity of total waste disposed, the quantity of combustible waste, the quantity of other waste （waste excluding combustible and recyclable waste）, and the quantity of combustible plus other waste as objective variables, respectively, in the models. The result suggests that when the number of sorted items is increased marginally, the quantity of household waste decreases by about 0.5%-3.3% or 1.28-4.17 grams per capita per day. In addition, it is shown that sorting out white trays is effective in reducing the quantity of combustible waste. Sorting out paper containers and packages is also effective in reducing the quantity of other waste and combustible plus other waste.展开更多
The main objectives of this study are to identify and analyze variables which have impact on export performances of seven East Africa countries and suggest possible solutions to improve export performance in East Afri...The main objectives of this study are to identify and analyze variables which have impact on export performances of seven East Africa countries and suggest possible solutions to improve export performance in East Africa. Usingdata from World Development Indicators database we conducted panel data analysis for the period of 1990-2014.Empirical results show that labor force, industrialization, foreign direct investment, and exchange rate have positiveimpact on export value. On the other hand, inflation has negative impact on export performance while GDP growthis the only variable that does not affect the export value of East Africa countries. Finally, we suggest somerecommendations, including the need of replacing agricultural exports by the industrial export, improving infrastructural facility as well as the quality of human capital and the need of policies for attracting internationalinvestors.展开更多
The present study aims at exploring the causal relationship between tourism industry and GDP in the economic cooperation organization （ECO） countries for the period of 2000-2010. To this end, the causal relationship...The present study aims at exploring the causal relationship between tourism industry and GDP in the economic cooperation organization （ECO） countries for the period of 2000-2010. To this end, the causal relationship between the two variables was examined using panel data and Granger standard causality test. The results demonstrate a unidirectional causality from GDP to the number of tourists coming to the ECO countries, it is also concluded that a rise in the country＇s GDP provides necessary conditions for investment on all sectors of the economy including the tourism sector. In such conditions, if the country＇s economic priorities comprise tourism development, then tourists will start visiting the country and the industry will flourish. Thus, policy-makers should focus on the increasing GDP if they want to increase the tourists＇ influx.展开更多
Corporate governance is designed to stimulate the investment environment and to create a stable financial situation in the capital markets by increasing the level of reliability,transparency,and accountability at the ...Corporate governance is designed to stimulate the investment environment and to create a stable financial situation in the capital markets by increasing the level of reliability,transparency,and accountability at the firm level.This study aims to examine whether corporate governance leads to higher quality financial reporting.This research has been performed using companies listed on Borsastanbul(BIST).For this purpose,two samples from the publicly held companies on BIST,which are included in the Corporate Governance Index and which are not included in this index,have been formed.Thus,we examined whether there is any difference between the financial reporting quality of the companies listed in Borsastanbul Corporate Governance Index and the financial reporting quality of the enterprises that are not included in this index.Since the quality of financial reporting is a multi-dimensional concept,it can be evaluated by different measurement methods focusing on different dimensions in the literature.One of these approaches used to measure the quality of financial reporting is the quality of earnings.The evaluation of the financial reporting quality of the enterprises included in the BIST Corporate Governance Index and the enterprises not included in the index were evaluated through different methods to compare two different samples in the context of the earnings quality approach.Panel data analysis was used to evaluate the financial reporting quality of the two samples by means of earnings quality methods.The data related to the models used in the assessment of financial reporting quality were obtained from the Public Disclosure Platform(KAP)and Equity RT database.The research covers 72 enterprises,36 of which are in the Corporate Governance Index and 36 of which are not in the Corporate Governance Index.展开更多
Introduction:Approximately 70%of funding for malaria prevention and control(P&C)in Sub-Saharan Africa comes from global assistance,yet progress has stagnated over the past decade.Methods:We constructed a cascade o...Introduction:Approximately 70%of funding for malaria prevention and control(P&C)in Sub-Saharan Africa comes from global assistance,yet progress has stagnated over the past decade.Methods:We constructed a cascade of malaria P&C services and analyzed its coverage and quality across 26 African countries from 2011–2022.Panel analysis was conducted to examine the effectiveness of four major donors[the United States of America(USA),the United Kingdom(UK),the Global Fund to Fight AIDS,Tuberculosis and Malaria(GF),and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund(UNICEF)],which account for 90%of global funding,in implementing the cascade.Results:Recommended practice coverage doubled during 2011–2016 but decreased by 10%by 2022.Unrecommended practices followed the same pattern.Total funding from 2011–2020 reached 7.15 billion USA Dollar(USD),with the USA and GF steadily contributing 94.65%,while the UK and UNICEF demonstrated notable funding reductions.Overall,the funding showed limited correlation with the cascade coverage and quality,promoting directly only the upstream measures.Conclusion:Our findings highlight four key challenges:retrogression of cascade coverage since the late 2010s,persistent gaps between recommended and unrecommended practices,funding constraints,and limited direct effects of donor funding.Strengthening health system capacity at the farthest end of the cascade may provide a solution to this dilemma.展开更多
基金supported by the Shanghai New Three-year Action Plan for Public Health(Grant No.GWV-10.1-XK16)the US National Institute on Aging(RO1-AGO34479).
文摘In 2019,China had over 13.14 million dementia cases,with incidence rates of(56.47–207.08)/100,000[1].Early cognitive impairment—a key dementia symptom—reduces quality of life,increases care dependence,and lowers survival in older adults[2].A decline in physical function can also be observed in older adults with increasing age.Grip strength has been shown to be a marker of overall physiological function in older adults.
基金We highly acknowledge the financial support of the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research(ACIAR),Australia(ADP/2017/024)。
文摘Sustainable income growth and poverty reduction remain critical challenges at the forefront of research in Pakistan,particularly in rural areas.To overcome these challenges,the role of rural transformation(RT)has emerged and gained importance in recent years.The present study is based on district-level data and covers the period from 1981 to 2019.The study attempts to quantify the role of rural transformation in boosting rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty in the country.The study also aims to explore the impact of stages of rural transformation on rural per capita income and rural poverty alleviation.The empirical findings reveal that rural transformation(RT_(1)and RT_(2))is essential in enhancing rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty.The role of the share of high-value crops(RT_(1))is more pronounced than the share of non-farm employment(RT_(2))in boosting rural per capita income and poverty alleviation.The trend of larger contribution of RT_(1)to enhance rural per capita income also continued at 2nd stage of rural transformation.In the case of poverty reduction,at 3rd stage of rural transformation,the role of RT_(2)is dominant.Our results indicate that districts at higher stages of rural transformation(both RT_(1)and RT_(2))tend to correlate positively with increased rural per capita income and reduced poverty rates,suggesting that progress in rural transformation is associated with improved economic conditions.However,it is important to note that this correlation does not necessarily imply a direct causal relationship between rural transformation and these economic outcomes;other factors may have influenced this relationship.In addition,the welfare impacts are more noticeable among the districts where a simultaneous shift from grain crops to cash crops and from farm employment to non-farm employment is observed.The study provides baseline information to learn experiences from fast-growing districts and to replicate the strategies in other districts,which boosts the RT process that may increase rural per capita income and enhance poverty reduction efforts.
文摘The number of countries participating in China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has been increasing since its official launch in 2013.Although the number of BRI participating countries has reached 145,only some are directly connected with China through land,sea,and other trade routes developed under the BRI project.Because of their direct links with China,these countries have significantly increased their trade with China.In addition to increased trade,these countries have also been undergoing financial development(FD).Since trade and financial development are closely related to the production of goods and services,therefore;both of these are expected to have environmental impact.The current study examines the effect of trade and FD on carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions in selected BRI countries for the period 2001–2019.This study follows a proper estimation strategy based on preliminary tests,cointegration analysis,and coefficient estimation.The results suggest that trade between China and selected BRI countries has no significant effect on CO2 emissions,whereas,financial development has significantly increased CO2 emissions in these countries.Moreover,BRI countries’imports from China significantly reduce CO2 emissions,whereas their exports to China significantly increase CO2 emission in the BRI countries.The policy recommendations suggest that these BRI countries should leverage their direct connections with China for technology transfer.By utilizing environmentally friendly technology,these countries could also reduce the pollution associated with their exports to China and the rest of the world.Furthermore,their financial sectors should divert funds to industries advancing trade in environmental rather than pollution-intensive goods.
文摘This work investigates the relationship between intellectual capital and value creation in the sector of production and assembly of vehicles and auto-parts in Brazil. Through the access of the database from the annual industrial research conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, we gathered 865 observations, from 2000 to 2006, of public and private Brazilian companies with more than 100 employees. The database allows the estimate of relevant aggregated variables such as national accounts, gross domestic product, intermediate consumption, as well as propitiates a sectorial study of business strategies and performance, including value added by individual companies. In particular, in this study we use data on variables associated to intellectual capital. To achieve the goal of the study, we consider intellectual capital as defined by Pulic （2000, 2002）, including human capital and structural capital. For the analysis of business performance, we used Pulic＇s VAIC （Value Added Intellectual Cofficient） index as a measure of efficiency of the employed financial and intellectual capital. Regression models were run to verify the relationship among the efficiency in the use of intellectual capital and the profitability of Brazilian companies. The gross income, calculated as before selling, general and administrative expenses, depreciation expenses, amortization and interest expenses, was used as measure of the flows of value creation and the profitability was measured by the gross income to the total assets of the companies. Considering the constructs defined by Pulic （2000, 2002）, we tested, for the Brazilian sector of Production and Assembly of Vehicles and Auto-parts, the following hypotheses： （l） there is a positive relationship between value creation and intellectual capital, （2） there is a positive relationship between value creation and stock of intellectual capital, （3） there is a positive relationship between value creation and efficiency of the employed capital, （4） there is a positive relationship between value creation and efficiency of the human capital, （5） there is a positive relationship between value creation and efficiency of the structural capital. The results of the study, obtained through panel data analysis and through the use static and dynamic models, support the hypotheses that the intellectual capital of the companies, in its flow and stock dimensions, is positively and significantly related to value creation.
文摘This study assessed critical factors for road traffic accidents and associated mitigation to reduce the accidents by the year 2030. The study was guided by research questions, what are the major causatives of road accidents and how to mitigate the problem. The study used secondary data collected from the repository database of traffic police at the division of Tanzania Road Safety Squad. Data were collected at the events of accident occur</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">re</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nces and reported annually by regions. Panel data analysis was used to allow for controlling variables which cannot be observed over time and across areas such as regions. Pooled Poisson model, fixed effect and random effect Poisson model was applied to assess factors for road traffic accidents. Fixed effect model was the best model with a reasonably good fit. Results indicated that all predictors are significant under fixed effect Poisson model with </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">a </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p-value less than 0.05 but Passengers and Railway crossing road was found insignificant and dropped in the final model. Laws and regulatory frameworks should be formulated and enforced promptly for Tanzania may reach the target of 2</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nd</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> decade of action for roads safety 2021-2030.
文摘In this paper, the large deflection theory is adopted to analyse the geometrical nonlinear stability of a sandwich shallow cylindrical panel with orthoiropic surfaces. The critical point is determined and the postbitckling behaviour of the panel is studied.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42230110)。
文摘Wiping out poverty while controlling carbon emissions is a major challenge of our time.China eradicated extreme poverty in 2020 through the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)strategy,providing a unique case to examine the poverty-carbon nexus at the subnational level.This paper investigates the nexus between county-level poverty reduction and carbon emissions in Hubei province during the TPA period.Our findings support the win-win hypothesis,indicating that poverty reduction and emissions control can be achieved simultaneously.CO_(2)sequestration through vegetation emerged as a key factor benefiting both objectives,with a 1% increase reducing poverty by 0.42% and lowering carbon emissions by 0.19%.Economic growth contributed to poverty alleviation but increased emissions:a 1% rise in GDP reduced poverty by 0.44% while raising emissions by 0.70%.Conversely,a 1% increase in electricity consumption raised poverty by 0.46% and lowered emissions by 0.12%.Agricultural development showed a 1%increase correlated with 0.52% higher poverty and 0.17% higher emissions.“Carbon Sink+”trading mechanisms facilitated ecological poverty alleviation in impoverished areas.Panel causality analysis confirms a bidirectional relationship between poverty reduction and carbon emissions.These findings highlight the potential for integrated strategies that advance both poverty alleviation and emissions reduction while considering the complex socioeconomic dynamics necessary to achieve sustainable development goals.
文摘Since the early 1990s, China has become the largest destination of Japanese foreign direct investment （FDI）. Observing this trend, the authors analyzed whether Japanese FDI did promote exports from China to the rest of the world, and more importantly, whether this is a strategy adopted by Japanese multinationals to penetrate not only the Chinese market but also the global market. This analysis takes into account not only the direct effects of FDI on exports, but also the indirect effects, by examining the mediating role of export oriented Japanese FDI in China from 1998 to 2007 through panel analysis. The study contributes to the conceptual framework of indirect relationship among the macroeconomic variables, FDI and exports provides some insights into the strategy of export oriented Japanese FDI in creating a win-win platform for Japan and China.
文摘Objectives:To analyze the role of nurse staffing in improving patient safety due to reducing surgical complications in member countries of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD).Methods:The number of practicing nurses'density per 1000 population and five surgical complications indicators including foreign body left in during procedure(FBL),postoperative pulmonary embolism(PPE)and deep vein thrombosis(DVT)after hip and knee replacement,postoperative sepsis after abdominal surgery(PSA)and postoperative wound dehiscence(PWD)were collected in crude rates per 100,000 hospital discharges for age group of 15 years old and over within 30 days after surgery based on surgical admission-related and all admission-related methods.The observations of 21 OECD countries were collected from OECD Health Statistics during 2010-2015 period.The statistical technique of panel data analysis including unit root test,co-integration test and dynamic long-run analysis were used to estimate the possible relationship between our panel series.Results:There were significant relationships from nurse-staffing level to reducing FBL,PPE,DVT,PSA and PWD with long-run magnitudes of-2.91,-1.30,-1.69,-2.81 and-1.12 based on surgical admission method as well as-6.12,-14.57,-7.29,-1.41 and-0.88 based on all admission method,respectively.Conclusions:A higher proportion of nurses is associated with higher patient safety resulting from lower surgical complications and adverse clinical outcomes in OECD countries.Hence,we alert policy makers about the risk of underestimating the impact of nurses on improving patient safety as well as the quality of health care services in OECD countries.
基金supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship for Foreign Researchers of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
文摘This study analyzes the effects of the Natural Forest Protection Program （NFPP） on the restoration of forest resources in the northeastern forest region of China, an important region because of its ecological and geographical location and timber supply in China, by using panel data sets of 35 forest farms of state-owned forest enterprises. Panel data analysis results show that related policies under the NFPP have had positive effects on forest resources. Planting activity had a statistically significant effect on forest growth and could be reinforced continually by planting tree species suitable for a warming climate in temperate forests. Forest management and protection played a powerful role in increasing the growing stock of the forests. In NFPP areas timber harvests, after implementation of the NFPP, were a positive factor in increasing forest resources if the harvests combined effective tending and thinning under a carefully guided management plan.
文摘Objective:To measure the possible magnitude of the role nurse staffing has on increasing life expectancy at birth and at 65 years old.Methods:The statistical technique of panel data analysis was applied to investigate the relationship from the number of practicing nurses'density per 1000 population to life expectancy at birth and at 65 years old.Five control variables were used as the proxies for the levels of medical staffing,health care financial and physical resources,and medical technology.The observations of 35 member countries of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)were collected from OECD Health Statistics over 2000-2016 period.Results:There were meaningful relationships from nurse staffing to life expectancy at birth and at 65 years with the long-run elasticities of 0.02 and 0.08,respectively.Overall,the role of nursing characteristics in increasing life expectancy indicators varied among different health care systems of OECD countries and in average were determined at the highest level in Japan(0.25),followed by Iceland(0.24),Belgium(0.21),Czech Republic(0.21),Slovenia(0.20)and Sweden(0.18).Conclusion:A higher proportion of nursing staff is associated with higher life expectancy in OECD countries and the dependency of life expectancy to nursing staff would increase by aging.Hence,the findings of this study warn health policy makers about ignoring the effects nursing shortages create e.g.increasing the risk of actual age-specific mortality,especially in care of elderly people.
基金Under the auspices of the National Social Science Foundation of China(No.17ZDA055).
文摘The increase in China’s skilled labor force has drawn much attention from policymakers,national and international firms and media.Understanding how educated talent locates and re-locates across the country can guide future policy discussions of equality,firm localization and service allocation.Prior studies have tended to adopt a static cross-national approach providing valuable insights into the relative importance of economic and amenity differentials driving the distribution of talent in China.Yet,few adopt longitudinal analysis to examine the temporal dynamics in the stregnth of existing associations.Recently released official statistical data now enables space-time analysis of the geographic distribution of talent and its determinants in China.Using four-year city-level data from national population censuses and 1%population sample surveys conducted every five years between 2000 and 2015,we examine the spatial patterns of talent across Chinese cities and their underpinning drivers evolve over time.Results reveal that the spatial distribution of talent in China is persistently unequal and spatially concentrated between 2000 and 2015.It also shows gradually strengthened and significantly positive spatial autocorrelation in the distribution of talent.An eigenvector spatial filtering negative binomial panel is employed to model the spatial determinants of talent distribution.Results indicate the influences of both economic opportunities and urban amenities,particularly urban public services and greening rate,on the distribution of talent.These results highlight that urban economic-and amenity-related factors have simultaneously driven China’s talent’s settlement patterns over the first fifteen years of the 21st century.
文摘The aim of this paper is to provide a clear insight about the determinants of female employment rate in the European Union where we have used panel data analyses of 27 countries members of the European Union from 1995 till 2009. Applying dynamic modeling, i.e, generalized method of moments （GMM） econometrics findings have driven us to system estimated model where the following institutional variables have been tested： maternity leave, child care facilities, college education, fertility rate, GDP growth, female unemployment rate and part-time employment. We expect these variables to have a positive impact on the female employment rate except for the female unemployment rate and maternity leave
文摘The purpose of this study is to analyze the household waste reduction effect of sorted collection of recyclable waste in Japan using a panel data analysis, which considers time-series and cross-section data simultaneously. Also, the study shows the effect of the type of sorted items on the quantity of household waste disposed. We used the data attained from 103 cities recorded over three years, and applied the quantity of total waste disposed, the quantity of combustible waste, the quantity of other waste （waste excluding combustible and recyclable waste）, and the quantity of combustible plus other waste as objective variables, respectively, in the models. The result suggests that when the number of sorted items is increased marginally, the quantity of household waste decreases by about 0.5%-3.3% or 1.28-4.17 grams per capita per day. In addition, it is shown that sorting out white trays is effective in reducing the quantity of combustible waste. Sorting out paper containers and packages is also effective in reducing the quantity of other waste and combustible plus other waste.
文摘The main objectives of this study are to identify and analyze variables which have impact on export performances of seven East Africa countries and suggest possible solutions to improve export performance in East Africa. Usingdata from World Development Indicators database we conducted panel data analysis for the period of 1990-2014.Empirical results show that labor force, industrialization, foreign direct investment, and exchange rate have positiveimpact on export value. On the other hand, inflation has negative impact on export performance while GDP growthis the only variable that does not affect the export value of East Africa countries. Finally, we suggest somerecommendations, including the need of replacing agricultural exports by the industrial export, improving infrastructural facility as well as the quality of human capital and the need of policies for attracting internationalinvestors.
文摘The present study aims at exploring the causal relationship between tourism industry and GDP in the economic cooperation organization （ECO） countries for the period of 2000-2010. To this end, the causal relationship between the two variables was examined using panel data and Granger standard causality test. The results demonstrate a unidirectional causality from GDP to the number of tourists coming to the ECO countries, it is also concluded that a rise in the country＇s GDP provides necessary conditions for investment on all sectors of the economy including the tourism sector. In such conditions, if the country＇s economic priorities comprise tourism development, then tourists will start visiting the country and the industry will flourish. Thus, policy-makers should focus on the increasing GDP if they want to increase the tourists＇ influx.
文摘Corporate governance is designed to stimulate the investment environment and to create a stable financial situation in the capital markets by increasing the level of reliability,transparency,and accountability at the firm level.This study aims to examine whether corporate governance leads to higher quality financial reporting.This research has been performed using companies listed on Borsastanbul(BIST).For this purpose,two samples from the publicly held companies on BIST,which are included in the Corporate Governance Index and which are not included in this index,have been formed.Thus,we examined whether there is any difference between the financial reporting quality of the companies listed in Borsastanbul Corporate Governance Index and the financial reporting quality of the enterprises that are not included in this index.Since the quality of financial reporting is a multi-dimensional concept,it can be evaluated by different measurement methods focusing on different dimensions in the literature.One of these approaches used to measure the quality of financial reporting is the quality of earnings.The evaluation of the financial reporting quality of the enterprises included in the BIST Corporate Governance Index and the enterprises not included in the index were evaluated through different methods to compare two different samples in the context of the earnings quality approach.Panel data analysis was used to evaluate the financial reporting quality of the two samples by means of earnings quality methods.The data related to the models used in the assessment of financial reporting quality were obtained from the Public Disclosure Platform(KAP)and Equity RT database.The research covers 72 enterprises,36 of which are in the Corporate Governance Index and 36 of which are not in the Corporate Governance Index.
基金Supported by the Gates Foundation(Grant number:INV-018912).
文摘Introduction:Approximately 70%of funding for malaria prevention and control(P&C)in Sub-Saharan Africa comes from global assistance,yet progress has stagnated over the past decade.Methods:We constructed a cascade of malaria P&C services and analyzed its coverage and quality across 26 African countries from 2011–2022.Panel analysis was conducted to examine the effectiveness of four major donors[the United States of America(USA),the United Kingdom(UK),the Global Fund to Fight AIDS,Tuberculosis and Malaria(GF),and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund(UNICEF)],which account for 90%of global funding,in implementing the cascade.Results:Recommended practice coverage doubled during 2011–2016 but decreased by 10%by 2022.Unrecommended practices followed the same pattern.Total funding from 2011–2020 reached 7.15 billion USA Dollar(USD),with the USA and GF steadily contributing 94.65%,while the UK and UNICEF demonstrated notable funding reductions.Overall,the funding showed limited correlation with the cascade coverage and quality,promoting directly only the upstream measures.Conclusion:Our findings highlight four key challenges:retrogression of cascade coverage since the late 2010s,persistent gaps between recommended and unrecommended practices,funding constraints,and limited direct effects of donor funding.Strengthening health system capacity at the farthest end of the cascade may provide a solution to this dilemma.
