城市化引起的气温上升是土地覆盖变化影响区域气候的重要体现.本文采用“观测资料减去再分析”(Observation Minus Reanalysis,OMR)的方法估计四川盆地和周边地区下垫面城市化改变对夏季地面2 m气温变化趋势的影响.设计了不同城市化下...城市化引起的气温上升是土地覆盖变化影响区域气候的重要体现.本文采用“观测资料减去再分析”(Observation Minus Reanalysis,OMR)的方法估计四川盆地和周边地区下垫面城市化改变对夏季地面2 m气温变化趋势的影响.设计了不同城市化下垫面扩展变化的WRF模拟试验,对1998—2012年四川盆地及周边区域夏季逐日平均温度和日最高最低气温进行模拟.在检验模式模拟性能的基础上,利用OMR方法类似的思路定量探讨城市化下垫面对地面气温变化趋势的可能影响.结果显示,(1)基于站点观测资料的OMR分布表明成都、重庆地区的城市下垫面对夏季升温的影响可达0.1℃·a^-1;(2)WRF试验模拟的结果与实际观测接近,能较合理刻画出该地区夏季温度的平均分布及时间变化特征,可以用于该地区城市化区域气候效应的研究;(3)不同城市化进程的模式模拟试验中气温变化趋势的差值与基于站点观测的OMR方法计算得到的结果类似,都证明了重庆和成都的城市下垫面对地面2 m温度的升高具有显著影响,其中在日内低温的表现尤为突出.展开更多
利用1981—2014年的地面观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,根据卫星数据实现城郊站点分类,选取赤壁站作为城市站,崇阳站作为郊区站,分析咸宁地区相对湿度和风的年和季节变化特征,并采用UMR(Urban Minus Rural)方法和OMR(Observation Minus...利用1981—2014年的地面观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,根据卫星数据实现城郊站点分类,选取赤壁站作为城市站,崇阳站作为郊区站,分析咸宁地区相对湿度和风的年和季节变化特征,并采用UMR(Urban Minus Rural)方法和OMR(Observation Minus Reanalysis)方法定量解析城市化对咸宁地区相对湿度和风速的影响。结果表明:近34年来城区和郊区的风速分别以-0.18 m·s^(-1)/10a和-0.05 m·s^(-1)/10a的速率逐渐减小,UMR值(城郊距平差)的变化趋势为-0.13 m·s^(-1)/10a,对应的城市化贡献率为75%,城市化对风速的影响在夏季最为明显,其贡献率为100%。近34年来城区和郊区的相对湿度分别以-1.34%/10a和-2.49%/10a的速度减小,且郊区减小的幅度大于城区的,近10年来城区的相对湿度开始大于郊区的,城市化对咸宁地区相对湿度的影响表现为由"干岛效应"向"湿岛效应"的转换,且"湿岛效应"在夏季表现最为明显。利用UMR和OMR方法计算的风速和相对湿度的变化趋势较为一致,但UMR计算结果表明城市化对风速减小及相对湿度增加的影响更为显著,能更好地反映城市化进程对咸宁地区相对湿度和风速的影响。展开更多
Using CRU high resolution grid observational temperature and ERA40 reanalysis surface air temperature data during 1960–1999, we investigated the sensitivity of surface air temperature change to land use/cover types i...Using CRU high resolution grid observational temperature and ERA40 reanalysis surface air temperature data during 1960–1999, we investigated the sensitivity of surface air temperature change to land use/cover types in China by subtracting the reanalysis from the observed surface air temperature (observation minus reanalysis, OMR). The results show that there is a stable and systemic impact of land use/cover types on surface air temperature. The surface warming of each land use/cover type reacted differently to global warming. The OMR trends of unused land (?0.17 °C/decade), mainly comprised by sandy land, Gobi and bare rock gravel land, are obviously larger than those of the other land use/cover types. The OMR over grassland, farmland and construction land shows a moderate decadal warmingabout 0.12°C/decade, 0.10°C/decade, 0.12°C/decade, respectively. Woodland areas do not show a significant warming trend (0.06°C/decade). The overall assessment indicates that the surface warming is larger for areas that are barren and anthropogenically developed. The better the vegetation cover, the smaller the OMR warming trend. Responses of surface air temperature to land use/cover types with similar physical and chemical properties and biological processes have no significant difference. The surface air temperature would not react significantly until the intensity of land cover changes reach a certain degree. Within the same land use/cover type, areas in eastern China with intensive human activities exhibit larger warming trend. The results provide observational evidence for modeling research on the impact of land use/cover change on regional climate. Thus, projecting further surface climate of China in regional scale should not only take greenhouse gas increase into account, but also consider the impact of land use/cover types and land cover change.展开更多
文摘城市化引起的气温上升是土地覆盖变化影响区域气候的重要体现.本文采用“观测资料减去再分析”(Observation Minus Reanalysis,OMR)的方法估计四川盆地和周边地区下垫面城市化改变对夏季地面2 m气温变化趋势的影响.设计了不同城市化下垫面扩展变化的WRF模拟试验,对1998—2012年四川盆地及周边区域夏季逐日平均温度和日最高最低气温进行模拟.在检验模式模拟性能的基础上,利用OMR方法类似的思路定量探讨城市化下垫面对地面气温变化趋势的可能影响.结果显示,(1)基于站点观测资料的OMR分布表明成都、重庆地区的城市下垫面对夏季升温的影响可达0.1℃·a^-1;(2)WRF试验模拟的结果与实际观测接近,能较合理刻画出该地区夏季温度的平均分布及时间变化特征,可以用于该地区城市化区域气候效应的研究;(3)不同城市化进程的模式模拟试验中气温变化趋势的差值与基于站点观测的OMR方法计算得到的结果类似,都证明了重庆和成都的城市下垫面对地面2 m温度的升高具有显著影响,其中在日内低温的表现尤为突出.
文摘利用1981—2014年的地面观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,根据卫星数据实现城郊站点分类,选取赤壁站作为城市站,崇阳站作为郊区站,分析咸宁地区相对湿度和风的年和季节变化特征,并采用UMR(Urban Minus Rural)方法和OMR(Observation Minus Reanalysis)方法定量解析城市化对咸宁地区相对湿度和风速的影响。结果表明:近34年来城区和郊区的风速分别以-0.18 m·s^(-1)/10a和-0.05 m·s^(-1)/10a的速率逐渐减小,UMR值(城郊距平差)的变化趋势为-0.13 m·s^(-1)/10a,对应的城市化贡献率为75%,城市化对风速的影响在夏季最为明显,其贡献率为100%。近34年来城区和郊区的相对湿度分别以-1.34%/10a和-2.49%/10a的速度减小,且郊区减小的幅度大于城区的,近10年来城区的相对湿度开始大于郊区的,城市化对咸宁地区相对湿度的影响表现为由"干岛效应"向"湿岛效应"的转换,且"湿岛效应"在夏季表现最为明显。利用UMR和OMR方法计算的风速和相对湿度的变化趋势较为一致,但UMR计算结果表明城市化对风速减小及相对湿度增加的影响更为显著,能更好地反映城市化进程对咸宁地区相对湿度和风速的影响。
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422006)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 90202012, 40771206)
文摘Using CRU high resolution grid observational temperature and ERA40 reanalysis surface air temperature data during 1960–1999, we investigated the sensitivity of surface air temperature change to land use/cover types in China by subtracting the reanalysis from the observed surface air temperature (observation minus reanalysis, OMR). The results show that there is a stable and systemic impact of land use/cover types on surface air temperature. The surface warming of each land use/cover type reacted differently to global warming. The OMR trends of unused land (?0.17 °C/decade), mainly comprised by sandy land, Gobi and bare rock gravel land, are obviously larger than those of the other land use/cover types. The OMR over grassland, farmland and construction land shows a moderate decadal warmingabout 0.12°C/decade, 0.10°C/decade, 0.12°C/decade, respectively. Woodland areas do not show a significant warming trend (0.06°C/decade). The overall assessment indicates that the surface warming is larger for areas that are barren and anthropogenically developed. The better the vegetation cover, the smaller the OMR warming trend. Responses of surface air temperature to land use/cover types with similar physical and chemical properties and biological processes have no significant difference. The surface air temperature would not react significantly until the intensity of land cover changes reach a certain degree. Within the same land use/cover type, areas in eastern China with intensive human activities exhibit larger warming trend. The results provide observational evidence for modeling research on the impact of land use/cover change on regional climate. Thus, projecting further surface climate of China in regional scale should not only take greenhouse gas increase into account, but also consider the impact of land use/cover types and land cover change.
